tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54621409172470449522024-03-13T00:20:04.289-07:00Materi Pendidikan Agama IslamPENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAMAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15459359199860346996noreply@blogger.comBlogger34125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5462140917247044952.post-39920342121272084302014-09-30T05:23:00.000-07:002014-09-30T05:23:58.814-07:00Revitalisasi Pesantren dalam Tantangan Global<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Revitalisasi Pesantren dalam
Tantangan Global</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kehidupan sosial budaya bangsa Indonesia sangat
dipengaruhi dan diwarnai oleh nilai-nilai agama sehingga kehidupan beragama
tidak dapat dipisahkan dari kehidupan bangsa Indonesia. Sebagai negara yang berdasarkan
agama, pendidikan agama tidak dapat diabaikan dalam penyelengaraan pendidikan
nasional. Umat beragama beserta lembaga-lembaga keagamaan di Indonesia
merupakan potensi besar dan sebagai modal dasar dalam pembangunan mental
spiritual bangsa dan merupakan potensi nasional untuk pembangunan fisik
materiil bangsa Indonesia.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pendidikan bagi kehidupan umat
manusia merupakan kebutuhan mutlak yang harus dipenuhi sepanjang hayat. Tanpa
pendidikan sama sekali mustahil suatu kelompok manusia dapat hidup berkembang
sejalan dengan aspirasi (cita-cita) untuk maju, sejahtera dan bahagia</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Islam sangat mementingkan pendidikan.
Dengan pendidikan yang benar dan berkualitas, individu-individu yang beradab
akan terbentuk yang akhirnya memunculkan kehidupan sosial yang bermoral.
Sayangnya sekalipun institusi-institusi pendidikan saat ini memiliki kualitas
dan fasilitas, namun institusi-institusi tersebut masih belum memproduksi
individu-individu yang beradab. Sebabnya, visi dan misi pendidikan yang
mengarah kepada terbentuknya manusia yang beradab, terabaikan dalam tujuan
institusi pendidikan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pendidikan jangan hanya dipandang
sebagai suatu kewajiban. Tetapi juga harus pandai merencanakan, mengorganisir,
mengemas, melaksanakan serta mengevaluasi dan menindaklajutinya secara
bersinergi dan berkeseimbangan<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Keberadaan Pesantren sebagai lembaga
pendidikan Islam di Tanah air mempunyai andil yang sangat besar dalam
pembentukan karakter masyarakat bangsa Indonesia. Negara Indonesia memiliki
banyak daerah-daerah yang berbasis pesantren terutama di pulau jawa dan
pulau-pulau lainya. Dalam kehidupan masyarakat bangsa Indonesia memiliki
potensi keberagaman berbagai hal baik kultur, maupun sosial. ( different
culture and social ), yang menyatu dalam kesatuan ( unity diversity ) sebagai
Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Revitalisasi
Pendidikan Pondok Pesantren</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Masyarakat Muslim juga sudah
mulai bergeser ke arah “pragmatis” di dalam pemaknaan terhadap pendidikan.
Orientasi mereka mendidik putera-puterinya di sekolah atau perguruan tinggi
adalah agar dapat memperoleh pekerjaan yang baik. Hal itu disebabkan, antara
lain, kegagalan lembaga-lembaga pendidikan Islam memberikan bekal pengetahuan
tambahan. Pendidikan Islam sejauh ini cenderung berkutat pada penguatan moral
daripada penguatan keterampilan praktis. Bahkan, pengutan moral pun juga
mengalami penurunan kualitas. Masalah moral lebih bersifat kognitif ketimbang
afektif dan psikomotoriknya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perjalanan
Pondok Pesantren mengalami perkembangan yang diwarnai dinamika kesinambungan
dan perubahan. Pada masa sebelum kemerdekaaan, boleh dibilang pesantren
mengalami periode keemasan, hal itu ditandai dengan lahirnya tokoh-tokoh
pergerakan kemerdekaan Indonesia, namun dimulai sejak rezim Soeharto sampai
sekarang, eksistensi Pesantren dalam kancah pergaulan nasional mengalami
periode stagnasi dan minim prodeuktifitas yang unggul. Padahal kalau
dibandingkan eksistensi pondok pesantren dulu dengan era sekarang dilihat dari
perannya sangat dibutuhkan sekarang, mengingat era globalisasi mengancam tatanan
norma dan etika dimasyarakat, budaya ketimuran yang dulu menjadi simbol
kepribadian bangsa Indonesia , kini mulai terkikis akibat dari derasnya budaya
barat masuk pada setiap sendi kehiupan masyarakat. Norma dan etika hanyalah
simbol tidak dimanifestasikan dalam kehidupan nyata, hedonisme,
individualistik, materialistik kini yang menjadi trend ditengah-tengah
masyarakat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengangkat
kembali peranan pendidikan pesantren ditengah-tengah masyarakat modern, maka
dunia pesantren harus merevitalisasi kembali pola pendidikannya tanpa merubah
karakteristik dari corak pendidikannya itu sendiri. Dalam hal ini perlu membuat
langkah-langkah startegis sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertama,</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> penguatan nilai-nilai spiritulitas, kecenderungan
spriritulistik dunia pesantren yang tinggi dapat dikembangkan menjadi dinamis,
spiritual ini menampilkan lembaga pendidikan Islam yang berkemajuan, yaitu
kemajuan yang berorientasi pada penguatan nilai-nilai agama dan ahlak dan
penyeimbang antara kesalehan individu dan kesalehan sosial, karakter untuk
menampilkan ciri khas semacam itu akan memacu bahwa pesantren sebagai
pendidikan kader pilihan (khaeru Ummah).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kedua,</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> merevitalisasi kembali peran dan fungsi Kiayi. Perbedaan
dunia pesantren dengan pendidikan formal lainnya adalah figur pengelolanya,
disekolah dipimpin oleh Kepala Sekolah yang harus menjalankan kepemimpinannya
atas dasar keputusan musyawarah dan atas dasar kepemimpinan kolektif koligea,
namun dipesantren seluruh keputusan dan kepemimpinan hanya dijalankan oleh
seorang Kiayi, gaya feodalis dalam hal ini berlaku di pesantren, program
kebijakan semuanya diputuskan oleh Kiayi dan seluruh unsur dilikungan pondok
wajib mengikutinya, apakan program itu dibarengi visi dan misi yang jelas atau
sebaliknya. Penulis dalam hal ini akan memandang maslahat dan mafsadatnya gaya
kepemimpinan semacam itu, maslahatnya adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kewibawaan pimpinan tidak akan lutur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Program tidak perlu lama-lama harus
di sosialisasikan, namun praktis dalam waktu singkat bisa dijalankan, karena
ada doktrin yang dibangun dan sangat diyakini oleh wagra pesantren, menyalahi
perintah Kiayi takut kualat alias akan tertimpa hal-hal yang tidak diinginkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lingkungan pendidikan akan selalu
kondusif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sub-sub yang membantu pendidikan
pesantern akan terarah disatu komando kiayi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adapun mafsadatnya
dari gaya kepemimpinan Kiayi semacam itu adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Demokratisasi di pesantren akan
mengalami kemandegan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suksesi kepemimpinan akan memakan
waktu yang lama</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pesantren akan ekslusif tidak
inklusif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Para stap yang membantu kiayi tidak
punya program strategis untuk kemajuan pondok</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketiga,</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dinamisasi antara perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan agama dan
umum. Di sebagian pondok pesantren (tradisional) masih ada dikotomi antara
pengetahuan agama dan pengetahuan umum. justru ini akan memperlemah peran dunia
pesantren dalam percaturan global dan kalah bersaing dengan sekolah-sekolah
formal. Hal ini diakibatkan bahwa pendidikan pondok pesantren lebih menitik
beratkan pada pengetahuan agama dan mengesampingkan pendidikan umum, sebagian
pesantren menganggap bahwa pendidikan umum sebagai bagian dari produk orang
kafir. Apabila stigmatisasi ini masih berlaku dipesantren maka akan
kontradikitif dengan apa yang terjadi dimasyarakat, mereka lebih berorientasi
pada pengetahuan umum untuk mendapatkan jatah lapangan kerja dikemudian hari
dari pada mendalami pendidikan agama yang katanya tidak punya masa depan yang
jelas alias suram.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keempat,</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> peningkatan pelayanan pesantren pada masyarakat. Sinergitas
pesantren sebagai lembaga yang eksis mendalami ilmu Agama (tafaqquh fiddien)
dengan masyarakat sebagai objek yang memerlukan bimbingan dalam masalah
keagamaan, harus benar-benar terjalin dengan baik. Pondok pesantren jangan
menutup diri dari perkembangan dunia luar (ekslusif) tapi seharusnya membuka
diri pada problematika keummatan (insklusif). Allah SWT berfirman dalam
Al-Qur’an: apakah tidak ada seseorang dari golongan kalian yang disiapkan untuk
mendalami ilmu agama, sehingga ia menjadi pengingat (nazir) bagi kaumnya
bilamana mereka pulang dari peperangan. Ayat tersebut sangat jelas memberikan
gambaran bahwa pesantren harus bersinergi dengan masyarakat untuk mengayomi
masalah-masalah keummatan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di
era globalisasi ini dimana jangkauan informasi dari berbagai belahan dunia
sudah menjadi satu sejagat (global information), maka perkembangan dalam dunia
khususnya dalam Negara-negara yang maju cepat sekali yang berkaitan dengan
informasi masalah kehidupan manusia baik menyangkut ekonomi, sosial dan budaya.
Gerak ruang dan lingkupnya sangat sedikit sekali sehingga dengan kecanggihan
telekomunikasi yang cepat dan modern mudah diakses yang dilakukan oleh
Negara-negara maju ( modern country ) kenegara lainya. Kita bangsa Indonesia
sebagai Negara berkembang tentu kita akan mendapat imbasnya positif atau
negatifnya, disamping itu kita harus bisa beradaptasi dan berperan aktif dalam
menerima dampak dari system kerja kecanggihan alat komunikasi yang diciptakan
oleh Negara-negara maju itu. Kecanggihan technology modern mempunyai peranan
yang sangat besar sebagai media menciptakan SDM pada masyarakat bangsa kita
Oleh karenanya dengan tekhnologi, kita dapat memanfaatkan dan menggunakanya
dalam pemberdayaan kualitas masyarakat belajar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(learning sociaty)</i> yang lebih baik dan maju. <br />
Keberadaan pesantren dewasa ini sangat dibutuhkan bagi masyarakat sekitarnya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(need’s social around), </i>dan masyarakat
umum oleh karena itu dengan berbagai media yang dapat menghantarkan aktivitas
secara menyeluruh dapat memberikan kontribusi yang lebih terhadap masyarakat
sekitarnya dengan memanfaatkan fasilitas-fasilitas yang ada untuk umum misalnya
pihak pesantren melakukan kegiatan bakti dakwah dimasyarakat sekitar.
Mengadakan penyiaran informasi keagamaan, baik melalui Radio, TV, Bulletin,
tabloid atau majalah yang regular dan dalam pesantren harus bisa dan
memanfaatkan fasilitas informasi dengan peralatan yang modern sebagai media
dalam pemberdayaan SDM masyarakat yang religius pada umumnya.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Disamping
itu pesantren adalah lembaga pendidikan non pormal yang sangat berperan aktif
dalam mengembangkan dan membangun manusia secara keseluruhan ( totally develop human
) baik dalam pembangunan jasmani maupun rohani yang dapat menumbuhkan
masyarakat yang madani di Indonesia, baldatun tayyibatun ghafur.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nuansa
pesantren dalam perkembangan secara fisik tentu akan mengalami perkembangan
yang sangat pesat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(fast development
building</i>)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yang menyangkut
pembangunan-pembangunan yang berkaitan dengan sarana dan prasarana seiring
dengan perkembangan jaman dewasa ini, akan tetapi perlu dijadikan renungan bagi
para pengelola pendidikan baik formal atau non formal dalam lingkungan pesantren
bahwa secara subtansi bahwa pendidikan pesantren adalah merupakan agen
perubahan terhadap aktivitas masyarakat belajar secara umum sehingga masyarakat
dengan berbagai latar belakang ekonomi berbeda mampu menyerap dan menuntut ilmu
pengetahuan agama atau umum sebagai realisasi atas perintah dan kewajiban
menuntut ilmu sebagai mana sabda Nabi Muhammad SAW yang artinya: Mencari ilmu
itu wajib bagi setiap muslim laki-laki dan muslim perempuan“. Dan juga
menciptakan masyarakat belajar yang mampu beradaptasi dengan kondisi dan
situasi sesuai dengan perkembangan jaman (sebagai hubungan hablum mina nnas)
memahami dan mengamalkan nilai-nilai ajaran agama islam dalam kehidupan
sehari-hari sebagai kewajiban dan tanggung jawab kepada sang khalik (sebagai
hubungan hablum mina Allah), keterkaitan itu semua perlu ada dukungan dari
berbagai pihak baik masyarakat atau pemerintah yang mempunyai kebijakan dalam
mengembangkan dan memberdayakan pendidikan pada seluruh masyarakat bangsa
Indonesia. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam pembacaannya terhadap
dinamika masyarakat global, Azzumardi Azra menegaskan bahwa keunggulan yang
mutlak dimiliki bangsa ini adalah penguasaan sains-teknologi dan keunggulan
kualitas sumber daya manusianya. Penguasaan terhadap sains-teknologi,
sebagaimana terlihat di Amerika, Jepang, Jerman dan negara-negara lain,
menunjukkan bahwa sains-teknologi merupakan salah satu faktor terpenting yang
mengantarkan mereka pada kemajuan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Akan tetapi, sesuai tujuan pembangunan
Indonesia untuk mewujudkan manusia yang sejahtera lahir batin, maka penguasaan
sains-teknologi memerlukan perspektif etis dan panduan moral. Sebab, seperti
juga terlihat dari pengalaman negara-negara maju yang disebutkan tadi, kemajuan
dan penguasaan sains-teknologi yang berlangsung tanpa perspektif etis dan bimbingan
moral akan menimbulkan berbagai konsekuensi negatif, yang dalam istilah Seyyed
Hossein Nasr telah membuat manusia semakin menjauh dari pusat
eksistensial-spiritualnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mempertimbangkan kenyataan ini,
pembangunan dan penguasaan sains-teknologi di Indonesia seyogyanya berlandaskan
pada wawasan moral etis. Jika tidak, maka Indonesia hanya akan mengulangi
pengalaman pahit yang muncul sebagai dampak negatif sains-teknologi yang tidak
memiliki wawasan tersebut. Di sinilah letak tanggungjawab kemanusiaan kita
untuk mengembangkan sains-teknologi tidak untuk diri sendiri, tetapi
sains-teknologi yang memiliki wawasan moral etis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam konteks inilah, pesantren
mengemban tugas yang semakin berat. Sebagai institusi pendidikan yang berbasis
nilai-nilai keislaman, pesantren diharapkan meningkatkan perannya dalam <em>transfer
of (Islamic) values </em>dan sekiligus <em>transfer of science and technology. </em>Padahal,
pesentren sendiri hingga saat ini masih bergelut dengan sekian permasalahan
yang tak kunjung selesai, seperti minimnya upaya pembaharuan, hampir tidak
menyentuk ilmu-ilmu modern, pembelajaran yang masih bernuasa <em>banking
education, </em>dan<em> </em>orientasi yang cenderung mengutamakan pembentukan <em>‘abdullah
</em>daripada keseimbangan antara <em>‘abdullah </em>dan <em>khalifatullah fi
al-ardl</em></span><em><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.
</span></em><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><em><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></em></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Karenanya, dalam rangka
mewujudkan pesantren yang peka zaman perlu ditetapkan program manajemen
pesantren yang meliputi empat unsur berikut<em>.</em><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></b></span></span></i></span></a><em>
Pertama, pesantren review, </em>yaitu suatu proses yang di dalamnya seluruh
pihak madrasah bekerja sama dengan pihak-pihak yang relevan untuk mengevaluasi
dan menilai efektivitas kebijaksanaan pesantren, program, pelaksanaannya serta
mutu lulusannya. Melalui <em>pesantren review </em>diharapkan akan dapat
menghasilkan suatu laporan yang membeberkan kelemahan-kelemahan,
kekuatan-kekuatan dan prestasi pesantren serta memberikan rekomendasi untuk
menyusun perencanaan strategis pengembangan pesantren pada masa-masa mendatang,
tiga atau lima tahun berikutnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<em><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Kedua, quality assurance, </span></em><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">yaitu sebagai
jaminan bahwa proses yang berlangsung telah dilaksanakan sesuai dengan standar
dan prosedur yang ditetapkan. Dengan demikian diharapkan dengan proses itu akan
menghasilkan output yang memenuhi standar pula. Untuk itu diperlukan mekanisme
kontrol agar semua kegiatan yang dilaksanakan di pesantren terkondisi dalam
standar proses yang ideal tadi. Dengan <em>quality insurance </em>ini pihak
pengurus dapat menunjukkan kepada masyarakat bahwa pesantrennya senantiasa
memberikan pelayanan yang terbaik kepada seluruh santri-santrinya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<em><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Ketiga, quality control, </span></em><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">yaitu suatu
sistem untuk mendeteksi terjadinya penyimpangan kualitas output yang tidak
sesuai dengan standar. Standar kualitas ini dapat dipergunakan sebagai tolak
ukur untuk mengetahui maju mundurnya pesantren. Semua pesantren baik <em>salaf</em>
maupun <em>khalaf</em> dapat melakukan <em>quality control</em>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<em><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Keempat, bench marking, </span></em><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">yaitu kegiatan
untuk menetapkan suatu standar, baik proses maupun hasil yang akan dicapai pada
periode tertentu. Untuk kepentingan praktis standar tersebut direfleksikan dari
realitas yang ada seperti dalam hal perilaku mengajar ustadz/ustadzah, standar
yang ditetapkan adalah dengan merefleksikan salah seorang guru yang dikenal <em>(internal
bench marking)</em>, baik dalam mengajarnya, demikian pula dalam hal standar
kualitas pendidikan, direfleksikan dari suatu pesantren sekolah yang baik <em>(external
bench marking)</em></span><em><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></em></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Malik Fadjar mengingatkan bahwa
mengelola suatu lembaga pendidikan, seperti pesantren, bukanlah pekerjaan
mudah. Apalagi yang dimaksud mengelola tidak sekedar dalam pengertian
“mempertahankan” yang sudah ada, tetapi melakukan pengembangan secara
sistematik dan sistemik, yang mengikuti aspek ideologis (visi dan misi),
kelembagaan dan langkah operasionalnya serta mencerminkan pertumbuhan <em>(growth)</em>,
perubahan <em>(change), </em>dan pembaruan <em>(reform).</em><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></b></span></span></i></span></a></span><em><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></em></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sekedar mempertahankan, lanjut
Fadjar, mungkin relatif lebih mudah untuk dilakukan. Tetapi penyikapan terhadap
pendidikan yang cenderung <em>status quo </em>akan segera mendatangkan petaka
bagi pesantren. Secara perlahan tapi pasti, pesantren semacam ini akan
tertinggal dalam buritan sejarah, karena ketidakmampuannya mengadakan hubungan
dialektis dengan zaman dan realitas yang selalu menuntut sikap transformatif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></b><br /><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b>
</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Referensi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hanun Asrorah,<i> Sejarah Pendidikan Islam </i>, Jakarta:
Logos Wacana Ilmu, 1999</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hery Jauhari Muchtar, <i>Fikih Pendidikan</i>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bandung: Remaja Rosda Karya, 2008</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Ahmad Darmadji,
“Pendidikan Islam dan Pembangunan Sumber Daya Manusia,” dalam Musleh Usa dan
Aden Wijaya (ed.), <em>Pendidikan Islam dalam Peradaban Industrial, </em>Yogyakarta:
Aditya Media, 1997</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://cinta-syamsudin.blogspot.com/2011/05/revitalisasi-pendidikan-pondok.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://cinta-syamsudin.blogspot.com/2011/05/revitalisasi-pendidikan-pondok.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, diakses pada Tanggal 16 September 2014</span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><a href="http://kasmad530.blogspot.com/2010/08/eksistensi-pesantren-di-era-globalisasi.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://kasmad530.blogspot.com/2010/08/eksistensi-pesantren-di-era-globalisasi.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> diakses
pada Tanggal 18 September 2014</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Azyumardi Azra,<em>
Pendidikan Islam, Tradisi dan Modernisasi Menuju Millenium, </em>Ciputat:
Kalimah, 2001,</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Abd. Rachman
Assegaf, “Membangun Format Pendidikan Islam di Era Globalisasi<em>,</em>”<em> </em>dalam
Imam Mahalli dan Musthofa<em> </em>(ed), <em>Pendidikan Islam dan Tantangan
Globalisasi, </em>Yogyakarta: Ar-Ruz, 2004. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Babun Suharto, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://pps.iainuruljadid.ac.id/?p=120"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://pps.iainuruljadid.ac.id/?p=120</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> diakses pada Tanggal 18 September 2014 </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
A. Malik Fadjar,
<em>Madrasah dan Tantangan Modernitas</em>, Bandung: Mizan, 1998,.</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: .5in;">
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></i></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Hanun Asrorah,<i>
Sejarah Pendidikan Islam </i>, Jakarta: Logos Wacana Ilmu, 1999, hlm., 181</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Ahmad Darmadji, “Pendidikan Islam dan Pembangunan
Sumber Daya Manusia,” dalam Musleh Usa dan Aden Wijaya (ed.), <em>Pendidikan
Islam dalam Peradaban Industrial, </em>Yogyakarta: Aditya Media, 1997. Hlm.192.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://cinta-syamsudin.blogspot.com/2011/05/revitalisasi-pendidikan-pondok.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://cinta-syamsudin.blogspot.com/2011/05/revitalisasi-pendidikan-pondok.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, diakses pada Tanggal 16 September 2014</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://kasmad530.blogspot.com/2010/08/eksistensi-pesantren-di-era-globalisasi.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://kasmad530.blogspot.com/2010/08/eksistensi-pesantren-di-era-globalisasi.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> diakses
pada Tanggal 18 September 2014</span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Azyumardi Azra,<em> Pendidikan Islam, Tradisi dan
Modernisasi Menuju Millenium, </em>Ciputat: Kalimah, 200, hlm. 46</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Abd. Rachman Assegaf, “Membangun Format Pendidikan
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15459359199860346996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5462140917247044952.post-34911304371582907312013-09-15T19:21:00.001-07:002013-09-15T19:21:42.970-07:00Menggunakan Analisis strategiik; Analisis SWOT di Lembaga Pendidikan Islam<!--[if !mso]>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menggunakan Analisis
strategiik; Analisis SWOT di Lembaga Pendidikan Islam</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">KAHAR</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mahasiswa Pascasarjan Universitas
Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Yogyakarta</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">e-Mail : <a href="mailto:Kaharstaim064@gmail.com">Kaharstaim064@gmail.com</a></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">No. Hp, 085 237
239 554</span></i></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abstrak</span></b></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pencapain
tujuan organisasi diperlukan alat yang berperan sebagai ekselerator dan
dinamisator sehingga tujuan dapat tercapai secara efektif dan efesien. Demikan
halnya dalam lembaga pendidikan Islam yang merupakan sekumpulan manusia yang
mempunyai tujuan untuk mencerdaskan kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara, Analisis
ini didasarkan pada logika yang dapat memaksimalkan kekuatan (<em><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">strenghts</span></em>)
dan peluang (<em><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">opportunities</span></em>), akan tetapi secara
bersamaan dapat meminimalkan kelemahan (<em><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">weakness</span></em>) dan ancaman (<em><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">threats</span></em>).
Setelah dilakukan analis SWOT tersebut, hasil analiss kemudian digunakan
sebagai acuan untuk menentukan langkah-langkah selanjutnya dalam upaya
memaksimalkan kekuatan dan memanfatkan peluang, serta secara bersamaan berusaha
untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>meminilkan klemahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan mengatasi ancaman. Analisi ini juga
digunakan dalam rangka menyusung rencana dan program lembaga pendidikan Islam</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kata Kunci :Analisi
Strategik, analisis SWOT lembaga Pendidiksn Islam</span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pendahuluan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sebagai pelaksana
program pendidikan, lembaga pendidikan adalah pemeran utama untuk melaksanakan
progr</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">am tersebut.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam pelaksanaan program-program serta tujuan
yang telah disepakati oleh lembaga pendidikan tersebut tentunya tidak bisa
terlepas dengan problematika maupun persoalan-persoalan lain yang harus
diselesaikan oleh sebuah lembaga pendidikan termasuk lembaga pendidikan Islam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Setiap pimpinan
lembaga atau perusahaan tidak menginginkan perusahaannya jatuh bangrut
begitupun dengan lembaga pendidikan tidak ada yang menginginkan jatuh terprosok
hanya karena persoalan salah manajemen atau pengelolaan. Masalah pendidikan
bukan merupakan masalah baru dalam dunia pendidikan di Indonesia. Berdasarkan
masalah pendidikan, tidak lepas problematika yang dihadapi oleh lembaga
pendidikan Islam. Perhatian tersebut tidak lepas dari akar sejarah lembaga
pendidikan islam yang memunculkan madrasah dan sekolah. Selaras dengan tuntutan
zaman, lembaga pendidikan Islam pun berkembang. Persoalan-persoalan yang timbul
baik berupaa faktor intern maupun ekstern.Faktor intern misalnya terkait dengan
kurikulum, tenaga pendidik, perserta didik dan lain-lain, sedangkan faktor
eksternnya adalah faktor-faktor sosial (masyarakat), pemerintahan maupun
pihak-pihak yang terkait. Sebuah lembaga pendidikan Islam tentunya harus
mengetahui problematika lembaganya, mengetahui kekuatan, kelemahan, peluang
maupun ancaman sehingga bisa melahirkan solusi-solusi cemerlang dan bisa
mengantarkan lembaga pendidikan Islam pada kedudukan yang sangat berpengaruh
dalam pergulatan keilmuan bangsa maupun dunia.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sehubungan dengan hal
tersebut E. Mulyasa menyatakan bahwa perkembangan yang terjadi dewasa ini
cenderun menimbulkan permasalahan dan tantangan baru berdampak luas terhadap
tugas-tugas pengelolaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pendidikan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Perbaikan mutu secara terus menerus berorientasi pada masukan, proses, luaran,
dll. Inti sumber perbaikan bukanlah pada fisiknya, melainkan pada peningkatan
profesionalitas manusia pengelola atau pelaksana lembaga pendidikan Islam.
Untuk mengukur tingkat keberhasilan, kekuatan dan kelemahan dalam manajemen
strategik maka </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">analisis SWOT merupakan salah satu alternativ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">yang </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">di</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">gunakan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> mengnalisis</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> manajemen pendidikan, khusunya lembaga pendidikan Islam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Analisis Strategik sebagai Proses</span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Analisis strategik</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Analisis secara bahasa
dapat diartikan </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">penguraian suatu pokok atas
berbagai bagiannya dan penelaahan bagian itu sendiri serta hubungan antarbagian
untuk memperoleh pengertian yg tepat dan pemahaman arti keseluruhan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Secara istilah analisis dapat diartikan sebagai suatu tindakan dalam
mengevaluasi tujuan–tujuan yang diinginkan dalam mencapai suatu tujuan bersama
yang diharapakan. Sedangkan strategi diartikan </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">rencana yg cermat mengenai kegiatan untuk mencapai
sasaran khusus.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pencapain
tujuan organisasi diperlukan alat yang berperan sebagi ekselerator dan
dinamisator sehingga tujuan dapat tercapai secara efektif dan efesien. Demikan
halnya dalam lembaga pendidikan Islam yang merupakan sekumpulan manusia yang
mempunyai tujuan untuk mencerdaskan kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara, sejalan
dengan hal tersebut diyakini sebagai salah satu alat untuk mencapai tesebut
adalah menggunakan konsep manajemen <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>strtaegik, sehingga apa yang menjadi tujuan
Pendidikan Nasional tercapai dengan baik sesusia dengan harapan, maka perlu
poengelolaan yang cukup profesional dan komitmen yang tinggi</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengertian
manajemen strategik</span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam
perkembangan konsep mengenai strategik mengalami perkembangan yang cukup
signifikan. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Manajemen strategik
merupakan rangkaian dua perkataan yang terdiri dari dua perkataan yang terdiri
dari manajemen dan strategik yang masing-masing memiliki pengertian tersendiri
yang sudah dirangkaikan menjadi satu terminologi berubah memiliki dengan
memiliki pengertian tersendiri pula. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam membahas
perkataan ‘strtegik” sulit untuk dibantah bahwa penggunaannya di awali dari dan
populer dikalangan militer. Di lingkungat tersebut penggunaannya lebih dominan
dalam situasi peperangan, sebagai tugas seorang komandan dalam menghadapi
musuh, yang mengatur cara atau taktik untuk memenagnkan peperangan. Dengan
demikian yang dimaksud dengan strategi dalam peperangan adalah pengaturan cara
untuk memanangkan peperangan. Di sampin itu secara secara lebih bebas perkataan
“strategik” sebagai teknik dan taktik dapat juga diartikan sebagai “kiat”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>seorang komandan untuk memenagkan peperang
yang menjadi tujuan utamanya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Strategik
adalah kerangka yang membimbing dan mengendalikan pilihan pilihan yang
menetapkan sifat dan arah suatu organisasi perusahaan. Sedangkan menurut
Drucker dalam bukunya Barlian yang di kutip oleh Akdon<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> strategi adalah
mengerjakan sesuatu yang benar <i>(doing the rings things). </i>Sejalan dengan
pendapat Clausweitz dalam Bukunya Wahyudi yang di kutib Akdon<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a> bahwa ”strategik merupakan
suatu seni menggunakan pertempuran untuk memenagkan perang”. Skinner “stategik
merupakan filosofi yang berkaitan dengan alat untuk mencapai tujuan.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tahapan-Tahapan
Manajemen Strategik</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Manajemen
strategik merupakan paradigma baru dalam organisasi non profit di mana landasan
filosfis ini berasala dari nilai-nilai pengabdian dan kemanusiaan untuk
berkepentingan hidup bersama dalam lingkungan masyarakat. Manajemen strategik
adalah suatu cara untuk mengendalikan organisasi secara efektif dan efesien
sampai kepada implementasi garis terdepan dengan sedemikian rupa hingga tujuan
dan sasarannya tercapai. Sasaran manajemen strategik adalah menigkatkan
kualitas organisasi, efesiensi penganggaran, penggunaan sumber daya kualitas
evaluasi perogran dan pemantauan kinerja, serta kualitas pelaporan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut Fred R.
David terdapat tiga tahapan penting dalam proses manajemen strategik yaitu;
formulasi strategi, implementasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>strategi dan evaluasi strategi<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>strtegi cukup mudah bagi kita untuk menentukan
kemana kita mencari . bagian tersulit mendapatkan organisasi pada tindakan
proriotas yang baru.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Formulasi strategi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Strategi adalah
pola tindakan utama yang dipilih untuk mewujudkan visi organisasi melalui misi.
Menurut David dalam bukunya, formulasi strategi termaasuk mengembangkan visi
dan misi, mengindentivikasi peluang dan ancaman eksternal, menetukan kekuatan
dan kelemahan internal, menetapkan tujuan jangka panjang, merumuskan alternatif
strategi dan memilih strategi yang akan di laksanakan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Formulasi strategi
ini sangat penting untuk dilaksanakan karena adanya keterbatasan yang dihadapi
suatu organisasi seperti keterbatsan sumber dana dan kemampuan jika
dibandingkan dengan tujuan-tujuan yang diinginkan. Oleh karena itu perlu
disusun strategi yang harus dilakukan untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi dengan
kemampuan organisasi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Implementasi strategi</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Implementasi
strategi adalah proses dimana manajemen mewujudkan strategi dan kebijakan dalam
tindakan melalui pengembangan program, anggaran dan prosedur yang memungkinkan
adanya perubahan budaya secara menyeluruh baik struktur maupun sistem manajemen
dalam organisasi.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Implementasi
strategi diperlukan suatu organisasi untuk mengembangkan budaya yang mendukung
strategi yang dilakukan, menciptakan struktur organisasi yang efektif,
mengarahkan kembali marketing, menyiapkan budget/biaya, mengembangkan sistem
informasi dan koprasi pegawai. Untuk melakukan strategi, lembaga/organisasi
harus menetapkan tujuan tahunan, mengubah kebijakan-kebijakan, memotivasi
pegawai dan mengalokasikan sumnber-sumber daya secara tepat sehingga yang sudah
dibuat dapat dilaksanakan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adapun tujuan
utama implementasi strategi adalah rasionalitas tujuan dan sumber daya. Pada
dasarnya implementasi strategi adalah tindakan yangmengimplementasikan strategi
yang telah disusun kedalam berbagai alokasi sumber daya secara optimal. Dengan
kata lain, dalam implemntasi strategi harus menggunakan informasi formulasi
strategi untuk membantu dalam penmbentukan tujuan-tujuan kinerja, alokasi dan
prioritas sumber daya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Evaluasi strategi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Evaluasi
diartikan sebagai umpan balik atas kerja yang lalu dan mendorong adanya
produktifitas dimasa mendatang. Evaluasi merupakan kegiatan menunjukkan
penilaian atas keberhasilan atau kegagalan pelaksanaan sesuai dengan saran dan
tujuan yang ditetapkan dalam formulasi strategi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adapun menurut
Akdon, fokus utama evaluasi strtegi adalah pengukuran kinerja dan penciptaan
mekanisme umpan balik yang efektif. Pengakuan kinerja merupakan tahap yang
penting untuk melihat dan mengafaluasi capaian atau hasil pekerjaan yang
menjadi sasaran pekerjaan tersebut<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Manfaat manajemen
strategik</span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Manajemen
strategik mempunya manfaat bagi seluruh organisasi/ lembaga yang menerapkannya.
Sebagimana yang dimaksudkan oleh wahyudi dalam bukunya Manajemen strategik
organisasi non-profit, bahwasnya manfaat yang diperoleh organisasi dalam
menerapkan manjemen strategik diantaranya.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Memberikan arah jangka panjang yang akan dituju oleh organisasi.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Membantu organisasi beradaptasi pada perubahan-perubahan yang
terjadi.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menbantu organisasi menjadi lebih efektif.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengidentifikasikan keunggulan komparatif dalam lingkungan yang
semakin beresiko, serta</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengurangi efektifitas yang tumpang tindih.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan demikian
manfaat yang diperoleh oleh organisasi dari penerapan manajemen strategik
adalah menjadikan oraganisasi lebih dinamis, fungsi kontrol berjalan efektif
dan efesien meniadakan pertentangan dan mewujudkan keunggulan, memudahkan danb
menyepakati perubahan pengenmabangan strategi yang dilaksanakan mendorong
prilaku positif bagi semua pihak untuk ikut serta mengembangkan organisasi.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Anilisis SWOT </span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">SWOT adalah
singkatan dari <i>strength,</i> <i>weakneses, Opportunities and Threat<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></b></span></span></span></a>s
</i>(kekuatan, kelemahan, peluang dan Ancaman). Analisis SWOT sudah menjadi
alat yang umum digunakan dalam perencanaan strategis pendidikan, namun ia tetap
merupakan alat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang efektif dalam
menempatkan potensi institusi. SWOT dapat dibagikedalam dua elemen – analisa
internal yang berkonsentrasi pada prestasi institusi itu sendiri, dan analisa
lingkungan</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Uji kekuatan
dan kelemahan pada dasarnya merupakan audit internal tentang seberapa efektif
performa institusi pada konteks eksternal atau lingkungan setempat sebuah
institusi beroprasi. Analisis SWOT bertujuan untuk menemukan aspek-aspek
penting dari hal-hal tersebut, kekutan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kelemahan, peluang dan ancaman. Tujuan pengujian ini adalah untuk
memaksimalkan kekuatan, meminalkan kelemahan, mereduksi ancaman dan membangun
peluang.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Strengths</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-kekuatan<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a> merupakan kondisi
internal positif yang memberikan keuntungan. Kekuatan dalam lembaga
sekolah/madrasah dapat berupa kemampuan-kemampuan khusus/spesifik, SDM yang
menandai, image organisasi, kepemimpinan yang cakap dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Weaknes</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-kelemahan<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a> merupakan kondisi
internal negativ yang dapat merendahkan penilaian terhadap sekolah/madrasa
kelemahan dapat berupa rendahnya SDM yang dimiliki, produk yang tidak
berkualitas, image yang tidak kuat, kepemimpinan yang buruk dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Opportunity</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-peluang<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a> adalah kondisi sekarang
atau masa depan yang menguntungkan sekolah/madrasah. Opportunity merupakan
kondisi eksternal yang dapat memberikan peluang-peluang untuk kemajuan lembaga
seperti adanya perubahan hukum, menurunnya pesaing menigkatnya jumlah siswa
baru.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Threats</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-tantangan<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a> adalah kondisi eksternal
sekolah/madrasah, sekarang dan yang akan datang yang tidak menguntugkan.
Tantangan ini dapa berupa munculnya pesaing-pesaing baru, penurunan jumlah
siswa dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kerangka Kerja Analisis
SWOT</span></div>
<div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ENVIROMENTAL SCAND</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Internal Analisis</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
External Analisi</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Strength</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Weaknesse</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Opportunity</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Threats</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
SWOT MATRIX</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Analisis Strategik di Lembaga Pendidikan Islam</span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Analisis lingkungan internal</span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Analisi
lingkungan internal (ALI) berupa pencermatan dan identifikas terhadap kondisi
intenal organisasi, menyangkut organisasi, biaya oprasional, efektifitas
organisasi, sumber daya manusia, srana dan prasarana maupu dana yang tersedia.
Pencermatan dilakukan dengan mengelompokkan atas hal-hal yang merupakan
kekuatan <i>(strength)</i> atau kelemahan <i>(weakness)</i> organisasi dalan
rangka mewujudkan tujuan dan sasaran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lingkungan
internal merupakan roh dalam sebuah lembaga untuk menjamin keberlangsungan
proses pendidikan yang sedang belangsung oleh karena itu dibutuhkan manjemen
pengelolaan yang baik.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Analisis siswa atau peserta didik</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pesrta
didik adalah anggota masyarakat yang berusaha mengembangkan potensi diri
melalui pembelajaran yang tersedia pada jalu. Jenjang dan jenis pendidikan
tertentu.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a>
Oemar Hamalik di kutip dari Ari Hidayat dan Imam Machali mendefinisikan peserta
didik sebagi suatu kompenen masukan dalam sistem masukan dalam sistem
pendidikan yang selanjutnya diproses dalam proses pendidikan, sehingga menjadi
manusia berkualitas.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adapun
tahapan tahapan pengelolan peserta didik menuurut Ari Hidayat dan Imam Machali
sebagai berikut.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Analisis kebutuhan peserta didik.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rekruitmen peserta didik.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Seleksi peserta didik.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Orientasi.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penenmpatan pesrta didik.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pembinaan dan penagenbangan peserta didik.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pencatatan dan pelaporan.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kelulusan dan Alumni.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Oleh
karena itu manajemen kesiswaan pendidikan Islam bila dilihar dari segi tahapan
dalam masa studi di sekolah/madrasah dapat dibagi menjadi tiga tahapan, yaitu,
penerimaan siswa baru, preoses pembelajaran dan persiapan studi lanjut atau
bekerja. Dengan istilah lain, tiga tahapan tersebut dapat disebut denga tahapa
penjaringan, pemprosesan dan pendistribusian. Semua tahapan tersebut
membutuhkan pengelolaan secara maksimal agar mendapatkan hasil yang maksimal
pula. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Analisis tenaga kependidikan</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">USPN
No. 20 Tahun 2003 menyebutkan bahwa yang dimaksud dengan pendidika dalah tenaga
kependidikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang berkualifikasi sebagai
guru, dosen, konselor, pamong belajar, widyaiswara. Tutor, instruktur,
fasilitator, dan sebutan lain yang sesuai dengan kekhususannya serta
berpartisipasi dalam menyelenggarakan pendidikan. Sedangkan tenaga kependidikan
adalah anggota masyarakat yang mengabdikan diri<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dan diangkat untuk menunjang penyelenggaraan pendidikan. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Peranan
guru yang sangat penting tersebut bisa menjadi potensi besar dalam memjukan
atau meningkatkan mutu pendidikan Islam, atau sebaliknya bisa juga
menghancurkannya. Ketika guru benar-benar berlaku profesional<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan dapat mengelola pendidikan dengan baik,
tentunya mereka semakin bersemangat dalam menjalnkan tugasnya bahkan rela
melakukan inovasi pembelajarn<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk
kesuksesan pembelajaran peserta didik.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Analisis sarana fisik sekolah</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sarana
pendidikan adalah segala sesuatu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang
meliputi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>peralatan dan perlengkapan yang
langsung digunakan dalam proses pendidikan di sekolah seperti gedung, ruangan,
meja, kursi, alat peraga, buku pelajaran dan lain-lain. Sedangkan prasarana
semua kompenen yang secara tidak langsung menunjang jalannya proses
pembelajaran di lembaga pendidikan tersebut seperti jalan menju sekolah, halamn
sekolah, tata tertip sekolah dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sarana dan
prasarana pendidikan dalam lembaga pendidikan Islam sebaiknya dikelola dengan
sebaik mungkin sesuai dengan ketentuan-ketentuan berikut;</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lengkap siap dipakai setiap saat, kuat, dan Awet.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rapi indah bersih, anggung, dan asri sehingga menyejukkan pandangan
dan perassan siapun yang memasuki kompleks lembaga pendidikan Islam.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kreatif, inovatif, responsif dan variatif sehingga dapat merangsang
timbulnya imajinaasi peserta didik.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Memiliki jangkauan waktu penggunaan yang panjang melalui
perencanaan yang matang untuk menghidari kecendrungan bongkar pasan bagunang.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Memiliki tempat khusus untuk beribadah maupun pelaksanaan kegiatan
sosio-religius seperti mushallah atau masjid..</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Oleh karena
itu, sarana dan prasarana pendidikan Islam seharusnya diupayakan semaksimal
mungkin agar lembaga pendidikan Islam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Memiliki daya tarik yah khas. Jika terjadi demikian, maka posisi tawar
lembaga tersebut terhadap masyarakat sekitar sangatlah tinggi. Hal ini mungkin
terjadi jika sarana dan prasarana ini mendapat perhatian besar dari manajer
pendidikan Islam mulai tahap perencanaan sampai pada perawatan /pemeliharaan. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Analisis kurikulum, materi pendidikan dan proses belajar mengajar</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Selama
ini kurikulum di anggapa sebagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penetu
keberhasilan pendidikan, termasuk pendidikan Islam.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a> Karena itu, perhatian
para guru, dosen, kepsls sekolah/madrasah, ketua rektor, maupun praktisi
pendidikan terkonsentrasi pada kurikulum. Padahal kurikulum bukanlah penentu
utama. Dalam kasus pendidikan di Indonesia misalnya. Problem yang paling besar
di hadapi bangsa ini sesungguhnya bukan problem kurikulum, meskipun bukan
berarti kurikulum tidak menimbulkan problem, namun masalah kesadaran merupakan
masalah yang besar. Yaitu lemahnya kesadarn untuk berprestasi, kesadarn untuk
sukses, kesadarn untuki meningkatkan SDM, kesadaran untuk menghilangkan
kebodohan, maupun kesadarn untuk berbuat yang terbaik. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut
Mujamil Qomar yang dikutip dari Al-Syaibani mengutarakan beberapa ciri-ciri
kurikulum pendidikan Islam.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menonjolkan tujuan agama dan akhlak pada sebagi tujuan, kandungan,
metode alat dan tekniknya.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Memiliki perhatian yang luas dan kandungan yang menyeluruh.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Memliki keseimbangan antara kandungan kurikulum dari segi ilmu dan
seni, kemestian, pengalamn dan kegiatan pengajaran yang beragam.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berkecendrungan pada seni halus, aktivitas pendiddkan, jasmani,
latihan militer, pengetahuan teknik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>latihan kejuruan dan bahasa asing untuk perorangan maupun mereka yang
memiliki kesediaan, bakat dan keinginan.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keterkaitan kurikulum dengan kesediaan, minat, kemampuan,
kebutuhan, dan perbedaan perorangan di antara mereka.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ciri-ciri
ini menggambarkan adanya berbagai tuntutan yang harus ada dalam kurikulum
pendidikan Islam. Tuntutan ini terus berkembang sesuai dengan tantangan zaman
yang sedang dihadap. Tantangan pendidikan Islam dizaman sekarang tentu sangat
berbeda denganzaman klasik dulu. Tantangan dizaman sekarang tentu lebih
kompleks. Kurikulum pendidikan harus dirancang dengan sebagus mungkin untuk
menghasilkan outpit yang memuaskan.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Analisis administrasi dan keuangan sekolah</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Selama ini ada
kesan bahwa keuangan adalah segalanya dalam memajukan suatu lembaga pendidikan.
Tampa dukungan finasial yang cukup, manajer lembaga pendidikan seakan tidak
bisa berbuat banyak dalam upaya memajukan lembaga pendidikan yang dipimpinnya.
Sebab mereka berpikir semua uapay memajukan senantiasa harus dimodali dengan
uang. Upaya memajukan kompenen-kompenen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pendidikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tampa disertai
dukungan uang akan pasti mandek di tengah jalan.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Setidaknya ada
dua hal yang meneybabkan timbulnya perhatian yang besar pada keungan yaitu,<i>
Pertama</i>, keungan temaasuk kunci penentu kelangsungan dan kemajuan lembaga
pendidikan. Kenyataan ini mengandung konsekuensi bahwa program-program
pembaruan atau pengembangan pendidikan bisa gagal dan berantakan manakala tidak
didukung oleh dana yang memadai. <i>Kedua,</i> lazimnya uang dalam jumlah besar
sulit sekali didapatkan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>khususnya
lembaga pendidikan swasta yang baru berdiri.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sumber keungan
atau pembiayaan pada suatu sekolah secara garis besar dapat dikelompokkan
menjadi tiga sumber.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemerintah, baik pemerintah pusat, daerah maupun keduanya, bersifat
umum dan khususserta di peruntukkan bagi pendidikan.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Orangtua atau peserta didik.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Masyarakat, baik mengikat maupun tidak mengikat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Analisis lingkungan eksternal</span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Analisis
lingkungan eksternal (ALE) berupa pencermatan dan identifikasi terhadap kondisi
lingkungan di luar organisasi yang dapat terdiri dari lingkungan ekonomi,
teknologi, sosial, budaya, politik, ekologi dan keamanan pencermatan ini akan
menghasilkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>indikasi menganai peluang<i>
(opportunities) </i>dan tantangan <i>(threas)</i> organisasi dalam mewujudkan
tujuan dan sasaran organisasi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Analisis lingkungan sosial masyarakat</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lembaga
pendidikan Islam perlu menagani masyarakat atau hubungan lembaga pendidikan
Islam dengan masyarakat. Kita harus menyadari bahwa masyarakat memiliki peranan
yang sangat penting terhadap keberadaan, keberlangsungan bahkan kemajuan
lembaga pendidikan Islam. Setidaknya salah satu parameter penentu nasib
lembaga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pendidikan Islam adalah
masyarakat. Bila ada lembaga pendidikan Islam maju, hampir bisa dipastikan
salah satu faktor keberhasilan adalah keterlibatan masyarakat yang maksimal.
Begitu pula sebaliknya, bila ada lembaga pendidikan Islam yang memperihatinkan,
salah satu penyebabnya bisa jadi masyarakat enggang mendukung. Sikap masyarakat
ini bisa jadi akibat dari hal lain dalam kaitannya dengan lembaga pendidikan
Islam, baik yang bersifat internal maupun eksternal. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Masyarakat
memiliki posis ganda dalam lembaga pendidikan Islam, yaitu sebagai objek dan
sebagi subjek yang keduanya memiliki makna fungsional bagi pengadaan lembaga
pendidikan Islam. Ketika lembaga pendidikan Islam sedang melakukan promosi
penerimaan sisw/santri dan mahasiswa baru maka masyarakat menjadi objek
mutlakdi butuhkan. Sementara itu respon terhadap promosi itu menempatkan mereka
sebagai subjek yang memiliki kewenangan penuhuntuk mnerima tau menolaknya.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Seelain itu
hubungan sekolah dengan masyarakat bertujuan antara lain sebagai berikut</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Memajukan kualitas pembelajaran dan pertumbuhan anak.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Memperkukuh tujuan serta<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>meningkatkan
kualitas hidup dan penghidupan masyarakat.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menggairahkan masyarakat untuk menjalin hubungan dengan sekolah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Analisis peranan pemerintah dan Yayasan</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam
menghadapi kebijakan pemerintah yang dinilai kurang berpihak pada pengembangan
lembaga pendidikan, pengelola harus mampu memiliki jiwa untuk berbesar dan
menanggung apa yang terjadi si kemudian hari terhadap terhadap kebijakan
tersebut<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Umumnya
ketidaksesuaian kebijakan dengan apa yang ada di atas kertas dengan apa yang
ada di lapangan dikarenakan tidak adanya kebijakan pendukung. Misalnya seperti
penerapan kebijakan dalam menjalankan standar nasional pendidikan dalam bidang
proses pembelajaran seperti yang tertuang dalam permendiknas No. 22,23 dan 24
tahun 2006, yang mengamantkan agar sekolah atau madrasah melaksanakan proses
pembelajaran yang terencana dibuktikan dengan adanya para guru yang membuat
silabus dan RPP. Kebijakan ini sebenarnya adalah langkah maju yang dilakukan
oleh pemerintah dalam upaya pembelajaran yang efektif. Namun awalnya kebijakan
ini juga berjalan tersendak-sendak dikarenakan ketika menerima kebijakan
tersebut para pengelola madrasah merasa kelebihan karena kebijakan tersebut
tidak ditkuti dengan kebijakan pendukung seperti pengadaan pelatihan pembuatan
silabus dan RPP yang merata diseluruh Indonesia, bantuan dana serta teknologi
informasi dan komunikasi yang berkaitan dengan hal tersebut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Analisis SWOT lembaga Pendidikan Islam</span></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Analisi
SWOT itu sendiri dapat didefinisikan dengan suatu identifikasi berbagai faktor
secara sistematis untuk merumuskan strategi perusahaan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a>
Analisis ini didasarkan pada logika yang dapat memaksimalkan kekuatan (<em><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">strenghts</span></em>)
dan peluang (<em><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">opportunities</span></em>), akan tetapi secara
bersamaan dapat meminimalkan kelemahan(<em><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">weakness</span></em>) dan ancaman( <em><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">threats</span></em>).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ada
beberapa tahapan dan langkah yang mesti ditempuh dalam melakukan analisis SWOT,
antara lain: <em><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Langkah pertama</span></em>, identifikasi
kelemahan (internal) dan ancaman (eksternal, globalisasi) yang paling urgen
untuk diatasi secara umum pada semua komponen pendidikan. <em><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Langkah
kedua</span></em>, identifikasi kekuatan (internal) dan peluang (eksternal)
yang diperkirakan cocok untuk mengatasi kelemahan dan ancaman yang telah
diidentifikasi pada langkah pertama. <em><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Langkah ketiga</span></em>, lakukan analisis
SWOT lanjutan setelah diketahui kekuatan, kelemahan, peluang dan ancaman dalam
konteks sistem manajemen pendidikan. <em><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Langkah keempat</span></em>, rumuskan
strategi-strategi yang direkomendasikan untuk menangani kelemahan dan ancaman,
termasuk pemecahan masalah, perbaikan dan pengembangan lebih lanjut.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<em><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Langkah kelima</span></em><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">,
tentukan prioritas penanganan kelemahan dan ancaman itu, dan disusun suatu
rencana tindakan untuk melaksanakan program penanganan.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan
analisis SWOT tersebut diharapkan pendidikan Islam dapat melakukan
langkah-langkah strategis. Strategi adalah suatu cara dimana organisasi
atau lembaga akan mencapai tujuannya, sesuai dengan peluang-peluang dan
ancaman-ancaman lingkungan eksternal yang dihadapi, serta sumber daya dan
kemampuan internal.Setelah melakukan analisis SWOT, berikutnya adalah melakukan
langkah-langkah strategis sebagaimana dapat dibagankan sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kekuatan </span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Faktor-faktor
kekuatan dalam lembaga pendidikan adalah kompetensi khusus atau
keunggulan-keunggulan lain yang berakibat pada nilai plus atau keunggulan
komparatif lembaga pendidikan tersebut.Hal ini bisa dilihat jika sebuah lembaga
pendidikan harus memiliki <i>skill </i>atau keterampilan yang bisa disalurkan
bagi perserta didik, lulusan terbaik/hasil andalan, maupun kelebihan-kelebihan
lain yang membuatnya unggul bagi pesaing-pesaing serta dapat memuaskan <i>steakholder
</i>maupun pelanggan (peserta didik, orang tua, masyarakat dan bangsa). </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sebagai contoh
bidang keunggulan, antara lain kekuatan pada sumber keuangan, citra yang
positif, keunggulan kedudukan di masyrakat, loyalitas pengguna dan kepercayaan
berbagai pihak yang berkepentingan. Sedangkan keunggulan lembaga pendidikan di
era otonomi pendidikan atara lain ; sumber daya manusia yang secara kuantitatif
besar, hanya saja perlu pembenahan dari kualitas. Selain itu <i>antusiasme </i>pelaksanaan
pendidikan Islam sangat tinggi, yang didukung sarana prasarana pendidikan yang
cukup memadai. Hal lai dari faktor keunggulan lembaga pendidikan Islam adalah
kebutuhan masyarakat terhadap yang bersifat <i>transendental </i>sangat tinggi,
dan itu sangat mungkin diharapkan dari proses pendidikan lembaga pendidikan
Islam. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bagi sebuah
lembaga pendidikan sangat penting untuk mengenali terhadap kekuatan dasar
lembaga tersebut sebgai langkah awal atau tonggak menuju pendidikan yang
berbasis kualitas tinggi. Mengenali kekuatan dan terus melakukan refleksi
adalah sebuah langkah bersar untuk menuju kemajuan bagi lembaga pendidikan
islam.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kelemahan</span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Segala sesuatu
pasti memiliki kelemahan adalah hal yang wajar tetapi yang terpenting adalah
bagaimana sebagai penentu kebijakan dalam lembaga pendidikan bisa meminimalisir
kelemahan-kelemahan tersebut atau bahkan kelemahan tersebut menjadi satu sisi
kelebihan yang tidak dimiliki oleh lembaga pendidikan lain. Kelemahan ini bisa
kelemahan dalam sarana dan prasarana, kualitas atau kemampuan tenaga pendidik,
lemahnya kepercayaan masyarakat, tidak sesuainya antara hasil lulusan dengan
kebutuhan masyarakat atau dunia usaha dan industri dan lain-lain </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk itu,
beberapa faktor kelemahan yang harus segera dibenahi oleh para pengelola
pendidikan Islam, antar alain ; (1) lemahnya SDM dalam lembaga pendidikan
Islam. (2) sarana dan prasarana yang masih sebatas pada sarana wajib saja. (3)
lembaga pendidikan Islam swasta umumya kurang bisa menangkap peluang, sehingga
mereka hanya puas dengan keadaan yang dihadapi sekarang ini. (4) <i>uotput </i>lembaga
pendidikan Islam belum sepenuhnya bersaing dengan <i>output </i>lembaga
pendidikan yang lain dan sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Peluang </span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Peluang adalah
suatu kondisi lingkungan eksternal yang menguntungkan bahkan menjadi formulasi
dalam lembaga pendidikan. ituasi lingkungan tersebut misalnya ; (1)
kecendrungan penting yang terjadi dikalangan peserta didik. (2) identifikasi
suatu layanan pendidikan yang belum mendapat perhatian. (3) perubahan dalam
keadaan persaingan. (4) hubungan dengan pengguna atau pelanggan dan sebagainya.
Peluang pengembangan lembaga pendidikan Islam antara lain : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo18; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Di era yang sedang krisis moral dan krisis kejujuran
seperti ini diperlukan peran serta pendidikan agama Islam yang lebih dominan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo18; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada kehidupan masyarakat kota dan modern yang
cenderung konsumtif dan hedonis, membutuhkan petunjuk jiwa, sehingga
kajian-kajian agama berdimensi sufistik kia menjamur. Ini menjadi salah satu
peluang bagi pengembangan lembaga pendidikan Islam kedepan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo18; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Secara historis dan realitas, mayoritas penduduk Indonesia adalah
muslim, bahkan merupakan komunitas muslim terbesar diseluruh dunia. Ini adalah
peluang yang sangat setrategibagi pentingnya manajemen pengembangan lembaga
pendidikan Islam.<span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ancaman.</span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ancama merupakan
kebalikan dari sebuah peluang, ancaman meliputi faktor-faktor lingkungan yang
tidak menguntungkan bagi sebuah lembaga pendidikan. Jika sebuah ancaman tidak
ditanggulangi maka akan menjadi sebuah penghalang atau penghambat bagi maju dan
peranannya sebuah lembaga pendidikan itu sendiri. Contoh ancaman tersebut
adalah ; minat peserta didik baru yang menurun, kurangnya kepercayaan
masyarakat terhadap lembaga pendidikan tersebut dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Contoh analisis SWOT di </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lembaga Pendidikan Islam</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kekuatan:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo15; text-align: left; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Knowledge</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> atau kepakaran yang dimiliki</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo15; text-align: left; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lulusan dihasilkan atau pelayanan yg unik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo15; text-align: left; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lokasi tempat lembaga pendidikan berada</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo15; text-align: left; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kualitas lulusan atau proses</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo18; text-align: left; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kelemahan:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo16; text-align: left; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kurangnya pengetahuan sosialisasi lembaga pendidikan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo16; text-align: left; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lulusan yang tidak dapat dibedakan dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">lulusan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">lembaga pendidikan / lembaga pendidikan lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo16; text-align: left; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lokasi lembaga pendidikan yang terpencil</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo16; text-align: left; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kualitas lulusan yang jelek</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo16; text-align: left; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Reputasi yang buruk</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo18; text-align: left; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Peluang:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo17; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lembaga yangterus berkembang dan pendidikan merupakan kebutuhan bagi
masyarakat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo17; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adanya pendidikan berbasis internasional</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo17; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Peluang karena lembaga pendidikan yang tidak sanggup memenuhi
permintaan masyarakat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo18; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ancaman:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo1; text-align: left; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adanya lembaga pendidikan Islam baru di area yang sama</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo1; text-align: left; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Persaingan harga dengan lembaga pendidikan lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo1; text-align: left; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lembaga pendidikan lain mengeluarkan lulusan baru yang inovatif</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo1; text-align: left; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lembaga pendidikan lain memegang pangsa pasar terbesar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 532px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 21.4pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.55pt;" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">No</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 313.85pt;" width="418">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dimensi</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.35pt;" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bobot</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background: silver; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.55pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: silver; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 313.85pt;" valign="top" width="418">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Visi, Misi dan tujuan lembaga </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: silver; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.35pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.55pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 313.85pt;" valign="top" width="418">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Organisasasi & Administrasi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.35pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background: silver; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.55pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: silver; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 313.85pt;" valign="top" width="418">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Manajemen </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: silver; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.35pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.55pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 313.85pt;" valign="top" width="418">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">siswa</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.35pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">10 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="background: silver; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.55pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: silver; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 313.85pt;" valign="top" width="418">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">SDM </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: silver; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.35pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">10 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.55pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 313.85pt;" valign="top" width="418">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keuangan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.35pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="background: silver; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.55pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">7 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: silver; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 313.85pt;" valign="top" width="418">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Insfrastruktur </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: silver; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.35pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.55pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">8 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 313.85pt;" valign="top" width="418">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kurikulum </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.35pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">10 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="background: silver; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.55pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">9 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: silver; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 313.85pt;" valign="top" width="418">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pembelajaran </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: silver; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.35pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">10 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.55pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">10 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 313.85pt;" valign="top" width="418">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penelitian dan publikasi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.35pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">10 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="background: silver; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.55pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">11 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: silver; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 313.85pt;" valign="top" width="418">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengabdian masyarakat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: silver; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.35pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.55pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">12 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 313.85pt;" valign="top" width="418">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kendali mutu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.35pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">10 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td style="background: silver; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.55pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">13 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: silver; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 313.85pt;" valign="top" width="418">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sistem informasi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: silver; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.35pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.55pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">14 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 313.85pt;" valign="top" width="418">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keberlanjutan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.35pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 15; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: silver; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.55pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">15 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: silver; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 313.85pt;" valign="top" width="418">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kinerja Fakultas Jumlah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: silver; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.35pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">100% </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 529px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 7.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 7.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">No<i> </i></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 7.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.45pt;" width="369">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Faktor
Internal : Kekuatan</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 7.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Skor</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">+1</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">+2</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">+3</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 6.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.45pt;" valign="top" width="369">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Knowledge atau kepakaran yang dimiliki</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 6.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.45pt;" valign="top" width="369">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lulusan dihasilkan atau pelayanan yg unik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 6.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.45pt;" valign="top" width="369">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lokasi tempat lembaga pendidikan berada</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 6.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.45pt;" valign="top" width="369">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kualitas lulusan atau proses</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 6.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 304.8pt;" valign="top" width="406">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">8</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 529px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 6.95pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.95pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">No </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.95pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.45pt;" width="369">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Faktor
Internal: Kelemahan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.95pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Skor</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.9pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-1</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.9pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-2</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.9pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-3</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.9pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.9pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.45pt;" valign="top" width="369">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kurangnya pengetahuan sosialisasi lembaga pendidikan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.9pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.9pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.9pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.9pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.9pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.45pt;" valign="top" width="369">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lulusan yang tidak dapat dibedakan dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">lulusan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">lembaga pendidikan / lembaga pendidikan lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.9pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.9pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.9pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.9pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.9pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.45pt;" valign="top" width="369">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lokasi lembaga pendidikan yang terpencil</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.9pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.9pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.9pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.9pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.9pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.45pt;" valign="top" width="369">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kualitas lulusan yang jelek</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.9pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.9pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.9pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.9pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 304.8pt;" valign="top" width="406">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.9pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.1pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">8</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 529px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 6.45pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.45pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">No </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.45pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 273.65pt;" width="365">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Faktor
Eksternal: Peluang</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.45pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.9pt;" width="127">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Skor</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 1.0cm;" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 273.65pt;" valign="top" width="365"><br /></td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.15pt;" width="42">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">+1</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">+2</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">+3</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 273.65pt;" valign="top" width="365">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adanya pendidikan berbasis internasional</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.15pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 273.65pt;" valign="top" width="365">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lembaga yangterus berkembang dan pendidikan
merupakan kebutuhan bagi masyarakat.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.15pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 273.65pt;" valign="top" width="365">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Peluang karena lembaga pendidikan yang
tidak sanggup memenuhi permintaan masyarakat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.15pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 302.0pt;" valign="top" width="403">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.9pt;" valign="top" width="127">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">8</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 529px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 6.45pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.45pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">No </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.45pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 273.65pt;" width="365">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Faktor
Eksternal: Ancaman</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.45pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.9pt;" width="127">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Skor</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 1.0cm;" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 273.65pt;" valign="top" width="365"><br /></td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.15pt;" width="42">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">+1</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">+2</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">+3</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 273.65pt;" valign="top" width="365">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adanya lembaga pendidikan Islam baru di area
yang sama</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.15pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 273.65pt;" valign="top" width="365">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Persaingan harga dengan lembaga pendidikan
lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.15pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 273.65pt;" valign="top" width="365">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lembaga pendidikan lain mengeluarkan lulusan
baru yang inovatif</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.15pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 273.65pt;" valign="top" width="365">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lembaga pendidikan lain memegang pangsa pasar
terbesar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.15pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">--</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 302.0pt;" valign="top" width="403">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.4pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .8pt 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.9pt;" valign="top" width="127">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">8</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 407.25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kuadran SWOT</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 53.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kuadran 1 (kanan-atas): ofensif/Agresif (Pengembangan dan pertumbuhan) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jika berada pada posisi ini, berarti lembaga memiliki
banyak kekuatan dan peluang dibandingkan dengan kelemahan dan ancaman. Pada
posisi ini masih dapat dikaji lebih jauh apakah kekuatan yang dimiliki
mendominasi peluang yang ada. Yang jelas, pada posisi ini lembaga harus dapat
memanfaatkan berbagai peluang yang ada.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kuadran II Defensif (Stabilisasi dan
Konsolidasi Internal) (kiri-atas): </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jika lembaga berada pada posisi ini berarti lembaga
memiliki banyak kekuatan dibandingkan dengan kelemahan. Namun dari lingkungan
eksternal lembaga menghadapi lebih banyak ancaman dibandingkan dengan peluang.
Untuk itu, strategi yang dimunculkan adalah dengan memanfaatkan kekuatan yang
dimiliki dalam menghadapi/menghindari ancaman dan bahkan mengubahnya menjadi
peluang.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kuadran III Rekonsiliasi: (Penciutan
Kegiatan) (kanan-bawah):</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lembaga memiliki banyak kelemahan daripada kekuatan.
Namun dari sisi ;lingkungan eksternal, lembaga menghadapi lebih banyak peluang
daripada ancaman. Dengan demikian strategi yang perlu dikembangkan adalah yang
memanfaatkan peluang dan meminimalisir kelemahan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kuadran IV (Diversivikasi
kegiatan) (kiri-bawah): Likuidasi/<i>Turn around</i>:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kuadran 4
menunjukkan bahwa lembaga memiliki sangat kecil kemungkinan untuk berkembang
bahkan bertahan, karena kekuatan yang dimiliki lebih kecil daripada kelemahan
dan ancaman yang dihadapi lebih besar/lebih banyak daripada peluang. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Namun pada institusi pelayanan pendidikan,
tidak pernah dilakukan likuidasi/penutupan. Sehingga apabila lembaga berada
pada posisi ini, disarankan untuk melakukan <i>turn-around</i> atau mengkaji
kembali <i>core business</i>- lembaga, apakah sudah sesuai dengan visi, misi,
atau kondisi lingkungan yang dihadapi atau tidak. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kesimpiluan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengamatan dan
penilaian yang dilakukan secara simultan terhadap lingkungan eksternal dan
internal lembaga pendidikan memungkinkan para pengelola pendidikan mampu
mengidentifikasi berbagai jenis peluang untuk merumuskan dan
mengimplementasikan rencana pendidikan. Rancangan yang bersifat menyeluruh
dapat dilakukan melalui proses tindakan yang dikenal sebagai manajemen
strategik.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pencapain
tujuan organisasi diperlukan alat yang berperan sebagi ekselerator dan
dinamisator sehingga tujuan dapat tercapai secara efektif dan efesien. Demikan
halnya dalam lembaga pendidikan Islam yang merupakan sekumpulan manusia yang
mempunyai tujuan untuk mencerdaskan kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara, sejalan
dengan hal tersebut diyakini sebagai salah satu alat untuk mencapai tesebut
adalah menggunakan konsep manajemen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>strtaegik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam
pelaksanaan roda organisasi baik itu organisasi publik maupun lain maka
dibutuhkan pengelolaan yang profesional agar tidak terjadi hal-hal yang tidak
diinginkan maka perlu analisa dan memperhitungkan kemungkinan yang akan
dihadapi dalam organisasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Manajemen strategik adalah proses formulasi dan implementasi rencana dan
kegiatan yang berhubungan dengan hal vital dan berkesinambungan bagi suatu
organisasi. Konsep manajemen strategik digunakan di dunia pendidikan untuk
lebih mengefektifkan pengalokasian sumber daya yang ada dalam rangka mencapai
tujuan pendidikan. Salah satu caranya adalah dengan menggunakan teknik analisis
SWOT.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Faktor-faktor
kekuatan dalam lembaga pendidikan adalah kompetensi khusus atau
keunggulan-keunggulan lain yang berakibat pada nilai plus atau keunggulan
komparatif lembaga pendidikan tersebut.Hal ini bisa dilihat jika sebuah lembaga
pendidikan harus memiliki <i>skill </i>atau keterampilan yang bisa disalurkan
bagi perserta didik, lulusan terbaik/hasil andalan, maupun kelebihan-kelebihan
lain yang membuatnya unggul bagi pesaing-pesaing serta dapat memuaskan <i>steakholder
</i>maupun pelanggan (peserta didik, orang tua, masyarakat dan bangsa). </span></div>
<div align="center" class="Default" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Daftar Pustaka</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="Default" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Akdon,
2007. <i>Stategic Management for Education Management (Manajemen Strategik
Untuk Manajemen Pendidikan),</i> Bandung; Alfabeta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">David,
Fred R. 2006. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Manajemen Strtegis
Konsep</i>, terj. Ichan Setiyo Budi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Jakarta: Salemba Empat</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Depertemen pendidikan Nasional,
2008, <i>Kamus Besar Indonesia, </i>Jakarta:Pusat Bahasa, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Engkoswara
dan Aan Komariah, 2010. <i>Administrasi Pendidikan,</i> Bandung; Alfabeta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hidayat,
Ara dan Imam Machali, 2012, <i>Pemgelolaan Pendidikan, Konsep, Prinsip Dan
Aplikasi Dalam Mengelolah Sekolah Dan Madrasah</i>, Yogyakarta; Kaukaba.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mulyasa,
E. 2003. <i>Menjadi Kepala Sekolah Profesional</i>, Bandung; PT. Remaja
Rosdakarya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">--------------,2002.<i>Manajemen
Berbasis Sekolah, Konsep strategi dan Implementasi,</i> Bandung; Remaja Rosda
Karya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Padil,
Moh. dan Angga Teguh Prasetyo, 2011<i>, Strategi Pengelolaan SD/MI Visioner,</i>
Malang: UIN Maliki Press.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Qomar,
Mujamil, 2007. <i>Manajemn Pendidikan Islam, Strategi Baru Pengelolaan Lembaga
Pendidikan Islam</i>, Bandung: Erlangga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rangkuti,
Freddy, 2008, <em><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Analisis SWOT Teknik Membedah Kasus Bisnis, </span></em>Jakarta,
PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sagala,
Syaiful, 2010,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Manajemen Strategik
dalam Peningkatan Mutu Pendidikan</i>, Bandung; Alfabeta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sam
M, Chan, dkk. 2007, <i>Anilisis SWOT Kebijakan Pendidikan Era Otonomi Daerah</i>,
Jakarta; Grafindo Persada.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sallis,
Edward, 2012. <i>Total Quality Management in Edukation (Manajemen Mutu
Pendidikan),</i> Yogyakarta; IRCiSoD.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Wahyudi,
1996. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Manajemen Stratgik Organisasi
Non Profit,</i> Jakarta: Bina Rupa Aksara. </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> E. Mulyasa, <i>Menjadi
Kepala Sekolah Profesional</i>, Bandung; PT. Remaja Rosdakarya. 2003, hlm., 217</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Depertemen pendidikan Nasional,
<i>Kamus Besar Indonesia, </i>Jakarta:Pusat Bahasa, 2008, hlm., 59</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">hlm., 1515</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Akdon, <i>Stategic
Management for Education Management (Manajemen Strategik Untuk Manajemen
Pendidikan),</i> Bandung; Alfabeta, 2007, hlm., 2</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid, </i>hlm.
3</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid, </i>hlm.
3</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Fred R. David, <i>Manajemen
Strtegis Konsep</i>, terj. Ichan Setiyo Budi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Jakarta: Salemba Empat, 2006, hlm., 5 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">I<i>bid</i>,
hlm., 7</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Syaiful Sagala,
<i>Manajemen Strategik dalam Peningkatan Mutu Pendidikan</i>, Bandung;
Alfabeta, hlm., 139</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Akdon, <i>Stategic
Management for Education Management (Manajemen Strategik Untuk Manajemen
Pendidikan),</i> Bandung; Alfabeta, 2007, hlm., 82-83</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Akdon, <i>Stategic
Management.......</i> hlm., 84</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Wahyudi, <i>Manajemen
Stratgik Organisasi Non Profit,</i> Jakarta: Bina Rupa Aksara, 1996, hlm., 19 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Edward Sallis,
<i>Total Quality Management in Edukation (Manajemen Mutu Pendidikan),</i>
Yogyakarta; IRCiSoD, 2012, hlm., 221 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Ara Hidayat
dan Imam Machali, <i>Pemgelolaan Pendidikan, Konsep, Prinsip Dan Aplikasi Dalam
Mengelolah Sekolah Dan Madrasah</i>, Yogyakarta; Kaukaba, 2012, hlm., 166</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">hlm. 166</span>
</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">hlm. 166</span>
</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">hlm. 166</span>
</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Engkoswara dan
Aan Komariah, <i>Administrasi Pendidikan,</i> Bandung; Alfabeta, 2010, hlm.,
138.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ara Hidayat dan
Imam Machali, <i>Pemgelolaan Pendidikan...,</i> hlm., 150 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Mujamil Qomar,
<i>Manajemen Pendidikan Islam,..</i> hlm. 129</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Mujamil Qomar,
<i>Manajemn Pendidikan Islam, Strategi Baru Pengelolaan Lembaga Pendidikan
Islam</i>, Bandung: Erlangga, 2007, hlm., 149</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid</i>,
hlm., 151</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">E. Mulyasa, <i>Manajemen
Berbasis Sekolah, Konsep strategi dan Implementasi,</i> Bandung; Remaja Rosda
Karya, 2002, hlm., 49</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Engkoswara dan
Aan Komariah, <i>Administrasi... </i>hlm., 139 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">E. Mulyasa, <i>manajemen.....</i>
hlm. 50 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Moh. Padil dan
Angga Teguh Prasetyo<i>, Strategi Pengelolaan SD/MI Visioner,</i> Malang: UIN
Maliki Press, 2011, hlm., 4</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid,</i>
hlm., 5</span></div>
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<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Pada dasarnya
analisis SWOT ini memang biasa dipakai dalam perusahaan-perusahaan. Akan tetapi
tidak menutup kemungkinan dan tidak ada salahnya jika digunakan dalam suatu
lembaga pendidikan termasuk pesantren.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Freddy Rangkuti, <em>Analisis SWOT Teknik Membedah
Kasus Bisnis, </em>Jakarta, PT Gramedia PustakaUtama., 2008, hlm. 19.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15459359199860346996noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5462140917247044952.post-29276110760249766192013-09-15T19:09:00.000-07:002013-09-15T19:12:31.224-07:00Mazhab Syi’ah (Sejarah dan Perkembangannya)<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Syi’ah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada awal
kemunculannya dikenal sebagai salah satu<i> firqah</i> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>Politik
umat Islam. Belakangan, kelompok Syiah ini berkembang menjadi sebuah gerakan
pemikiran yang sangat menonjol, pemikiran syiah tidak hanya terbatas pada masalah
politik, sebagimana awal kemunculannya di panggung publik, tetapi juga
menyangkut bidang-bidang yang lebih berpengaruh bagi perkembangan ummat Islam
di masa depan, sepertri pemikiran hukum Islam yang kemudian melahirkan mazhab
kelima dalam pemikiran hukum Islam juga filsafat dan mistisme (tasawuf)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sekarang ini, gerakan pemikiran Syi’ah sudah demikian maju,
sehingga banyak kalangan yang menilai sudah demikian jauh meninggalkan
pemikiran kaum sunni yang cenderung stagnan karena barbagai alasan sosiokultural
dan politis. Para pemikir Syi’ah yang sangat populer saat ini, seperti Sayyed
Husen Nasr, Thabathabai, Murtada mutahhari, Muhammad Baqir al-Shadr, Ali
Syariati, dan Mulla Sadra merupakan contoh-contoh yang melambangkan kehebatan
kelompok ini dalam pemikirannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam sejarah kelompok Syiah terpecaha menjadi tiga kelompok besar
yakni, itsna ‘Asyariyah, Ismailiyah, Zaidiyah, dan banyak kelompok sempalan
yang dipandang liar <i>(ghulath).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>
Masing-masing kelompok ini tidak hanya mewakili klompok politik, tetapi juga
kelompok pemikiran. Pemikiran syiah tidak berhenti dengan timbulnya perpecahan
itu merupakan sebagian dari faktorfaktor kompetitif dalam memjukan pemikiran.
Dengan demikian pemikiran Syiah senantiasa mengalami perkembangan, yang
tentunya akan lebih ekspensif dan berfariasi ketika kelompok ini menyebar
keberbagi penjuru dunia Islam, termasuk di Indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tinjuan
Umum tentang Syi’ah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sejarah Perkembangan Syi’ah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 32.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengertian Syi’ah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.15pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kata
syi’ah bentuk tunggalnya <i>syi’iy<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></b></span></span></span></a>
</i>yang berarti kelompok atau golongan, dapat digunakan untuk sesorang, dua
atau jamak baik pria maupun wanita. Sedangkan menurut Ahmad al-Waili Syi’ah
menurut bahasa adalah pengikut atau pembantu.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Kata Syi’ah sudah dikenal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan
dipergunakan orang dalam masa Nabi, bahkan terdapat beberapa kali dalam
al-Qur’an yang berarti golongan, kalangan, atau pengikut suatu paham tertentu.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.15pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam
Kamus perkataan Syiah itu acapkali diartikan orang pengikut, pembantu, firqah,
terutama pengikut dan pecinta Ali bin Abi Thalib sereta Ahlul bait
Rasululullah. Dalam Kamus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tajul Arus<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
perkataan syiah itu diartikan suatu golongan yang mempunyai keyakinan paham
syiah, dalam bantu membantu antara satu sama lain,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Selama hidup
Rasulullah, istilah Syi’ah adalah sebutan bagi empat sahabat Nabi: Salman
Al-Fărsȋ, Abû Dzarr Al-Ghifȃrȋ, Al-Miqdăd ibn ‘Ammȃr ibn Yȃsir, setelah Nabi
wafat, sejumlah sahabat terkemuka bergabung mendugkung ‘Ali ibn Abȋ Thȃlib dan
diidentifikasi dengannya. (Juga), sekelompok muhajirin (orang Mekkah yang
hijrah ke Madinah) dan kelompok ansȃr (orang asli Madinah) dari kalangan
sahabat tidak menampilkan diri untuk berbaiat (memberikan janji setia) kepada
Abû Bakar. Di antara mereka yang berpihat kepada ‘Ali adalah Al-Abbȃs ibn ‘Abd
Al-Muthalib, Al-Fadhi ibn Al-Abbȃs, Al-Zubair ibn Al-‘Awwȃm, Khȃlid ibn Sa’ȋd,
Al-Miqdȃd ibn ‘Amr, Salmȃn Al-Fărsȋ, dan Abû Dzarr Al-Ghifȃrȋ,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.15pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Para
sahabat itu dan orang yang megikuti langkah mereka meyakini bahwa Imamah adalah
kelanjutan dari kenabian, dan bahwa Ali Adalah otoritas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang paling berpengetahuan di antara para
sahabat lainnya, tentang al-Qur’an dan jalan kebenaran. Oleh karena itu, mereka
meminta<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ptunjuk kepada Ali dalam masalah
agama yang membutuhkan ketetapan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau
interpretasi. Mereka mendengar Nabi pernah bersabda tentang Ali<i>, aku adalah
kota ilmu dan Ali gerbangnnya, dan aku gudang kebijaksanaan dan Ali pintunya</i>
(berdasarkan otoritas <i>al-Hakim</i> <i>dalam Al-mustadrak, Al-Thabarni</i>
dalam <i>Al-Kabir</i> dan <i>Abu Nu’aim</i> dalam <i>Al-Hidayah</i>).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 32.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Asal usul Perkembangan Syi’ah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.15pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut
ajaran Syi’ah ada beberapa catatan yang mendorong timbulnya golongan ini, yakni
catatan tentang kejadian pada masa awal munculnya dan pertumbuhan Islam.
Selanjutnya, selama dua puluh tiga tahun masa kenabian, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.15pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Catatan
pertumbuhan Islam dikaitkan dengan hari-hari pertama kenabian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Muhammad saw, di mana Nabi diperintahkan
untuk mengajak kerabat terdekatnya memeluk agamanya, sebagaiman firman Allah
dalam al-Qur’an : <i>“ dan berikan peringatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kepada kerabat-kerabat terdekatmu yang terdekat”. (QA. Al-Syura, 26;
214)<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>
ketika itu Nabi menjelaskan kepada mereka siapa yang pertama-tama memenuhi
ajakannya, kelak akan menjadi penerus dan pewarisnya. Ali adalah orang yang
pertama memenuhi ajakan tersebut. Dan nabi menerimanya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.15pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Amat
beragam uraian para pakar Muslim atau non-Muslim tentang asal usul paham Syiah dan
masa pembetukannya.tidak mungkin secara eksplisit di ketengahkan dalam makalah
secara keseluruhan, namun secara sepintas dapat dikatakan bahwa ada di
antaranya berpendapat bahwa pemikiran ini bersumber dari Persia, bahkan dari
upaya orang-orang Yahudi untuk menyimpangkan ajaran Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.15pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Seperti
diketahuai bahwa <i>Imamah</i>,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
yang merupakan salah satu akidah pokok kaum syiah, mereka yakini sebagai
anugerah Ilahi serupa kenabian yang tidak dapat di peroleh melalui upaya atau
usaha manusia. <i>Imamah</i> itu silih berganti hingga mencapai dalam keyakinan
syiah Imamiyah dua belas orang secra turun temurun dimulai dari Sayyidina Ali,
samapi iman kedua belas yakni Muhammad al-Mahdi. Nah dari sini ada yang
menyebut bahwa syiah bersumber dari Persia, dengan dalih bahwa keyakinan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tentang adanya peranang tuhan dalam
menerapkan kepemimpinan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>serta turun
temurunnya kekuasaan, tidak dikenal oleh masyarakat Arab, tetapi sangat diakui
oleh masyarakat Persia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 32.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sekte-sekte dalam Syi’ah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.15pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Syi’ah terpecah dalam
berpuluh-puluh Sekte. Adapun sebab-sebab perpecahan itu ialah: (1) karena
perbedaan dalam prinsip dan ajaran, disini terdapat Sekte yang moderat dan
sekte yang extrim (al-Ghulaat), dan (2) karena perbedaan dalam hal penggantian
Imam sesudah al-Husein, Imam ketiga, sesudah ali Zainal Abidin, Imam keempat
dan sesudah Ja’far Sadiq, Imam yang keenam. Dari sekte-sekte itu yang terkenal
adalah <i>Zaidiyah, Ismailiyah</i> dan <i>Isna Asyariyah</i>. Dua yang terakhir
ini termasuk <i>Syi’ah Imamiyah</i>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.15pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perpecahan sesudah
Husein disebabkan karena segolongan pengikut beranggapan bahwa yang lebih
berhak menggantikan Husein adalah putra Ali yang bukan anak Fatimah, yaitu yang
bernama Muhammad ibn Hanafiah. Sekte ini dikenal dengan nama Kaisaniyah. Sedang
golongan lain berpendapat bahwa yang berhak menggantikan Husein adalah Ali
Zainal Abidin (wafat tahun 94 H).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.15pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sekte Zaidiyah terbentuk
karena segolongan pengikut berpendapat bahwa yang harus menggantikan Ali Zainal
Abidin Imam keempat adalah Zaid, sementara Sekte Imamiyah terbentuk oleh
golongan yang mengakui Abu Ja’far Muhammad al-Baqir sebagai ganti dari Ali
Zainal Abidin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.15pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sesudah wafatnya Ja’far
Sadiq Imam keenam pada tahun 148 H, Imamiah terbagi menjadi dua (2) sekte,
yaitu Ismailiyah atau Imamiah Sab’iah dan Imamiah Itsna Asyariyah. Sekte yang
pertama mengakui Imamahnya Ismail bin Ja’far sebagai Imam yang ketujuh,
sedangkan sekte kedua mengakui Musa al-Kadzim sebagai pengganti Ja’far Sadiq.
Imam mereka ada 12 semuanya, dan yang terakhir bernama Muhammad yang pada suatu
saat hilang (260 H) dan kemudian dikenal dengan sebutan Muhammad al-Mahdi
al-Muntadzar.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.15pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adapun sekte Syi’ah yang
extrim, antara lain as-Sabaiah yang menganggap Ali sebagai Tuhan. Pemimpinnya
Abdullah bin Saba dihukum dan dibuang ke Madain. Ada pula anggapan bahwa ketika
malaikat menyampaikan wahyu harus disampaikan kepada Ali, tetapi disampaikan
kepada Muhammad. Sekte-sekte extrim dipandang telah keluar dari Islam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <span style="color: black;">Dari
sekte-sekte tersebut di atas yang terkenal dan mempunyai banyak pengikut ialah:
(1) Syi’ah Zaidiyah, (2) Syi’ah Ismailiyah dan (3) Syi’ah Imamiyah.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Syi’ah Zaidiyah,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sekte ini timbul pada
tahun 94 H ketika Ali Zainal Abidin Imam keempat wafat. Sekelompok pengikutnya
menetapkan pengganti Ali Zainal Abidin adalah Abu Ja’far Mohammad Al Bakir.
Kelompok ini disebut Imamiah seperti akan dijelaskan nanti. Adapun kelompok
lain berpendapat bahwa pengganti Ali Zainal adalah Zaid, sebagai Imam kelima.
Jadi nama Zaidiah diambil dari nama Imamnya yaitu Zaid, seorang Ulama terkemuka
dan guru dari Imam Abu Hanifah: Syi’ah Zaidiah adalah golongan yang paling
moderat dibandingkan dengan sekte-sekte lain, dan yang paling dekat dengan
aliran Ahlu Sunnah Wal Jama’ah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengikut Zaidiah banyak
terdapat di Yaman, dan pernah berkuasa di sana hingga tahun lima puluhan pada
abad ini. Diantara pendapat-pendapatnya yang perlu dikemukakan disini adalah
sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mereka berpendapat bahwa
Imam itu harus dari keturunan Ali-Fathimah, namun tidak menolak dari golongan
lain apabila memang memenuhi syarat-syarat yang diperlukan. Oleh karena itu
mereka mengakui Abu Bakar dan Umar menjadi khalifah, walaupun menurut urutan
prioritas seharusnya Ali yang harus menjadi Khalifah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Imam tidak ma’shum.
Sebagai manusia dapat saja ia berbuat salah dan dosa, seperti manusia lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak ada Imam dalam
kegelapan yang diliputi oleh berbagai misteri.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mereka tidak mengajarkan
“taqiyah” yaitu sikap pura-pura setuju tetapi batinnya memusuhinya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mereka mengharamkan nikah
mut’ah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Syi’ah Ismailiyah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sekte ini termasuk
Syi’ah Imamiah, karena mengakui bahwa pengganti Ali Zainal Abidin Imam keempat
adalah Abu Ja’far Mohammad Al Baqir. Syi’ah Ismailiyah mengakui bahwa pengganti
Ja’far sodiq, Imam keenam, adalah Ismail sebagai Imam ketujuh. Ismail sendiri
telah ditunjuk oleh Ja’far Sodiq, namun Ismail wafat mendahului ayahnya. Akan
tetapi satu kelompok pengikut tetap menganggap Ismail adalah Imam ketujuh.
Sekte ini juga dinamai Syi’ah Imamiah Sab’iah, karena Imamnya berjumlah tujuh.
Sekte ini terbagi lagi dalam berbagai kelompok kecil-kecil, diantaranya ada
yang beranggapan bahwa Imam itu memiliki sifat-sifat Ketuhanan. Pendapat ini
dipandang telah keluar dari Islam, karena memang tidak sejalan dengan
ajaran-ajaran Islam yang benar. Pengikut Ismailiah terdapat di India dan Pakistan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Syi’ah Imamiah (<i>Itsna Asyariah</i>)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aliran
istsna Asyariah adalah Syi’ah termashur yang tersebar diberbagai negara di
Republik Islam Iran. Syiah Itsna Asyariah sepakat bahwa Ali bin Abu Thalib
adalah penerima wasiat Nabi Muhammad saw. seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang ditunjukkan nas. Al Aushiya setelah Ali
bin Abi Thalib adalah keturunan dari garis Fathimah, yaitu Hasan ibn Ali dan
Husein ibn Ali sebagimana yang telah disepakati.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bagi Syiah Istna Asyariah al-Aushiys yang
dikultuskan setelah Husein adalah Ali Zainal Abidin dan kemudian secara berturut-turut
Muhammad Al-Baqir, Abdullah Ja’far As-Shadiq, Musa al-Kadzim, Ali al-Ridha,
Muhammad al-Jawwad , Ali al-Hadi, Hasan al-Askari, dan yang terakhir adalah
Muhammad al-Mahdi sebagai Iman kedua belas yang diyakini mengalami keghaiban.
Demikianlah karena pengikut aliran ini telah di baiat dibawa iman dua belas
iman, maka mereka dikenal dengan sebutan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Syiah dua belas (Istna Asyariah)<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nama
Itsna Asyariah (dua belas) ini mengundang makna penting dalam tinjauan sejarah.
yaitu bahwa aliran ini terbentuk setelah lahirnya semua iman yang berjumlah dua
belas yaitu kira-kira pada tahun 260 H/878 M. Imam kedua belas ini Muhammad
al-Mahdi dikatakan ghaiba oleh para pengikut aliran ini. Konon Menghilangnya
Muhammad al-Mahdi karena bersembunyi di ruang bawah tanah rumah ayahnya di
Samarra dan setelah itu tidak kembali</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kembalinya
imam Mahdi ini selalu ditunggu pengikut aliran ini dan dari ciri khas
kehadirannya adalah sebagi ratu adil yang akan turun diakhir zaman. Karena
sebab inilah Muhammad al-Mahdi dijuluki imam Mahdi al-Muntadzar (yang
ditunggu). Dalam Itsna Asyariah dikenal cukub banyak ajarannya yang harus
dipatuhi, seperti menyangkut masalah aqidah, ibdah, mu’amalah, imamah, ishamah,
washiat, raj’ah, bada dan lain sebagainya, namun pada perinsipnya, seluruh
ajaran tersebut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bertumpu pada lima pokok
ajaran pokok yang dikenal dengan ushuluddin yaitu;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo6; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tauhid.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo6; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keadilan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo6; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nubuwwah </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo6; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ma’ad </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo6; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Imamah <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">NASAB IMAM DUA BELAS</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="height: 32px; left: 0px; margin-left: 259px; margin-top: 15px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251663360;"><img height="32" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Chp%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="2" /></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nabi Muhammad</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> (wafat 11 H)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="height: 21px; left: 0px; margin-left: 267px; margin-top: 12px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 3px; z-index: 251686912;"><img height="21" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Chp%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image002.gif" width="3" /></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Fatiamh Binti
Rasul</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(1) <b>Ali</b> (wafat 40 H)</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></div>
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<td height="10" width="41"><br /></td>
</tr>
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<td><br /></td>
<td><img height="13" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Chp%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image003.gif" width="294" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2) <b>Hasan</b> (wafat 50)<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>(3) <b>Husain
</b>(wafat 61 H)</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(penganutnya
yaitu kaum Idrisi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(4) <b>Ali Zainal Abidin</b><br />
Afrika Utara dan Syarif <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(wafat 94 H)</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="height: 36px; margin-left: 336px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251665408;"><img height="36" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Chp%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image004.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">dari Maroko)</span></div>
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<td height="0" width="45"><br /></td>
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<td><img height="28" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Chp%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image005.gif" width="293" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Zaid
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(wafat 122 H)<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>(5)
<b>Muhamad al-Baqir</b></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Pengikutnya
yakni Kaum Zaidi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(wafat 113 H)<br />
di Yaman dan Persia Utara)<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>(6)
<b>Ja’far Ash-Shadiq</b></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(wafat 148 H)</span></div>
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</span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<td height="3" width="45"><br /></td>
</tr>
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<td><br /></td>
<td><img height="27" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Chp%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image006.gif" width="293" /></td>
</tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(7)<b> Ismail<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span></b>(7)<b>
Musa Al-Kazim</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(pengikutnya
Khalifah-khalifah<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(wafat 183 H)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; margin-left: 336px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251670528;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Chp%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image007.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Fathimiyah)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="height: 29px; left: 0px; margin-left: 45px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251671552;"><img height="29" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Chp%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image008.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>(8)
<b>Ali Ar-Ridha</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(wafat 202 H)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; margin-left: 336px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251672576;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Chp%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image009.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al Mustamsir</span></div>
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<span style="height: 24px; left: 0px; margin-left: 336px; margin-top: 35px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251674624;"><img height="24" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Chp%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image010.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Khalifah VII Dari dinasti<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>(9) <b>Muhammmad Al-Jawad</b><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fathimiyah, wafat 147 H)<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(wafat 220 H)</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></div>
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<td height="3" width="45"><br /></td>
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<td><img height="40" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Chp%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image011.gif" width="2" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>(10)
<b>Ali al-Hadi</b></span></div>
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<span style="height: 23px; left: 0px; margin-left: 102px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251681792;"><img height="23" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Chp%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image012.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 23px; left: 0px; margin-left: 20px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251680768;"><img height="23" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Chp%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image013.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 20px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 84px; z-index: 251679744;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Chp%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image014.gif" width="84" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Wafat 254 H)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="height: 22px; left: 0px; margin-left: 336px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251675648;"><img height="22" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Chp%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image015.gif" width="2" /></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nizar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>al-Musta’li</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="height: 188px; left: 0px; margin-left: 20px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251682816;"><img height="188" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Chp%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image016.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(Khalifah IX dari dinasti <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(11)
<b>Hasan al-Askari</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="height: 60px; left: 0px; margin-left: 102px; margin-top: 17px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251684864;"><img height="60" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Chp%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image017.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 25px; left: 0px; margin-left: 336px; margin-top: 17px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251676672;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Chp%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image018.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fathimiyah, Wafat 495 H)<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(wafat 260 H)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>(12)
<b>Muhammad al-Muntazar</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(lenyap 260 H)</span></div>
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</span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="2" width="33"><br /></td>
<td width="241"><br /></td>
<td width="64"><br /></td>
<td width="2"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="2"><br /></td>
<td bgcolor="white" height="66" rowspan="3" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="241"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251683840;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengikutnya
disebut Musta’li atau Isma’iliyah Barat di Yaman , Syiria dan India</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="20"><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><img height="20" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Chp%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image019.gif" width="2" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="44"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="height: 71px; left: 0px; margin-left: 288px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 184px; z-index: 251678720;">
</span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="71" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="184"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251678720;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengikut
dua belas imam ini dinamai Imamiyah atau Isna Asyari’yah</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span> </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="21" width="6"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
<td bgcolor="white" height="67" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="245"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251685888;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengikutnya
disebut Nazari atau Isma’iliyah Timur di Pakistan, India Rusia selatan dan
lain-lain</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span> </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aliran
Ismaili ini disebut juga</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sab’iyah
percaya kepada tujuh<br />
imam</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemikiran Mazhab Syi’ah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sejarah Singkat Mazhab Ahlil Bait
(Syi’ah)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sebenarnya
bukan tidaka beralasan, baik Bani Umayyah Maupun Bani Abbas, menuduh Syiah Ali
senantiasa kalah menggerakkan pemberontakan rakyat terhadap pemerintahan
mereka. Jiwa pengajaran Islam dalam daerahnya banyak dititik beratkan kepada
kehidupan duniawi, melalui jalan kasar maupun melalui jalan halus terhadap
ulama-ulamanya sedang ajaran Islam Menurut Mazhab ahlil Bait lebih banyak
ditekankan kepada kehidupan dunia dan akhirat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jiwa
pengajaran Imam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As-Shadiq di antara lain
adalah kemerdekaan roh, yang sangat dihargakan tinggi oleh Islam, dan dengan
demikian pengikut-pengikutnya selalu berdaaya upaya melepaskan kemerdekaan jiwanya
itu daripada kekuasaan yang dianggap zalim ketika itu. Sejak berdirinya mazhab
Ahlil Bait terikat dengan dua peninggalan Nabi yang kuat “<span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">as-sagalain</span>” yaitu
kitabullah dan <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">itrah</span>
Rasulnya, Qur’an dan keluarga Nabi, yang berpadu keduanya tidak bercerai berai
dalam penunaian kewajibannya untuk memberi petunjuk dan hidayat kepada orang
yang berbuat zalim, karena pasti kamu akan masuk neraka. <i>“Tidak ada yang
lain pemimpinmu kecuali Allah, yang tidak dapat menolongmu</i>”(QS. Hud:113).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan
penuh keberanian Imam menjalankan terus ajaran semacam ini.
pengikut-pengikutnya diajak mersapkan rasa adil yang merupakan pokok terpenting
daripada dasar-dasar penetapan hukum Islam. Murid-muridnya hanya mematuhi
peraturan-peraturan yang tidak melampaui batas Tuhan, yaitu Qur’an dan mentaati
imam-iman yang adil serta memelihara agama, imam-imam yang ingin damai, bermutu
tinggi dalam akhlak dan budi pekerti.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Imam
As-Sahdiq menghedaki, agar di samping pemerintahan dunia, terdapat pimpinan
agama, yang betul-betul menjalankan kebijaksanaan menurut hukum tuhan,
berdasarkan kepada da’wah yang benar, kebajikan, keadilan, persamaan ukhuwa
Islamiyah umum, peradaban yang baik dan kebugayaan yang benar, membasmi hawa
nafsu, membasmi bid’ah dan kesesatan, yang semuanya tiu dapat diperoleh hanya
dari keturnan suci, pemimpin-pemimmpin mazhab ini. Karena merekalah yang
sanggup memimpin ummat kepada agamanya, membawa kepada kebahagiaan, kepada
tujuan-tujuan yang mulia dan tinggi, kepada contoh-contoh yang tinggi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mazhab
Ahlul Bait ini adalah mazhab yang terdahulu lahir dalam sejarahnya. Karena
bukan Imam As-shadiq yang meletakkan batu pertama dan menaburkan benihnya,
tetapi ialah Rasulullah sendiri. Nabi yang meletakkan sumber-sumber dan
peraturan-peraturannya dengan ucapannya menyuruh berpegang teguh pada al-Qur’an
dan keluarganya, agar ummat jangan tersesat (hadis). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mazhab
ini terlahir dalam masa Nabi dan imam yang pertama ialah Ali bin Abi Thalib,
Imam yang paling tinggi nilainya dan paling banyak ilmunya. Ia merupakan diri
Nabi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Muhammad mengikutinya dalam segala
waktu, menampung ilmu langsung dari padanya, memperoleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tasyri amali sahabatnya di kampung dan dalam
perjalanan, ia duduk jika nabi duduk, ia bekerja jika nabi bekerja. Rasulullah
adalah guru langsung dari Ali, pendidik dan pengasuhnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tak
kala Ali wafat, gerakan ilmiyah dan pimpinan mazhab ini dipimpin oleh putranya,
Imam Hasan, cucu Rasulullah dan mainan hatinya. dialah tempat rakyat
mengembalikan urusannya dan segala persengketaan. Tetapi urusan mazhab itu
tidak berjalan lancar, karena tekanan beberapa kejadian dan saling sengketa
dengan Muawiyah, setelah meninggalnya Imam Hasan digantikan oleh saudaranya
Imam Husain lebih kacau lagi, tidak saja peperangan–peperangan sudah terbuka,
tetapi kekuasaan yang telah di capai Muawiyah di gunakannya dengan sengaja
untuk merusak kedudukan hukum kaum muslimin. Urusan peradilan di serahkan
kepada anakanya Yazid yang tidak terlalu tau banyak tentang peraturan-peraturan
hukum Islam<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lalu
menjadilah kedudukan hukum Islam ketika itu sangat buruk. Imam Huasain tidka
berdiam diri melihat kondisi seperti ini, ia terpaksa bangkit membela kebenaran
, melakukan <i>amar ma’ruf nahi mungkar,</i> hingga terpaksa mengorbangkan
jiwanya dengan cara yang sangat menyedihkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sebagai pahlawan Islam dikenal dengan peristiwa Karbala<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Urusan
peradilan dan pimpinan mazhab berpindah kepada nakanya Iman Ali bin Husain,
yang bergelar Zainal Abidin, seorang yang sangat wara’ dan bertakwa dalam
masanya, juga seorang alim dalam segala bidang ilmu Islam. Dengan cara
diam-diam ia meneruskan usaha ayahnya, yang meskipun suasana pada saat itu
sangat buruk, melahirkan ulama-ulamaahli hukum dan hadis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Masa
anaknya Imam al-Baqir, memimpin mazhab Ahlul Bait ini, suasana politik sudah
agag berubah, pemerintah Bani Umayyah sudah mulai lemah, diserang kanan kiri
dan dibenci oleh rakyat karena sifat feodalnya. Pengajaran-pengajaran Ahlil
Bait digiatkan kembali di mana-mana, ulama-ulama memancar pergi menyiarkan
Kitabullah dan Sunnah Nabi di Madinah dan dalam Masjidil Haram, terutama ruang
yang terkuat dengan nama “ Ruang <i>Ibn Mahil</i>”.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mazhab Ahlil Bait, yang kemudian
terkenal dengan Mazhab Al- Ja’fari, tidak mau mentaati siasat pemerintah ini,
pertama karena rakyat tidak mau mematuhinya, kedua karena menyebabkan orang
Islam menjadi beku, tidak mau berfikir dan menggunakan akal, satusatunya
anugerah Tuhan yang sangat mulia kepada manusia. Sebagai akibat keputusan ini, pemerintah
menganggap-anggap mazhab itu menentang kebijaksanaannya dan menghukum
orang-orang yang tidak taat itu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan alasan ini pemerintah
menganggap mazhab Ahlil Bait musuhnya, lalu dinyatakan sebagai suatu golongan
yang dianggap keluar dari Islam karena salah i’tikadnya, padahal ulama-ulama
Ahlil Bait tidak mau mentaatinya karena hakim-hakim itu zalim, dan umat Islam
diperintahkan meninggalkan orang-orang yang zalim itu dan rajanya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemikiran Mazhab Syi'ah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tauhid
<i>(Al-Tauhid)</i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Monoteisme
atau kesaan Tuhan adalah fondasi Islam, al-Qur’an menyinggung soal ini dalam
ratusan ayat. Ini meliputi semua fakta yang mengacu pada tuhan yang satu (yang
Esa) dan satun-satunya Tuhan dia tidak mempunyai sekutu, tandingan, dan kawan.
Dia kekal tidak ada yang menyerupai-Nya. Dialah satu-satunya yang pantas untuk
disembah dan tiada yang melebihi-Nya. Kaum muslim tidak ada yang tidak sepakat
dengan masalah ini.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tuhan
adalah esa baik esensi maupun eksistensi-Nya. Kesaan tuhan adalah mutlak. Ia
bereksistensi dengan sendirian. Tuhan adalah <i>qadim</i>; maksudya tuhan
bereksistensi dengan sendirinya sebelum ada ruang dan waktu. Ruang dan waktu
dicipta oleh Allah, Allah maha tahu, maha mendengar, mengerti semua bahasa,
selalu bebar dan bebas berkehendak, kesaan Allah tidak murakkat. Allah tidka
membutuhkan sesuatu. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kenabian (<i>Nubuwwah</i>)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Setiap
makhluk di samping telah diberi insting secara alami juga juga masih
membutuhkan petunjuk, baik petunjuk dari Tuhan maupun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari manusia. Rasul merupakan petunjuk hakiki
utusan tuhan yang secara transenden diutus memberikan acuan untuk menbedakan
antara yang baik dan yang buruk di alam semesta. Dalam keyakinan Syi’ah ini,
tuhan telah mengutus 124.000 Rasul unutk memberi petunjuk kepada manusia.
Syi’ah itsna Asyariah percaya mutlak tentang ajaran Tauhidan kerasulan sejak
Nabi Adam sampai Nabi Muhamaad dan tidak ada Nabi atau Rasul setelah Muhammad,
mereka percaya dengan kiamat, kemurnian dan keaslian al-Qur’an jauh dari <i><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">tahrif</span></i>, perubahan
atau tambahan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kelompok
syiah berkeyakinan bahwa seluruh nabi yang disebut dalam al-Qur’an adalah
utusan Allah swt. dan bahwa Nabi Muhammad adalah nabi terakhir, dan penghulu
dari segala nabi, beliau terpelihara dari kesalahan dan dosa. Allaha telah
memperjalankan beliau diwaktu malam hari dari Masjid al-Haram ke mesjid al-Aqsa
kemudian dinaikkan ke Sidratul Muntaha. Kitab al-Qur’an diturunkan oleh Allah
kepada belaiau sebagai mukjizat dan tantangan serta pengajaran hukum yang
membedakan antara yang halal dan haram, yang tiada kekurangan juga penambahan
atau perubahan di dalamnya dan barang siapa yang mengaku mendapat wahyu atau
diturunkan kitab kepadanya stelah kenabian Muhammad saw. Maka dia itu kafir
yang harus dibunuh.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Imamiyah
berpendapat bahwa Tuhan tidak punya sekutu, adil dan tidak mungkin berbuat
kejahatan dan menciptakan dosa, kemudian menghukun kita, manusia karena dosa
dan kejahatan yang kita lakukan. Dengan dasar pemikiran sama, mereka
berpendapat bahwa para Nabi mustahil berkhianat, berdusta, berwatak lancung dan
berbuat khilaf baik secara lahiriah maupun batiniah. Mereka yakin pada
kemaksuman <i>(ishamah)</i> para Nabi sepanjang kehidupan mereka.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Semua
utusan Allah tidak pernah salah dalam berbuat baik sebelum diangkat menjadi
Nabi maupun sesudahnya, dan terhindar dari setiap pelanggaran yang pelakunya
sendiri mungkin menganggapnya ringan. Dan Muhammad adalah Nabi yang tidak
pernah menyalahi perintah Allah sejak lahir hingga meninggal. Ia tidak pernah
melakukan kesalahan karena sengaja atau lalai. Ia di nyatakan dalam al-Qur’an
dan dibuktikan oleh laporan berkesinambungan para anggota Ahlil Bait Nabi.
Inilah keyakinan imamiyah pada umumnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keadilan <i>(al-adl)</i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tuhan
mencipta kebaikan di alam semesta ini dengan adil. Ia tidak pernah menghiasi
ciptaannya dengan ketidakadilan, keraen ketidakadilan dan kelalimian terhadap
yang lain merupakan tanda kebodohan dan ketidak mampuan, semantara tuahn adalah
maha tahu dan maha kuasa. Segala macam keburukan dan ketdak mampuan adalah jauh
dari kebsolutan dan kehendak Tuhan. Atas dasar itulsh Syi’ah Istna Asyariah
berusaha sekuat tenaga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk menegakkan
keadilan. Menegakkan keadilan, diakui bukanlah pekerjaan yang mudah, tetapi
diperlukan seperangkat aturan dan institusi. Hal ini, menurut keyakinannya,
tidak akan terwujud tampa adanya imam sebagai wakil Tuhan, oleh karena itu keberadaan
seorang imam itu harus sesuai dengan pemilik keadilan yang hakiki yaitu Allah.
Disinilah benang merah yang menghubungkan antara Tuhan-iman dan keadilan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>selain itu aliran ini menyebutkan bahwa Tuhan
memberikan akal kepada manusia untuk mengetahuai benar dan salah melalui
perasaan, manusia dapat menggunakan penglihatan, pendengaran dan indera lainnya
untuk melakukan perbuatan baik maupun perbuatan buruk. Jadi manusia dapat
memanfaatkan potensi berkehendak (will Poewr) sebagai anugrah tuhan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk mewujudkan dan bertanggungjawab atas
pebuatannya. Untuk itu aliran ini sangat menyerukan kepada manusia, terutama
kepada pengikutnya agar menjadi pelopor penyeru kebenaran dan harapan
terciptanya kedamaian hidup di dunia dan akhirat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hari akhir <i>(al-Ma’ad)</i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Secara harfiah <i>al-Ma’ad</i> yaitu
tempat kembali, yang dimaksud disini adalah akhirat. Kaum Syi’ah percaya
sepenuhnya bahwa hari akhirat itu pasti terjadi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Al-ma’ad</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
adalah hari akhir (kiamat) untuk menghadap keadilan Tuhan di akhirat. Setiap
muslim harus yakin akan keberadaan kiamat dan kehidupan suci setelah dinyatakan
bersih dan lurus dalam pengadilan Tuhan. Mati dalah proses transit dari
kehidupan dunia menuju kehidupan akhirat. Kehidupan baru yang akan dilalui oleh
roh manusia itu masuk kedalam wilayah <i>al-Ma’ad</i>. Artinya mulus dan
tidaknya, bergantung dari apa yang telah dilakukannya (bersama tubuhnya) ketika
di dunia. Dengan pemahaman yang benar tentang al-ma’ad ini akan muncul rasa
takut kepada Allah dan siksanya, sehingga mendorong unutk senantiasa berjalan
sesuai dengan syariat-Nya dengan menjaukan diri dari kesalahan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Syaikh
Husain Khasyif al-Ghitah yang dikutip dari Quraish Shihab dalam bukunya
Sunna-Syiah bergandengan tangan mungkinkah? Menguraikan kayakinan Istna
Asyariah tentang hari kemudian, imamiyah meyakini sebagiman yang diyakini oleh
seluruh ummat muslim bahwa Allah swt. Akan mengembalikan hidup/membangkitkan
semua mahluk dan menghidupkan mereka setelah kematian pada hari kiamat untuk
melakukan perhitungan dan balasan. Yang dibangkitkan adalah sosok yang
bersangkutan masing-masing<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan jasad
dan ruhnya sehgingga bila dilihat oleh orang lain dia berkata: “inilah si anu”
anda tidak wajib mengetahuai bagaiman terjadinya kebangkitan itu, apakah ia
merupakan pengembalian yang telah tiada atau nampaknya yang telah mewujud atau
selain dari itu. Syi’ah imamiyah juga percaya dengan semua apa yang tercantung
dalam al-Qur’an dan sunnah yang nilainya <i>qath’iy</i> (pasti) seperti surga,
neraka serta kenikmatan dan siksanya di barzah, timbangan amal, <i>shirath</i>
(jembatan) al-A’raf, kitab amalan manusia, yang tidak membiarkan yang kecil
atau yang besar kecuali dicatatnya, dan bahwa semua manusia akan mendapat
ganjaran/balasan . kalau amalnya baik maka baik dan kalau buruk maka buruk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Imamah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Imamah
adalah masalah pertama yang tentangnya <i>ummah </i>(komunitas) Islam berbeda
setelah kematian Nabi Muhammad saw. dan, karena perbedaan ini, peperangan
berdarah antar kaum muslim meletus. Dalam hal ini, Syiah Imamiyah percaya<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a>
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Imamah adalah
posisi <i>ilahiah </i>bagi kepemimpinan spiritual dan temporal bagi kaum
muslimin. Inilah kasih sayang Allah yang dilimpahkan atsa hamba-hamba-Nya, yang
menjadikan Imamah merupakan kelanjutan dari kenabian <i>(Nubuwah</i>). Imam
diangkat melalui Nabi. Ia mesti maksum baik dosa besar maupun kesalahan kecil.
Pada setiap masa, harus ada seorang Imam yang maksum yang merupakan tanda
kekuasaan allah atas umat manusia, kehadiran menjadi penjaga kepentingan agama,
ia harus mumpuni dari segala ilmu agama. Pengangkatan Iman oleh Allah adalah
wujud dari kasih sayang Allah atas hamba-hamba-Nya. Dan kemurahan mengutus Nabi
serta mengangkat iman wajib bagi Allah. Imamiyah berpendapat bahwa para imam
yang maksum adalah orang-orang yang terbaik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>di antara manusia semasanya dalam pelbagai masa dan segala bidang dalam
hal pengetahuan dan kapasitas intelektual. mereka tidak mengetahui yang
kasatmata, tetapi mereka mengetahui niat dan maksud hati manusia melalui ilham
yang diberikan oleh Allah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Memberikan
komentar atas al-Baqarah ayat 124 Allamah Thabathabai dalam komentar Qurannya
dikutip dari Seyed Hossein Naser telah mengumumkan tujuh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>butir hal yang mendasar yang barangkali<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memberikan penjelasan mengenai Imamah, ketuju
butir ini adalah sebagi berikut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Imamah adalah hak preogatif Allah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Imam harus terhindar dari dosa dan khilaf karena pepeliharaan Ilahi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Selama manusia ada di muka bumi, tidak mungkin tidak ada Imam yang
sejati</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Imam harus didukung oleh Allah, yang maha agung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perbuatan manusia tidak terlepas dari penglihatan Imam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Imam harus mempunyai pengetahuan tentang semua yang dibutuhkan oleh
manusia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam kehidupan sehari-harinya
dan juga persiapan bagi kehidupan nanti.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mustahil seseorang melampaui imam dan kualitas-kualitas sublimnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perkembangan Syi’ah di Indonesia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kapan Syi’ah masuk di Indonesia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sejarah masuknya Syi’ah di indenesia yang tidak ada yang mengetehui
secara pasti tapi menurut Abu Bakar aceh dalam bukunya aliran Syi’ah di
Nusantara menjelaskan bahwa </span><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">kebanyakan
dari pada mubaligh-mubaligh itu pada waktu tersebut memang berasal dari pada orang-orang,
yang mengunjungi Aceh, dan Malaka, memasuki Nusantara dari Persia dan India,
meskipun banyak diantaranya telah menggunakan nama-nama negeri-negeri tempat lahirnya
di Persia dan di India itu. Dalam uraiannya itu telah mengambil beberapa
kesimpulan, yaitu<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a> :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Islam ke Indonesia mula pertama di Aceh, tidak mungkin
d;daerah lain, </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Penyiar Islam pertama di Indonesia tidak hanya terdiri dari
saudagar India dan Gujarat, tetapi juga terdiri dari mubaligh-mubaligh Islam
dari bangsa Arab, </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Diantara mashaf pertama dipeluk di Aceh ialah Syi'ah dan
Syafi'i,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Pemeriksaan yang teliti dan jujur akan dapat menghasilkan
tahun yang lebih tua untuk sejarah masuknya agama Islam ke Indonesia.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Sebagai keterangan ialah karena Aceh itu merupakan pelabuhan
yang pertama disinggahi kapal-kapal layar yang masuk ke Nusantara dari
Hadramaut dan Gujarat. dan kemudian meneruskan pelayarannya ke Malaka,
diantaranya ada yang berlayar ke Cina, seperti Marcopolo, Ibn Batuthah, dan
Soelaiman, seorang Arab pelancong yang terkenal, dan sebaliknya kapal-kapal ini
mengangkut orang-orang dari Nusantara dari Aceh ke Mekkah, sehingga oleh karena
itu Aceh itu dinamakan "Aceh Serambi Mekkah<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perkembangan Syi’ah di Indonesia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Syi’ah di
Indonesia dapat disebutkan memulai perkembangannya pasca revolusi Iran pada
tahun 1979. Memanfaatkan momentum kelahiran Iran sebagai “negara Syi’ah” dan
euforia revolusi yang menggunakan Islam sebagai dasar perjuangannya, Syi’ah di
dunia Islam tidak terkecuali Indonesia mulai berani menunjukkan jati dirinya.
Gerakan-gerakannya pun mulai tersusun secara sistematis dalam kerangka
kelembagaan atau organisasi-organisasi yang pahamnya berafiliasi terhadap
Syi’ah. Hanya saja, ini tidak berarti bahwa sebagai sebuah paham, Syi’ah baru
ada pasca 1979.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[34]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ada juga Husein al-Kaff yang
mendirikan Yayasan Al-Jawwad di Bandung, dan masih puluhan yayasan Syi’ah
lainnya yang tersebar di Sumatera, Jawa, Kalimantan, dan Sulawesi. Menurut
pusat data lembaga penelitian Syi’ah di Yogyakarta, Rausyan
Fikr, seperti disampaikan dalam makalah yang ditulis oleh Pengurus wilayah
Ikatan Jamaah Ahlul Bait Indonesia (IJABI) Yogyakarta, AM Safwan, pada tahun
2001, terdapat 36 yayasan Syi’ah di Indonesia dengan 43 kelompok pengajian.
Sebanyak 21 yayasan/ kelompok pengajian di tingkat provinsi, dan 33 yayasan/
kelompok pengajian di tingkat kabupaten/Kota. Tidak hanya melalui pengajian,
upaya penyebaran paham Syi’ah juga gencar dilakukan melalui penerbitan buku.
Menurut hasil hitungan Rausyan Fikr, hingga Februari 2001 saja, tidak
kurang 373 judul buku mengenai Syi’ah telah diterbitkan oleh 59 penerbit
yang ada di Indonesia. </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Firqah </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">atau sekte adalah kaum yang
mengikuti pemahaman atau pendapat seorang ulama yang pemahaman atau pendapatnya
telah keluar (kharaja) dari pemahaman jama’ah muslimin atau (as-sawad al
a’zham), http://mutiarazuhud.wordpress.com/2012/05/28/pengertian-firqah/</span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Istilah<i>
ghulat</i> berasal dari kata ghala-yaghlu-ghuluw yang artinya bertambah dan
naik. Ghala bi ad-din yang artinya memperkuat dan menjadi ekstrim sehingga
melampaui batas. Syi’ah ghulat adalah kelompok pendukung Ali yang memiliki
sikap berlebih-lebihan atau ekstrim. Lebih jauh Abu Zahrah menjelaskan bahwa
Syi’ah ekstrem (ghulat) adalah kelompok yang menempatkan Ali pada derajat
ketuhanan, dan ada yang mengangkat pada derajat kenabian, bahkan lebih tinggi
daripada Nabi Muhammad. http://blog.uin-malang.ac.id/fityanku/syiah/</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Fadil Su’ud
Ja’fari,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Islam Syi’ah,</i> dikutip
dari Lois Ma’luf<i>, al-munjid fi al-lughah wa al-Alam</i> (Bairut:
Daral-Masriq. 1973). Hlm. 19</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Fadil Su’ud
Ja’fari,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Islam Syi’ah, </i>dikutip
dari Ahmad al-Waili, <i>Hauwiyatut Tasyayyu’ </i>(Qum-Iran: Dar al-Kitab
al-Islam, tt). hlm. 19 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Abu Bakar Aceh<i>,
Perbandingan Mazhab Syi’ah, Rasionalisme dalam Islam</i>, (Semarang; Ramadhani,
1972) hlm, 10</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid,</i>
hlm. 19</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Seyyed Hossein
Nasr dan Oliver Lieman (ed), <i>Ensiklopedi Tematis Filsafat Islam</i>, Terj.
Tim Penerjemah Mizan, (Bandung: Mizan, 2003) hlm.147</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid,</i>
hlm.147-148</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Qur’an dan
terjemanya. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Menurut hadis
ini, Ali berkata: “Aku adalah yang termuda dari semua yang memeluk agama Islam
dan akulah <i>Wazir-mu.</i> Nabi meletakkan tangannya dipundakku dan
berkata;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘orang ini adalah saudaraku,
pewaris dan <i>khalifah</i>-ku, kalian harus mematuhinya.’ Orang-orang
menertawakannya dan berkata kepada Abu Thalib, ‘ iya telah menyuruhmu mematuhi
putramu’.” Lihat Thabari, <i>al-Tarikh,</i> Kairo, 1357. Jilid II, hlm. 63.
Abul Fida, <i>al-Tharikh,</i> kairo 1358 jild I, hlm. 116. Ibn Atsir, <i>al-
bidaya Walnihayal,</i> Kairo, 1358, jilid II, hlm. 39. Bharani Ghyat al- Maram,
Theran, 1272, hlm. 320. Fadil Su’ud Ja’fari,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><i>Islam Syi’ah, </i>Malang, 2010, hlm. 25.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">M. Quraish
Shihab,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Sunnah-Syiah Bergandengan
Tangan! Mungkinkah? Kajian atas Konsep dan Pemikiran</i>. (Jakarta: Lentera
Hati, 2007) hlm. 63</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ja’far Subhani,
<i>Syi’ah Ajaran dan Prakteknya,</i> Jakarta: Nur Huda, 2012, hlm. 145</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://majalahassunnah.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=105:sepak-..Sepak
Terjang Syi’ah, di unggah pada 07 Mei 2013</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abu Bakar Aceh<i>,
Perbandingan Mazhab Syi’ah,... </i>hlm., 131</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Qur’an dan
terjemahnya.</span> </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abu Bakar Aceh<i>,
Perbandingan Mazhab Syi’ah,... </i>hlm., 132</span> </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid,</i>
hlm. 133</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a> <i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid,</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> hlm. 133</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid,</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> hlm. 134</span>
</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid,</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> hlm. 134</span>
</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Fadil Su’ud
Ja’fari,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Islam Syi’ah,... </i>hlm. 64</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a> <i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid,</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>hlm. 65</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">M. Quraish
Shihab, <i>Sunnah-Syiah bergandengan tangan!.........</i> hlm.95</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid,</i>
hlm. 96</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Fadil Su’ud
Ja’fari,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Islam Syi’ah,... </i>hlm.64-65</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Rosihon Anwar, <i>Ilmu
Kalam, </i> Bandung:Pustaka Setia, 2003. Hlm., 60</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, hlm. 66 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Seyyed Hossein
Nasr dan Oliver Lieman (ed), <i>Ensiklopedi Tematis..., </i>hlm. 174</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a> <i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid,</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hlm. 174</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a> <i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid,</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hlm. 175</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abu Bakar Aceh,
<i>Syi’ah di Nusantara</i>, Jakarta; Islamic Reserch Institute, 1977, hlm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>31</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a> <i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">bid. </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">hlm. 31</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">I<i>bid. </i>hlm.
31 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><a href="http://isfimalaysia.wordpress.com/2012/12/27/paham-dan-gerakan-syiah-di-indonesia/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://isfimalaysia.wordpress.com/2012/12/27/paham-dan-gerakan-syiah-di-indonesia/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
diunggah pada tanggal 08 Mei 2013.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15459359199860346996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5462140917247044952.post-809521807142536702013-06-09T23:00:00.001-07:002013-06-09T23:00:35.361-07:00Pemanfaatan Teknologi dalam Pendidikan Agama Islam (Tinjauan Komputer sebagai Media dalam Pengajaran PAI)<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Latar
belakang </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pembelajaran merupakan
suatu kegiatan proses belajar mengajar antara siswa dan guru dalam mencapai
suatu tujuan. Pembelajaran berasal dari dua konsep yang tak terpisahkan yaitu
konsep belajar dan mengajar. Dua konsep tersebut menjadi terpadu dalam satu kegiatan
manakala terjadi interaksi guru dan siswa pada saat pengajaran berlangsung . </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Salah satu hal
yang harus dimiliki oleh pendidik agar seseorang pendidik mampu menjalankan
tugasnya dengan profesional adalah kompetensi pendidik, yang mampu mengikuti
perkembangan zaman sehingga tidak ketinggalan, yaitu mampu memanfaatkan
teknologi yang tersedia saat ini untuk memudahkan dalam pembelajaran khususnya
pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam. Banyak pakar yang mencoba merumuskan
kompetensi yang harus dimiliki oleh seorang pendidik. Mereka berbeda-beda dalam
merumuskannya antara satu dengan yang lainnya walaupun sebenarnya memiliki
esensi yang sama.</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Profesi sebagai guru,
harus tertanam dalam jiwa dan menjadi panggilan hati bagi siapapun yang
memilihnya. Pilihan ini semestinya menjadi prioritas awal, bukan pilihan
antara, apalagi pilihan terakhir. Islam sendiri memberi apresiasi yang tinggi
akan profesi guru (Kiai,Ustadz,Mubaligh,dsb), profesi dipandang baik di sisi
Allah SWT dengan firman-Nya <i>:”Adakah orang (lain) yang paling baik
(profesinya) dibanding orang yang mengajak atau menyeru orang lain untuk tetap
di jalan Allah SWT dan selalu beramal shaleh.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Atas landasan tersebut
setiap GPAI (Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam) harus bekerja semaksimal mungkin,
termasuk memperbaiki proses pembelajaran PAI, melalui aplikasi dan pemanfaatan
informasi teknologi. Perkembangan informasi teknologi yang begitu cepat, mendobrak
tata nilai dan norma agama. Kondisi ini tentu tidak kita biarkan terjadi, kini
terpulang bagi GPAI bersama stakeholder lain, mengantisipasi sisi negatif
keberadaan informasi teknologi sekaligus mengambil mengambil aspek positif
keberadannya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perkembangan
komputer saat ini sangat cepat Perkembangan komputer tntu mendorong munculnya
berbagai macam aplikasi yang membawa manfaat bagi kita semua dan memang saat
ini penggunaan yang sangat populer adalah unuk internet Teknologi komputer
merupakan konsep yang sangat luas, kompleks dan komprehensip serta memberikan
kekuatan baru dalam meningkatkan kemampuan peseta didik.Komputer suatu
perkembangan teknologi yang memungkinkan untuk memperoleh informasi yang banyak
dan cepat serta mudah dari berbagai belahan dunia. Karena itu diperlukan
kemampuan cara mendapatkan, memilih dan mengelola produk teknologi informasi
secara mudah diterapkan pada peserta didik.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Melihat
substansi pembelajaran Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi (TIK) yang baru
ditetapkan dalam kurikulum tingkat satuan pendidikan saat ini di butuhkan
sarana komputer yang memadai dan bermutu. Sarana pendidikan sebagai salah satu
komponen yang sangat penting dalam proses pembelajaran. Karena dengan sarana
pendidikan yang lengkap dan bermutu kualitas pembelajaran akan semakin baik,
dan motivasi belajar siswa akan meningkat. Hal itu akan berakibat meningkatnya
daya serap yang pada akhirnya akan berpengaruh pada peningkatan mutu
pendidikan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemanfaatan
teknologi dalam Pembelajaran PAI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pola Pemanfaatan Media Teknologi<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ada beberapa pola pemanfaatan teknologi media pembelajaran:<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemanfaatan
media dalam situasi kelas (classroom setting) dalam tatanan (setting) ini media
pembelajaran dimanfaatkan untuk menunjang tercapainya tujuan tertentu dan pemanfaatanya
dipadukan dengan proses belajar mengajar dalam situasi kelas. Dalam
merencanakan pemanfaatan media itu guru harus melihat tujuan yang akan dicapai,
materi pembelajaran yang mendukung tercapainya tujuan itu, serta strategi
belajar mengajar yang sesuai untuk mencapai tujuan itu. Media pembelajaran yang
dipilih haruslah sesuai dengan ketiga hal itu, ialah materi, dan strategi
pembelajaranya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemanfaatan
media di luar situasi kelas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemanfaatan media pembelajaran diluar situasi kelas dapat dibedakan
dalam dua kelompok utama:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemanfaatan
secara bebas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Yang
dimaksud dengan pemanfaatan secara bebas ialah bahwa media itu digunakan tanpa
dikontrol atau diawasi. Pembuat program media mendistribusikan program media
itu dimasyarakat pemakai media baik dengan cara diperjual belikan maupun
didistribusikan secara bebas, dengan harapan media itu dapat digunakan orang
dan cukup efektif untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sebagai
contoh jenis pemanfaatan media seperti ini ialah pemanfaatan siaran radio
pendidikan. Pada saat ini banyak siaran radio atau televisi yang bersifat
pendidikan. Program-program itu disiarkan dengan maksud untuk menyampaikan
pesan-pesan pendidikan tertentu. Pemanfaatan program itu kebanyakan tidak
dikontrol oleh penyelenggara siaran. Program tersebut disiarkan dengan harapan
didengarkan dan dimanfaatkan oleh orang. Dalam hal ini penyelenggara siaran
juga tidak mengatur bagaimana program itu didengar dan dimanfaatkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemanfaatan
secara terkontrol</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.6pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Yang
dimaksud pemanfaatan media secara terkontrol ialah bahwa media itu digunakan
dalam suatu rangkaian kegiatan yang diatur secara sistematik untuk mencapai
tujuan tertentu. Anggota kelompok diharapkan dapat berinteraksi baik dalam
diskusi maupun dalam bekerja sama untuk memecahkan masalah, memperdalam pemahaman,
atau menyelesaikan tugas-tugas tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 49.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 29.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hasil belajar mereka dievaluasi secara teratur. Untuk keperluan
evaluasi ini pembuat program media perlu menyediakan alat evaluasi tersebut.
Berikut ini beberapa contoh pemanfaatan program media secara terkontrol:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemanfaatan
siaran radio pendidikan utuk penataran guru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pusat
teknologi komonikasi pendidikan dan kebudayaan sejak tahun 1975 telah
menyelenggarakan program penataran guru SD melalui radio yang disebut proyek
teknologi komonikasi pendidikan dasar (TK.PD).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
siaran radio pendidikan ini program-programnya dibuat oleh Pus Tekkom bersama
dengan direktorat Pendidikan Dasar (Dikdiknas) Ditjen dikdasmen, terutama untuk
memberikan masukan dalam penyusunan kurikulum dan materi program siaran. Pus
Tekkom kemudian mengkoordinasikan penjabaran materi itu kedalam naskah siaran
dan kemudian merekanya dalam kaset.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemanfaatan
media untuk mencapai ijazah persamaan SMA,di AS</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Di
Amerika Serikat ada beberapa negara bagian yang menyelenggarakan program
pendidikan untuk mendapatkan ijazah persamaan SMA (Highscool equevalanc). Siswa
tersebut kemudian dapat belajar secara bebas menggunakan bahan belajar berupa
media cetak dan media lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemanfaatan
media secara perorangan, kelompok atau massal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Media dapat
dapat digunakan secara perorangan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Artinya
media itu digunakan oleh seseorang sendiri saja. Banyak media yang memang
dirancang untuk digunakan secara perorangan. Media seperti ini biasanya
dilengkapi dengan petunjuk pemanfaatan yang jelas sehinggah orang dapat menggunakanya
dengan mandiri, artinya orang itu tidak perlu bertanya kepada orang laintentang
bagaimana cara menggunakanya, alat apa yang diperlukan, dan bagaiman mengetahui
bahwa ia telah berhasil dalam belajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Media dapat
digunakan secara berkelompok </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keuntugan belajar menggunakan media secara kelompok ialah bahwa
kelompok itu dapat melakukan diskusi tentang bahan yang sedang dipelajari.
Media yang digunakan secara kelompok harus memenuhi beberapa persyaratan yaitu
suara yang disajikan oleh media itu harus cukup keras sehinggah semua anggota
kelompok dapat mendengarnya, gambar atau tulisan dalam media itu harus cukup
besar sehinggah dapat dilihat oleh semua anggota kelompok itu, dan perlua ada
penyajian yang dapat memperkeras suara dan membesarkan gambar (proyektor)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Media dapat
juga digunakan secara massal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Orang
yang jumlahnya puluhan, ratusan, bahkan ribuan dapat menggunakan media itu
bersama-sama. Media yang dirancang seperti ini biasanya disiarkan melalui
pemancar, seperti radio televisi, atau digunakan dalam ruang yang besar.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Strategi
Pemanfaatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Supaya media dapat digunakan secara efektif dan efesien ada tiga
langkah utama yang perlu diikuti dalam menggunakan media yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Persiapan
sebelum menggunakan media</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Supaya penggunaan media dapat berjalan dengan baik kita perlu
membuat persiapan dengan baik pula. Pertama-tama kita pelajari buku petunjuk
yang telah disediakan. Kemudian kita ikutu petunjuk itu. Peralatan yang
diperlukan untuk menggunakan media itu juga perlu disiapkan sebelumnya. Dengan
demikian pada saat kita menggunakan nanti kita tidak akan digaggu dengan
hal-hal yang mengurangi kelancaran penggunaan media itu.Peralatan media perlu
kita tempatkan dengan baik sehinggah kita dapat melihat dan mendengarkan
progranya dengan enak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kegiatan selama
menggunakan media</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Yang perlu dijaga selama kita menggunakan media adalah suasana
ketenangan. Gangguan-gangguan yang dapat mengganggu perhatian dan konsetrasi
harus dihindarkan. Kalau mungkin ruangan jangan digelapkan sama sekali, supaya
kita masih dapat menulis bila kita menjumpai hal-hal yang penting atau menulis
pertanyaan bila ada bagian yang tidak jelas atau sulit dipahami.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bila kita menulis atau membuat gambar atau membuat catatan singkat,
usahakan hal tersebut tidak mengganggu konsentrasi kita. Jangan sampai
perhatian kita terlalu banyak tercurah pada apa yang kita tulis sehinggah kita
tidak dapat memperhatikan sajian media yang sedang berjalan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kegiatan tindak
lanjut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Maksud kegiatan tidak lanjut ini adalah untuk menjajaki apakah
tujuan telah tercapai dan untuk memantapkan pemahaman terhadap materi
intruksional yang disampaikan melalui media bersangkutan. Bila kita belajar
secara berkelompok kita perlu mengadakan diskusi kelompok untuk membicarakan
jawaban soal tes atau untuk membicarakan hal-hal yang kurang jelas atau sulit
dipahami. Misalnya melakukan tindak lanjut dengan melakukan percobaan,
observasi, menyusun sesuatu dan sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perkembangan
Teknologi Pendidikan di Era Globalisasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kemajuan
teknologi dewasa ini dan di masa yang akan datang terutama dibidan informasi
dan komunikasi menyebabkan dunia menjadi sempit cakupannya. Interaksi antara
bangsa yang satu dengan bangsa yang lainnya, baik yang di sengaja ataupun tidak
disengaja menjadi semakain ntensif. Demikian juga yang terjadi di Indonesia dan
negara-negara di dunia. Globalisasi menjadi sesuatu yang tidak bisa dihindari.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada
era globalisasi, ada kecenderungan kuat terjadinya proses universalisasi yang
melanda seluruh aspek khidupan manusia. Salah satu implikasi penyeragaman
terlihat dengan munculnya gaya hidup global seperti makanan, pakaian dan musik.
Anak-anak kecil yang mengenal film-film kartun dari berbagai negara, kita sudah
banyak mengenal makanan dari negara-negara lain, dan deman mode melanda semua
negara, contoh nyata bahwa arus globalisasi tidak terbendung di negara kita.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Banyak
hal yang perlu di cermati agar sebagai bangsa kita tidak ketinggalang oleh
hala-hal yang baru, yang terjadi secara global sehingga kita dapat beradaptasi
dengan negara-negara di dunia. Di sisi lain kita juga harus punya filter yang
kuat agar pengaruh globalisasi yang negatif tidak mengganggu kehidupan bangsa
kita yang menjunjung tinggi nilai-nilai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>luhur, budi pekerti dan memiliki budaya yang sarat dengan nilai kebangsaan.
Hal ini penting agar kita menjadi bangsa yang bermartabat tampa harus
ketinggalang dengan negara-negara lain.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Di
bidang pendidikan, perang guru untuk mendidik peserta didik menjadi manusia
yang selalu mengikuti perkembangan zaman tampa meniggalkan akar budaya sangat
penting dalam menentukan perjalanan generasi bangsa ini. Guru dituntut menjadi
pendidik yang bisa menjembatani kepentingan-kepentingan itu. Tentu saja
melakukan usaha-usah yang nyata yang bisa diterapkan dalam mendidik peserta
didiknya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemanfaatan
teknologi dalam Pembelajaran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dulu para ulama
mengandalkan lisan untuk menyebarkan [risalah] penutup para nabi dan banyak
dari mereka yang menghabiskan waktu berbulan-bulan berkelana dengan kuda atau
onta untuk berbagi kabar gembira tentang Islam kepada yang lain. Usaha keras
yang luar biasa, melelahkan, menghabiskan banyak waktu dan kesulitan besar
merupakan keadaan yang bisa menganggu hal utama. Perang suku, cuaca yang tidak
bersahabat, dan peralatan sederhana hanyalah beberapa kondisi yang sering
menghambat usaha berpergian demi jalan dakwah<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam pelaksanaan
kegiatan sehari- hari,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>guru dan pelajar
membutuhkan alat-alat pelajaran. Alat pelajaran adalah yang di pakai untuk di
kelas misal, papan tulis, spidol, spidol, dan melihat perkembangan zaman di dunia
modern ini, guru dituntut lebih kreatif menggunakan media yang lebih efektif
dalam pembelajaran seperti komputer, internet dan lain sebagainya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kendala-kendala
pengimplikasian Teknologi Pendidikan di Indonesia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dunia
pendidikan hari ini dihadapkan dengan pelbagai persoalan: ledakan informasi teknologi,
industrialisasi, globalisasi, dan liberalisasi. Ditengah ini semua, dunia
pendidikan dituntut untuk bersikap lebih realistik dan pragmatik dalam arti
kata bisa memenuhi kebutuhan pasar: men<i>supply</i> tenaga kerja yang siap
pakai. Untuk tujuan ini, tidak sedikit sekolah dan institusi-institusi
pendidikan yang banting stir, mengorbankan idealismenya, mengubur cita-cita
luhurnya. Karena mereka khawatir jika mereka tidak mengikuti selera pasar, maka
mereka harus siap ditinggal para “consumer”nya alias berpindah kepada lembaga
pendidikan lain yang lebih menjanjikan. Hari ini, sekolah atau universitas yang
baik dilihat dari tingkat keterserapan alumninya di pasar kerja: semakin banyak
alumninya yang diterima bekerja, semakin tinggi rating dan kualitas lembaga
pendidikan tersebut, sebaliknya semakin sedikit jebolannya bisa memasuki pasar
kerja, semakin rendah pulalah kredibilitasnya. Jadi kualitas sama dengan
keterserapan alumninya ke dalam lapangan kerja.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jika
memang TIK dan internet memiliki banyak manfaat, maka penting bagi kita untuk
segera menggunakannya. Namun ada beberapa kendala di Indonesia yang mneyebabkan
TIK dan internet belum dapat digunakan sepotensial muingkin. Kesiapan
pemerintah Indonesia masih patut di pertanyakan dalam hal ini.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Salah
satu penyebab utama dalah kurangnya ketersediaan sumber daya manusia, proses
transformasi teknologi, infrastruktur telekomunikasi dan perangkat hukum yang
mengaturnya. Apakah infrastruktur hukum yang melandasi oprasional pendidikan di
Indonesia cukup memadai untuk menampung perkembangan baru berupa penerapan TIK
untuk pendidikan ini? Perlu di ketahui bahwa Cyber law belum diterapkan pada
hukum pendidikan di Indonesia. Selain itu masih terdapat kekurangan pada hal
pengadaan teknologi informasi, multimedia dan informasi yang merupakan
persyaratan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terselenggaranya IT untuk
pendidikan sementara penetrasi Komputer di Indonesia masih rendah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hal
ini tentunya dihadapkan kembali kepada pihak pemerintah maupun pihak swasta
walaupun pada akhirnya terpulang lagi nkepada pihak pemerintah. Sebab
pemerintahlah yang dapat menciptakan iklim kebijakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan regulasi yang kondusif bagi nvestasi
swasta dalam bidan pendidikan . sementara itu, pemerintah sendiri demikian
pelit untuk mengalokasikan dana untuk pendidikan saat ini </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemanfaatan
Komputer dalam pembelajaran PAI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Komputer
sebagai media Baru dalam Proses Komunikasi Pembelajaran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aplaikasi
teknologi komunikasi cederung mengarah pada aspek pengelolaan proses
komunikasi, pemanfaatan media komunikasi baru, serta sistem informasi atau
manajemen arus informasi. Kondisi yang mengakibatkan terjadinya pemanfaatan
teknologi dalam komunikasi ini diasumsikan merupakan salah satu akibat dari
adanya “difusi Inovasi”. Proses komunikasi melalui komputer tidak hanya
menuntut kemampuan membaca, tetapi juga kemampuan mengetik. Hal tersebut
menunjukkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahwa proses komunikasi
dengan melalui media komputer<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menurut
keterampilan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menggunakan media komunikasi
komputer dari individu, baik yang bertindak sebagai pengirim maupunb penerima
pesan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Informasi
yang di persiapkan dalam jumlah banyak untuk keperluan komunikasi yang dinamis
mudah dilakukan melalui penyimpanan data dalam bentuk basis data atau database
dalam komputer. Pool (1983) menyatakan bahwa informasi yang besar bisa diedit
(diproses) disimpan ditransformasikan, dan di cari kembali dengan cepat serta
tidak menutup kemungkinan kembali untuk digunakan dalam kertas, pendapat
tersebut memberikan arahan bahwa proses komunikasi dengan media komputer
cenderung memperoleh nilai efektifitas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>prosesw komunikasi pembelajaran, dan ini snagat berperan penting dalam
pembelajaran Pendidikan Islam</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tujuan
pemanfaatan Komputer dalam pembelajaran PAI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Agar
pembelajaran pendidikan agama islam bukan semata-mata mengajarkan siswa tentang
pembelajarn yang bersifat agama tapi bagaiman pendidikan agama di komparasikan
dengan teknologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tujuan Umun </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Secara
umum penggunaan alat laboratorium Komputer berfungsi sebagai salah satu media
yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pemberdayaan dan penciptaan operasi yang efektif
dalam membimbing dan mendorong serta membantu peserta didik dalam
penyelenggarakan pendidikan yang lebih bermutu dan ketercapaian lulusan yang
bermutu pula.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tujuan khusus</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Komputer
diajarkan sebagai salah satu mata pelajaran yang pelaksana-annya dilakukan pada
hari efektif, sebagai upaya mempersiapkan peserta didik bersikap</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Komputer
meningkatkan mutu peserta didik dalam proses kegiatan belajar mengajar agar
mampu menguasai dasar teknologi dalam menghadapi perubahan yang dinamis dalam
kehidupannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Komputer dapat
meningkatkan kemampuan peserta didik dalam mempelajari informasi baru sekaligus
menyeleksi informasi yang bermanfaat bagi pendidikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Laboratorium
Komputer dapat mengembangkan pengetahuan peserta didik dalam
mengimplementasikannya pada mata pelaj</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hasil yang
Diharapkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Materi pelajaran
Pendidikan Agama Islam sarat dengan nilai-nilai bagi pembentukan pribadi
muslim, namun apabila materi itu disajikan dengan cara yang kurang tepat, tidak
mustahil akan timbul pada diri siswa rasa tidak senang terhadap pelajaran
Pendidikan Agama Islam dan bahkan juga terhadap gurunya<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Salah satu usaha untuk mengatasi keadaan demikian adalah penggunaan media
pembelajaran secara terintegrasi dalam proses belajar mengajar. Sebagai guru
Pendidikan Agama Islam tampaknya dalam mempengaruhi siswa untuk dapat
mempelajari dan memahami ajaran Islam sesuai dengan kemampuan nalar manusia
terhadap wahyu Allah dan RasulNya perlu dibantu dengan menggunakan media
pembelajaran yang dipersiapkan dengan baik, berarti Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam
telah membantu siswanya mengaktifkan unsur-unsur psikologis yang ada dalam diri
mereka seperti pengamatan, daya ingat, minat, perhatian, berpikir, fantasi,
emosi dan perkembangan kepribadian mereka. Sikap jiwa mereka yang tenang dengan
minat belajar yang besar sangat potensial sekali ditumbuh kembangkan sebagai
dasar materi keimanan, ibadah, sikap sosial, pembentukan akhlak karimah dan sebagainya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berdasarkan
tujuan umum dan tujuan khusus diharapkan<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kemampuan
peserta didik dalam memanfaatkan komputer sebagai media pembelajaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Meningkatkan
pemahaman peserta didik dalam menyamakan persepsi tentang konsep kerangka dasar
serta pengetahuan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi (TIK).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengembangkan
kemampuan peserta didik untuk memecahkan persoalan dalam kehidupan nyata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menumbuhkan
pemikiran yang reklektif serta memelihara keterlibatan aktif para siswa dalam
proses belajar mengajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan
teknologi komputer dasar memberi kesempatan pada peserta didik untuk
mengembangkan suatu pandangan yang menyeluruh serta memadukan pengetahuan yang
diperoleh dari berbagai disiplin dengan mengabaikan batasan-batasan yang
bersifat arti fisial.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan
menggunakan laboratorium Komputer sebagai persiapan yang memadai agar dimasa
depan dapat berperan dimasyarakat serta sebagai orientasi pendidikan dan
pekerjaan dimasa yang akan datang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan
menggunakan laboratorium komputer dapat memberi sumbangan bagi pendidikan
secara umum dengan cara memberikan kesempatan untuk mengembangkan keterampilan
yang sangat diperlukan yang berpusat pada situasi kehidupan nyata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penutup
</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan demikian dapat
dikatakan bahwa Penggunaan komputer sebagai media dalam pembelajaran Pendidikan
Agama Islam bukan sekedar upaya untuk membantu guru dalam mengajar, tetapi
lebih dari itu sebagai usaha yang ditujukan untuk memudahkan siswa dalam
mempelajari dan memahami pengajaran agama. Akhirnya media komputer memang
pantas digunakan oleh Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam, bukan hanya sekedar alat
bantu mengajar bagi guru, namun diharapkan akan timbul kesadaran baru bahwa
media pembelajaran telah menjadi bagian <i>integral</i> dalam sistem pendidikan
agama sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan semaksimal mungkin untuk membantu lancarnya
bidang tugas yang diemban untuk kemajuan dan meningkatkan kualitas peserta
didik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam setiap penggunaan
media pembelajaran maka harus di perhatikan kefektifan dan durasi waktu yang di
gunaklan dalam pembelajran..Adapun manfaat bagi guru adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Agar terjadinya suasana
pembelajaran yang menarik dan menyenangkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mempermudah bagi Guru
dalam penyampaian materi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Memberi gambaran
terhadap Guru akan pentingnya penggunaan Komputer sebagai media dalam
pembelajaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Agar Guru bisa
mengembangkan kemampuannya dibidang Teknologi, khususnya Teknologi yang
berkaitan dengan Media Komputer.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Faktor Anak Didik Dalam pendidikan faktor peserta
anak didik merupakanfaktor yang penting. Karena kalau tanpa adanya peserta
didik makapendidikan tidak akan bisa berlangsung. Karena itu faktor
pesertadidik tidak bisa digantikan oleh faktor yang lain. Karena dalamproses
pendidikan, kedudukan anak didik adalah sangat penting.Proses pendidikan
tersebut akan berlangsung di dalam situasipendidikan yang dialaminya., anak
didik merupakan komponenyang hakiki.Sebenarnya ketergantungan anak didik
terhadap pendidik hanya bersifat sementara, sebab pada suatu saat anak
didik diharapkan mampu berdiri sendiri, dan dalam hal ini sedikit demisedikit
peran pendidik dalam memberikan bantuan semakinberkurang sejalan dengan
perkembangan anak menuju kedewasaan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Daftar
Pustaka</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Darmawan,
Deni, <i>Teknologi Pembelajaran</i>, Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya, 2012..</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Muhaimin, <i>Paradigma
Pendidikan Islam, Upaya mengefektifkan Pendidikan Agama Islam di Sekolah,</i> Bandung:
PT Remaja Rosdakarya, 2008.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sadiman,
Arif S. dkk,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Media Pendidikan, Pengertian, Pengembangan dan Pemanfaatannya,</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> Jakarta; Raja Grafindo, 1993</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<a href="http://keyzaja.blogspot.com/2010/01/pendidikan-islam-dan-internet.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://keyzaja.blogspot.com/2010/01/pendidikan-islam-dan-internet.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, diunggah pada tanggal
10 April 2013.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<a href="http://prothelon.com/mambo/pengenalan-komputer%E2%80%932-fungsi-aplikasi-komputer-5.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://prothelon.com/mambo/pengenalan-komputer–2-fungsi-aplikasi-komputer-5.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
diunggah pada tanggal 9 April 2013</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<a href="http://blog.tp.ac.id/media-teknologi-dan-pembelajaran"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://blog.tp.ac.id/media-teknologi-dan-pembelajaran</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> di
unggah pada tanggal 13 April 2013. </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<a href="http://stitattaqwa.blogspot.com/2011/07/pemanfaatan-komputer-untuk-pembelajaran%20.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://stitattaqwa.blogspot.com/2011/07/pemanfaatan-komputer-untuk-pembelajaran
.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> diunggah pada hari sabtu tanggal 13 </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<a href="http://lib.uin-malang.ac.id/thesis/fullchapter/03110127-nufi-diana-lestari.ps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://lib.uin-malang.ac.id/thesis/fullchapter/03110127-nufi-diana-lestari.ps</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> di
Unggah pada tanggal 14 April 2013</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<a href="http://repository.upi.eduff/operator/upload/t_pk_070994925_chapter1.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://repository.upi.eduff/operator/upload/t_pk_070994925_chapter1.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
diunggah pada tanggal 10 Apri 2013</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><a href="http://stitattaqwa.blogspot.com/2011/07/pemanfaatan-komputer-untuk-pembelajaran%20.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://stitattaqwa.blogspot.com/2011/07/pemanfaatan-komputer-untuk-pembelajaran
.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> diunggah pada hari sabtu tanggal 13 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid </span></i></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Arif S. Sadiman
dkk, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Media
Pendidikan, Pengertian, Pengembangan dan Pemanfaatannya,</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> Jakarta; Raja Grafindo, 1993</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, </i>hlm. 189.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, hlm. 190</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tujuan yang
akan dicapai oleh proyek TKPD ini adalah meningkatkan kemampuan mengajar guru
SD dalam mengajarkan berbagai bidang pelajaran, seperti Bahasa Indonesia, PMP,
IPA, dan sebagainya sesuai dengan kurikulum yang berlaku. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lihat Arif S. Sadiaman, Media Pendidikan...hlm. 192.</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">hlm. 197.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Deni Darmawan, <i>Teknologi
Pembelajaran</i>, Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya, 2012, hlm. 7.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid, </i>hlm, 7</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">hlm, 8 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><a href="http://keyzaja.blogspot.com/2010/01/pendidikan-islam-dan-internet.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://keyzaja.blogspot.com/2010/01/pendidikan-islam-dan-internet.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, diunggah pada tanggal
10 April 2013.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Deni Darmawan,
<i>Teknologi Pembelajaran</i>,... hlm., 10</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ibid ., </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">hlm. 12</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Deni Darmawan,
<i>Teknologi Pembelajaran</i>,... hlm.,24-25</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><a href="http://prothelon.com/mambo/pengenalan-komputer%E2%80%932-fungsi-aplikasi-komputer-5.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://prothelon.com/mambo/pengenalan-komputer–2-fungsi-aplikasi-komputer-5.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
diunggah pada tanggal 9 April 2013</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><a href="http://repository.upi.eduff/operator/upload/t_pk_070994925_chapter1.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://repository.upi.eduff/operator/upload/t_pk_070994925_chapter1.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> diunggah pada
tanggal 10 Apri 2013 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><a href="http://blog.tp.ac.id/media-teknologi-dan-pembelajaran"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://blog.tp.ac.id/media-teknologi-dan-pembelajaran</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> di unggah pada
tanggal 13 April 2013. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Muhaimin, <i>Paradigma
Pendidikan Islam, Upaya mengefektifkan Pendidikan Agama Islam di Sekolah,</i>
(Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya, 2008), hlm. 75<i>.</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><a href="http://lib.uin-malang.ac.id/thesis/fullchapter/03110127-nufi-diana-lestari.ps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://lib.uin-malang.ac.id/thesis/fullchapter/03110127-nufi-diana-lestari.ps</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> di Unggah pada
tanggal 14 April 2013</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15459359199860346996noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5462140917247044952.post-34940058445104584882013-05-31T02:36:00.003-07:002013-05-31T02:36:45.954-07:00Paradigma Pendidikan Agama Islam Berwawasan Multikultural<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengantar<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sejarah khasana pemikiran pendidikan Islam merupakan sejarah
pertumbuhan dan perkembangan pendidikan Islam dari waktu kewaktu. Mulai
lahirnya Islam sampai sekarang. Bersama diketahui bahwa Islam hadir di
Indonesia dibawa oleh para pedagan, bukan para tentara atau teroris. Bila
dilacak akar sejarahnya, proses pembentukan dan pengembangan masyarakat Islam melalui
bermacam-macam cara dan media, misalnya, hubungan perdagangan atau jual beli,
kontak perkawinan dan media dakwah secara lansung, baik individu maupun
kolektif.<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Fenomena yang paling menonjol di Indonesia diera reformasi ini
adalah kekerasan antar kelompok beragama. Kenyataan tersbut mengundang makna
bahwa masih banyak hal yang perlu dipikrkan kembali dalam soal keberagamaan
umat, Rasulullah, saw. mengajarkan perinsip intergrasi sosial untuk membangaun
sebuah masyarakat yang madani.<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Islam menjadikan rujukan nilai, pengetauan dan tindakan bagi para penganutnya
untuk berta’aruf dengan kelompok-kelompok lain di masyarakat yang berbeda latar
belakang agama, sosial dan budaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk membangun pendidikan atau pembelajaran pendididkan Islam yang
berwawasan inklusif-multikultural para pendidik harus mempunyai intergritas moralitas yang tinggi dengan
mengedepankan etika-akhlaknya sebagai bagian integral dengan keperibadiannya. Serta
pendidik memiliki pengertian yang mendalam dan juga memiliki felling yang
tinggi dalam menganalisa terhadap isu-isu pemahaman keagamaan yang sedang
berkembang dalam masyarakat umum, baru kemudian, para pendidik ini harus
membantu siswanya untuk jadi sadar akan penting memahami budaya yang bermacam-macam
dalam masyarakat, khususnya dibidang keagamaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan demikian, perlu proses penyadaran di antara masing-masing
budaya lokal untuk saling mengakui dan menghormati keanekaragaman identitas
budaya yang dibalut dengan kerukunan dan perdamaian. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mendialogkan Pendidikan Multultural dengan Pendidikan Agama islam<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 32.2pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Hakikat Pendidikan Multikultural<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 50.2pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengertian
Pendidikan Multikultural<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Choirul Mahfud, dalam bukunya pendidikan multikultural, mengutrakan beberapa pendapat para ahli
mengenai maksud pendidikan multikultural. Andersen dan Cusher, sebagaimana yang dikutip,
memaknai pendidikan multikultural sebagai pendidikan mengenai keragaman
kebudayaan. Menurut james Banks pendidikan multikultural adalah untuk People of
color, serah dengan pendapat di atas, Muhaimin el-Ma’hadi mendefinisikan
pendidikan multikultural sebagai pendidikan tentang keragaman kebudayaan dalam
merespon perubahan demegrafis dan kultural lingkungan masyarakat tertentu atau
bahkan dunia secara keseluruhan.<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pendidikan multikultural adalah suatu cara untuk mnegajarkan
kergaman <i>(teaching diversity)</i>. Pendidikan multikultural menghendaki
rasionalitas, etis, intelektual, sosial pragmatis inter-relatif; yaitu
mengajarkan ideal-ideal inklusivisme, pluralisme dan saling menghargai semua
orang dan kebudayaan merupakan imperatif humanistik yang menjadi prasyarat bagi
kehidupan etis dan partisipasi sipil
secara penuh dalam demokrasi multikultural dan dunia yang beragam,
mengintegrasikan studi tentang fakta-fakta, sejarah kebudayaan, nilai-nilai,
struktur, perspektif, dan kontribusi semua kelompok kedalam kurikulum sehingga
dapat membangun pengetahuan yang lebih kaya, kompleks, dan akurat tentang
kondisi kemanusiaan di dalam melintasi konteks waktu ruang dan kebudayaan
tertentu.<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Meskipun cukup bergam definisi yang dikemukakan para ahli mengenai
pendidikan multikultural, namun satu sama lain tidak ada yang berbenturan dalam
memamkanai pendidikan multikultural tersebut, tetapi dianggap saling melengkapi
dan memperkuat satu sama lain. Dari beberapa pemaknaan di atas dapat di pahami
bahwa pendidikan multikultural hadir di tengah-tengah pendidikan sebagai
konsekuensi logis yang diharapkan dapat menegahai berbagai persoalan yang
berspektif, soial, budaya politik dan agama. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Latar
Belakang dan Perkembangan Pendidikan Multikultural<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pendidikan multikultural sudah sejak lama dikembangkan di Eropa,
Amerika dan Negara-negara maju lainnya. Di negara-negara bekas jajahan
muncullah gerakan yang disebut poskolonialisme yang melihat aib dari peraktik-peraktik
kolonial yang membedakan harkat manusia. Dalam pandangan ada spermasi kulit
hitam dan kulit putih sehingga menimbulkan reaksi terhadap pandangan biner ini
seperti munculnya gerakan orientalisme dan gerakan poskolonialisme lainnya.<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bagaimankah dengan keadaan di Indonesia? Sebenarnya indonesia di
dalam gerakan kemerdekaannya sejak kebangkitan nasional telah menunjukkan upaya
membangun masyarakat dan bangsa Indonesia berdasarkan kesetaraan kultural.
Proses ini terus berlanjut samapai pada proklamasi kemerdekaan Indonesia pada
17 Agustus 1945, kita lihat wacana multikutural muncul, mislanya pada waktu
penyusunan pembukaan Undang-undang Dasar 1945. Ketika pada 18 Agustus 1945 Bung
Hatta menolak dimasukkannya tujuh suku kata dalam pembukaan Undang-undang Dasar
1945 hal ini menunjukkan kesepakatan para pemimpin rakyat Indonesia terhadap
kebhinekaa bangsa dan eksistensi kebudayaan masyarakat Indonesia. Pandangan
multikulturalisme ini juga tergambar dalam amandemen UUD 1945 melalui TAP MPR
Tahun 2002 yang menyatakan bahwa seluruh
pembukaan UUD 1945 diterima tampa amandemen<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pandangan multikulturaslisme dalam
masyarakat Indonesia ini belum dijalankan sepenuhnya sebagaimana dalam
lambang Negara kita Bhineka Tunggak Ika. Kita melihat dalam perkembangan dari masa
ke-masa dari orde lama, orde baru samapai orde Reformasi yang membawa angin
Demokrasi telah kembali menghidupkan wacana pendidikan multikulturalisme
sebagai kekuatan bangsa Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pendidikan multikultural untuk Indenesia memang baru kita mulai, kita
belum punya pengalaman hal ini. Apalagi otnomisasi daerah baru kita cobakan.
Oleh sebab itu diperlukan waktu dan persiapan yang cukup lama untuk memperoleh
suatu bentuk yang pas dan pendekatan yang cocok untuk pendidikan multikultural
di Indonesia.<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 32.2pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menggagas
Pendidikan Islam Berbasis Multikultural<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kesadaran multikulturalisme masyarakat kita yang terdiri dari
banyak suku dan beberapa agama, maka pencarian bentuk pendidikan alternatif
mutlak diperlukan.<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Yaitu suatu bentuk pendidikan yang berusaha menjaga kebudayaan suatu masyarakat
dan memindahkannya kepada generasi berikutnya, menumbuhkan tata nilai, memupuk
persahabatan antar siswa yang beraneka ragam suku, ras dan agama, mengembangkan
sikap saling memahami serta mengerjakan keterbukaan dan dialog. Bentuk
pendidikan seperti inilah yang banyak diharapkan oleh banyak pihak dalam rangka
untuk mengantisipasi konflik sosial-keagamaan menju perdamaian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Konsep dasar pendidikan multikultural dikatakan oleh bennet terdiri
dari dua hal, yaitu nilai-nilai inti (<i>core values)</i> dari pendidikan
multikultural dan tujuan pendidikan multikultural. Bennet secara tegas
menyebutkan bahwa niali-nilai dari pendidikan multikultural, antara lain, a) apresiasi terhadap realitas budaya di dalam
masyarakat dengan pluralitasnya; b) pengakuan terhadap harkat manusia dan hak
asasi manusia; c) kesadaran dan pengembangan tanggungjawab dari masyarakat; d)
kesadaran dan pengembangan tanggungjawab manusia terhadsap alam raya.<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Selanjutnya
dikatakan oleh Tilaar, bahwa inti permasalahan pada pendidikan multikultural
terkait dengan permasalahan keadilan, demokrasi dan hak asasi manusia.<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dari dua pendapat di atas dapat dimengerti bahwa inti dari
pendidikan multikultural setidaknya mencakup hak asasi manusia, keadilan
sosial, demokrasi, dan toleraqnsi terhadap sesama manusia maupun terhadap kedamaian dan keselamatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berdasarkan nilai-nilai inti tersebut di atas maka dirumuskan
tujuan pendidikan multikultural. Disebutkan oleh Tilaar bahwa terdapat enam
tujuan pendidikan multikultural yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengembangan
presfektif sejarah yang bergam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Memperkuat
kesadaran budaya yang terdapat dalam masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Memperkuat
kompetensi intelektual dari budaya-budaya yang hidup dalam msyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menghilangkan
rasisme, seksisme, dan berbagai jenis prasangka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengembangkan
kesadaran terhadap kepemilikan pelanet bumi seisinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengembangkan
keterampilan aksi sosial.<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Landasan
Kultural Pendidikan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perbedaan
budaya, agama, aspirasi poltik, kepentingan, visi, dan misi, keyakinan dan
tradisi merupakan sebuah konduksi dalam hubungan Interpersonal yang
kadang-kadang juga menjadi perbedaan perilaku dalam memahami sesuatu. Maka
dapat dikatakan berbagai kekisruan etnis yang merebak dibanyak tempat di
wilayah Negara kesatuan Republik Indonesia, bagian dari krisis multi dimensi
yang dihadapi Negara dan bangsa Indonesia sejak pertengahan tahun 1997 pada
masa akhirnya rezim orde baru merupakan akibat dari rendahnya kesadaran dan
wawasan multikulturalisme<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut Alwi Syihab yang dikutip dari bukunya ainul yakin.
Indonesia adalah salah satu negara multikultural terbesar dunia. Kebenaran dari
pernyataan ini dapat dilihat dari kondisi sosio-kultural maupun geografis yang
begitu beragam dan luas. Sekarang ini, jumlah pulau yang ada di wilayah NKRI
sekitar 13.000 pulau besar dan kecil. Populasi penduduknya berjumlah lebih dari
200 juta jiwa, terdiri dari 300 suku yang menggunakan hampir 200 bahasa yang
berbeda. Selain itu mereka juga meneganut agama dan kepercayaan yang beragam
seperti Islam, Katolik, Kristen, Hindu, Budha, Konghucu serta berbagai macam
aliran kepercayaaan.<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Landasan
Epistimologi Pendidikan multikultural<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sudah menjadi sunnatullah bahwa manusia diciptakan dalam
keberagaman, perbedaan dan kesederajatan. Melihat realitas kehidupan manusia
banyak yang tidak menyadari akan esensi dirinya. Hal ini hampir terlihat dalam
sepanjang sejarah kehidupan manusia banyak terjadi komflik dan pertumpahan
darah seperti mulai zaman Qabil dan Habil samapi pada zaman sekarang maraknya
terorisme yang mengnggap dirinya paling benar.<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Terjadinya pertumpahan darah tersebut, karena antara manusia lainnya tidak
menerima atau mengakui perbedaan, keberagaman, dan kesederajatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kemudian dalam dunia pragmatis; dunia Indonesia sebagai sebuah
negara multikultur adalah sebuah
realitas yang tidak terbantahkan, multikulturalisme telah menjadi poaradigma
yang tidak saja mengandaikan hadirnya keberagaman ekonomi, sosial dan budaya, tetapi
juga proses peleburan antara elemen yang satu dengan elemen yang lainnya
kedalam sebuah bejana sosial budaya yang selalu berubah-ubah dan mencair. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Landasan
Yuridis Pendidikan Multikultural<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Secara implisit pendidikan multikultural
(PM) terkandung dalam pasal 4 UU Sisdiknas No. 20 Tahun 2003 yang menyebutkan
“pendidikan diselenggarakan secara demokratis, t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">i</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">k diskriminatif dengan menjunjung tinggi
HAM, nilai keagamaan, nilai kultural dan kemajemukan bangsa”</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Multikultural mengandung arti mengakui adanya keragaman/perbedaan
termasuk dalam agama/ keberagamaan, mengakui kesederajatan dan perlunya
membangun pola hubungan “saling menghargai”, termasuk antara mayoritas dan
minoritas, serta mengembangkan “identitas bersama” (semisal
nasionalisme-keindonesiaan) dlm keragaman yg ada demi kerukunan hidup dan
persatuan, sebagaimana tercermin dlm asas Bhineka Tunggal Ika.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pembangunan pendidikan nasional perlu menerjemahkan nilai-nilai
yang terkandung pada budaya bangsa. Budaya bangsa tersebut meniscayakan
pemahaman terhadap tradisi daerah yang tidak boleh dihilangkan dalam proses
pembelajaran.<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Proses belajar mengajar perlu menempatkan pendidikan berbasis multikultural
yang menghargai dan melestarikan identitas nasional. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Salah satu kesadaran yang berakar kuat dalam pandangan seorang
Muslim adalah Islam merupakan agama universal, agama untuk sekalian umat
manusia, atau agama yang “mendunia” karena risalahnya sebagai rahmat bagi
semesta alam. Sejarah menunjukkan, pandangan ini melahirkan sikap
sosial-keagamaan yang unik di kalangan umat Islam terhadap agama-agama lain
atas dasar toleransi, kebebasan, keterbukaan, kewajaran, keadilan dan
kejujuran.Itulah manifestasi konkret nilainilai madani yang terbukti pernah
menjadi pilar tegaknya masyarakat kosmopolit, masyarakat madani, Masa Keemasan
dunia Islam dan masa awal Islam dahulu.<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Salah satu upaya mewujudkan hubungan yang harmonis adalah melalui kegiatan
pendidikan multikultural, yakni kegiatan edukasi dalam rangka menumbuhkembangkan
kearifan pemahaman, kesadaran, sikap, dan perilaku (<i>mode of action</i>)
peserta didik terhadap keragaman agama, budaya dan masyarakat. Dengan
pengertian itu, pendidikan multikultural bisa mancakup pendidikan agama dan
pendidikan umum yang “mengindonesia” karena responsif terhadap peluang dan
tantangan kemajemukan agama, budaya, dan masyarakat Indonesia. Tentu saja pendidikan
multikultural di sini tidak sekedar membutuhkan “pendidikan agama”, melainkan
juga “pendidikan religiusitas”.<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pendekatan
dalam Pendidkan Multikultural<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ada beberapa pendekatan yang bisa digunakan dalam dikembangkan
dalam rangka mengajarkan pendidikan agama yang diharapkan dapat menumbuhkan
kesadaran pluralitas-multikultural pada peserta didik di antaranya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pendekatan
historis,</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> pendekatan ini mengandaikan bahwa materi penddikan agama yang
diajarkan kepada peserta didik dengan menengok kembali kebelakang maksudnya
adalah agar pendidik dan peserta didik mempunyai kerangka pikir yang komplik
untuk bisa merefleksikannya pada masa sekrang dan mendatang. Pendidikan dengan
pendekatan historis harus dilakukan secara kritis dan dinamis, dalam pengertian
bahwa seorang pendidik harus mampu menjadikan peserta didik sebagai pihak yang
memiliki kedudukan sama sehingga berhak mengkritik pendidikan atas yang telah
dikemukakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pendekatan
sisiologis,</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> pendekatan ini mengandaikan terjadinya “kontekstualisasi” atas apa
yang pernah menjadi sebelumnya. Dalam kerangka berpikir Islam, kontekstualisasi
diidentikkan dengan ijtihad. Dengan pendekatan sosiologis pendidikan agama akan
menjadi lebih aktual . aktualitas memang selaras dengan dinamikan dan kebutuhan
zaman, namun bukan aktualitas yang dipaksakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pendekatan
kultural,</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> pendekatan ini merupakan pendekatan dalam pendidikan aqidah yang
menekankan aspek autentisitas dan tradisi yang berkembang. Dengan pendekatan
kultural, peserta didik akan memahami apa yang sebenarnya menjadi tradisi dan
yang mana autentik atau orsinil. Pendekatan ini akan bermanfaat untuk
menyelidiki secara mendalam berkaitan dengan masih bercampunr aduknya
antara yang orsinil dengan tradisi-tradisi Arabia, sehingga ummat Islam banyak
yang salah memahami antara yang tradisi dengan islam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pendekatan
psikologis,</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> pendekatan ini untuk memperhatikan situasi psikologi/kejiwaan
secara tersendiri dan mandiri. Artinya masing-masing peserta didik dilihat
sebagai manusia mandiri dan unik dengan karakter dan kemampuan yang
dimilikinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pendekatan
estetik</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, pendekatan estetik dalam pendidikan agama akan memnjadikan
peserta didik memiliki sifat-sifat yang santun, damai ramah dan mencintai
keindahan dalam prespektif ini, pelajaran agama Islam tidak didekati dengan
secara doktrinal yang cenderung menekankan adanya “otoritas–otoritas” kebenaran
agama, tetapi lebih apresiatif terhadap gejala-gejala yang terjadi di tengah
masyarakat yang dilihat sebagai bagian dari dinamika hidup yang bernilai seni
dan estetika.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pendekatan berprespektif
gender,</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> pendekatan ini sebenarnya merupakan pendekatan yang tidak
membedakan peserta didik dari aspek jenis kelamin. Dengan demikian pendekatan
ini sangat manusiawi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pendekatan
filosfis,</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> pendekatan ini menekankan pentingnya menghargai akal manusia. akal
pikiran merupakan potensi besar manusia yang dapat didayagunakan sebagai alat
untuk menyingkap dan menggali hikmah dari realitas. Filsafat bersumber dari akal sehat dengan merenungkan secara mendalam
terhadap segala hal yang berkaitan dengan manusia, alam kehidupan dan Tuhan.<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Selain itu pentingnya memformulasikan kembali kurikulum Pendidikan Agama Islam dengan menampakkan
wajah Islam yang toleran dapat dijelaskan dari sudut pandang filsafat
perenialisme, esensialisme dan progresifisme. Agar tercipta suasana belajar
yang tercermin nalai-nalai kemanusian yang tidak menghilangkan budaya sebagai
ciri khas dan kekayaan budaya bangsa, tetapi tetap memperhatikan nilai-nilai
Islam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nilai-nilai
Pendidikan Islam Berbasis Multikultural<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 64.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nilai
Andragogi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ivin Ilic dalam artikelnya sebagaina yang dikutip Puryanto (2006)
meneganrai bahwa “ sekolah lebih berbahaya daripada nukli”. Ia adalah candu!
Bebaskan warga dari sekolah”. Kecaman sinis ini hingga saat ini bukanlah
sekedar ungkapan apriori terhadap sekolah. Ini menjadi mantra yang hidup dan menantang
bagi para pemikir pendidikan.<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kata-kata itu menjadi berbobot bukanlah sekedar ungkapan yang
bertendensi pada sikap yang nyeleneh, melainkan fakta yang melatar
belakanginya. Ilic saat itu melihat semua sekolah di berbagai negara terjebak
pada semangat berpikir yang didasarkan pada tuntutan-tuntutan kebutuhan formal
sekolah. Implikasi dari nominasi budaya ini kemudian melahirkan satu corak
pendidikan yang hanya sekedar agen reproduksi sistem dan struktur sosial yang
tidak adil seperti relasi gender, relasi rasisme, dan sisten relasi kekuasaan.<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada sekolah atau pendidikan diharapkan mampu mengubah keterpurukan
manusia dari berbagai sudut yang mengakibatkan di ambang kehancuran. knowles
(1970) menggambarkan murid sebagai dewasa diasumsikan memiliki kemampuan aktif
untuk merencanakan arah, memiliki bahan, menyimpulkan ataupun mengambil
manfaat, memikirkan cara terbaik untuk belajar, serta mampu mengambil manfaat
dari pendidikan. Funsi guru adalah sebagai fasilitator bukan menggurui. Oleh karena
itu, relasi antarguru dan murid bersifat multicomunication dan seterusnya.<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Pendidikan kemudian menjadi sarana bagi ajang kreatifitas, minat dan bakat
peserta didik, visi pendidikan yang demokratis, liberatif kemudian menjadi
kebutuhan yang pokok ketika kita masih punya satu cita-cita tentang bagaiman
pentingnya menbangun kehidupan yang humanis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 64.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nilai
Perdamaian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Islam sebagai agama <i>rahmatan lil’alamin</i> mempunyai misi
menyebarkan kedamaian bagi semua ummat manusia. Islam melarang jihad terhadap
orang-orang non-Muslim yang menyatakan ingin hidup rukun dan damai bagi umat
Islam. Sikap hidup damai bersama penganut agama lain, sudah dicontohkan oleh
Nabu Muhammad saw. Yang tidak melancarkan jihad terhadap orang minoritas, yaitu
Yahudi karena mereka sudah menyatakan diri untuk terikat dalam kontrak
kenegaraan.<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Manusia dikaruniai akal untuk berpikir sehingga bebas menentukan
pilihan baik dan buruk, iman atau kufur, muslim atau non muslim karean itu,
tidak semua manusia menjadi muslim, sebab pengertian mulim dari segi ini ialah
menyerah secara mutlak, totalkepada kehendak Allah dengan jalan takwa, memenuhi
segala perintahnya dan menjauhisegala larangannya.<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Anjuran untuk membangun kehidupan yang damai dan rukun antar umat
beragana juga di jelaskan dalam al-Qur’an
surat al-Muntahana ayat 8 : <i>Allah tidak melarang kamu untuk berbuat
baik dan berlaku adil terhadap orang-orang yang tiada memerangimu Karena agama
dan tidak (pula) mengusir kamu dari negerimu. Sesungguhnya Allah menyukai
orang-orang yang berlaku adil.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 64.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nilai
Inklusivisme<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Klaim-klaim sepihak seringkali muncul berkaitan dengan kebenaran
suatu paham atau agama yang dipeluk oleh seseorang atau masyarakat. Bahwa hanya
agama yang diantnya saja atau agama tertentu saja yang benar. Sementara agama
lain tidak dianggap benar.sikap eksklusif ini oleh para pemerhati studi agama
disebut truth claim (Abdullah, 1994:4). Sementara dalam realitasnya, terdapat
beragam agama dan keyakinan yang berkembang di masyarakat. Pluralitas agama,
keyakinan dan pedoman hidup manusia adalah sebuah fakta sosial yang tidak dapat
di pungkiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemahaman yang bersifat parsial untuk memunculkan klaim-klaim
sepihak dari merka yang menyatakan diri mukmin dan muslim yang menempatkan
segala pihak sebagai ancaman terhadap keberimanan dan keislaman tersebut. Dunia
sosial kemudian mereka bagi hanya menjadi dua wilayah: antara mereka yang kafir
dan mereka yang muslim. <a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk mengimbangi arus pemahaman Islam yang sektarial dan parsial
ini, muncul pula gerakan keritis yang
memahami islam secara integral dan inklusif. Gerakan kritis ini berkeyakinan
bahwa islam adalah agama humanis dan toleran.al-Qur’an jauh sebelumnya telah
menegaskan saling menghormati dan tercapainya kehidupan beragama yang harmonis
surat Saba ayat 24-26. Oleh karena itu merupakan tanggunjawab suci
pemuka-pemuka agama untuk memformulasikan teologi yang dapat menciptakan
kehidupan imani yang damai dalam kontek kemajemukan agama di nusantara ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 64.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nilai
Kearifan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Islam juga memberikan kebebasan kepada manusia untuki mencari
sendiri berbagai hal yang dapat disebut perinsip sekunder.<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Dalam
Islam, kearifan dapat dipelajari melalui ajaran sufi, Sufi artinya kebijkan
atau kesucian yaitu suatu cara membersihkan hati dari kelakuan buruk. Sufi
mengajarkan kepada Manusia untuk membersihkan nafsu, hati, dan jiwa melalui
pendekatan esoteris melihat Allah tidak untuk ditakuti tapi untuk dicintai. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ajaran islam juga mengajarkan bertindak secara adil, tidak boleh
melakukan kekerasan dan tidak boleh menuruti hawa nafsu juga. Dalam surat
an-Nahl ayat 90 dijeleaskan mengenai ajaran Islam kepada pemeluknya dalam
menerima informasi yang belum jelas asal usulnya. Kunci kearifan adalah
kerendahan hati. Sesorang yang arif menunjukkan kerendahan hati, dapat
memosisikan dirinya, tahu kapan menyatakan tidak, kapan berhenti membantu orang
lain, tahu kelemahan manusia dan kesulitan untuk melakukan perubahan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 64.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nilai
Toleransi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Istilah toleransi berasalal dari bahasa Inggris, yaitu: “tolerance”
berarti sikap membiarkan. Mengakui dan
menghormati keyakinan orang lain tanpa memerlukan persetujuan.<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemegembangan sikap pluralisme pada pesrta didik di era sekarang
ini, adalah mutlak segera di lakukan oleh seluruh pendidikan agama di Indonesia
demi kedamaian sejati. Pendidikan agama Islam perlu segera menampilkan
ajaran-ajaran islam yang toleran melalui kurikulum pendidikannya dengan tujuan
menitikberatkan pada pemahaman pada pemahaman dan upaya untuk bisa hidup dalam
konteks berbeda agama dan budaya, baik secara individual maupun secara kelompok
dan tidak terjebak pada primordialismedan eksklusif kelompok agama dan budaya
yang sempit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 64.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nilai
Humanisme<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tujuan
sejati dari pendidikan seharusnya adalah pertumbuhan dan perkembangan diri
peserta didik secara utuh sehingga mereka menjadi pribadi yang dewasa yang
matang dan mapan, mampu menghadapi berbagai masalah dan konflik dalam kehidupan
sehari-hari. Agar tujusn ini dapat tercapai maka diperlukan sistem pembelajaran
dan pendidikan yang humanis serta mengembangkan
cara berpikir aktif-positif dan keterampilan yang memadai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan
gerakan Humanisme dan skolasitisme telah memunculkan oertodoksi kebahasaan dan
hukum keagamaan melahirkan “teradi”
tertentu dalam pendidikan Islam, yakni pendidikan Islam yang bisa di
jadikan salurantransmisi dan inkulturasi keilmuan dan keabsahan hukum-hukum
dalam kerangka ortodoksi. Atas dasar inilah pendidikan (islam) dinilai sebagai
‘sistem sosial” senantiasa merefleksikan filosofi komunitas pendukungnya.<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Pendidikan
dan pembelajaran yang bersifat aktif-positif dan berdasarkan pada minat dan
kebutuhan siswa sangat penting untuk memperoleh kemajuan baik dalam bidang
intelektual emosi (EQ), afeksi maupun keterampilan yang berguna untuk hidup
peraktis,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 64.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nilai
Kebebasan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Setiap manusia memiliki hak yang sama di hadapan Allah. Manusia
tidak dibedakan derajatnya berdasarkan suku, ras, maupun agama. Allah memiliki ukuran
tersendiri dalam memberikan peneilaian terhadap kemuliaan seseorang.<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pendidikan adalah media kultural untuk membentuk manusia. Kaitan
antara pendidikan dan manusia sangat erat sekali tidak bisa dipisahkan. Kata
Driyakarta, pendidikan adalah “humanisasi”, yaitu sebagai media dan peroses
pembimbingan manusia muda menjadi dewasa, menjadi lebih manusiawi (“humanior”).
Jalan yang ditempuh menggunakan missifikasi jalur kultural. Tidak ada model
“kapitalisasi pendidikan” atau “politisasi pendidikan”. Karena pendidikan
secara murni berupaya membentukinsan akademis yang berwawasan dan
berkepribadian manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tantangan-tantangan
Multikultural<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 29.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Problematika dan tantangan pendidikan berbasis multikultural
munculo bukan tampa masalah. Bila ditelusuri lebih jauh, persoalannya ternyata
sangat kompleks. Berikut ini acapkali dijumpai permasalahannya atau
tantatangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Globalisasi
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Universalitas pengalaman keberagamaan merupakan premis penting
dalam ajaran argumen al-Qur’an berhadapan dengan kehidupan profan (duniawi)
atau sekuler.<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gelobalisasi tidak disangkal lagi, telah menghasilkan
perubahan-perubahan mendasar dalam kehidupan manusia. Hampir seluruh sektor
kehidupan tersentuh oleh pengaruh globalisasi, baik secara langsung maupun
tidak langsung. Dalam konteks ini, kita akan melihat perkembangan globalisasi,
a). Globalisasi politik, b) globalisasi ekonomi, dan b). Globalisasi
kebudayaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gerakan
Radikalisme Islam<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gerakan radikalisme akhir-akhir ini juga menjadi ancaman persebaran
mltikulturalisme di dunia. Pasalnya model gerakan ini ditengarai banyak pihak
cenderung tidak menghedaki kebesan dan kemajemukan. Intinya adalah
mempertahankan eksistensi dan ortodoksi agama sembari menempuh jalan kekerasan.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[30]</span></span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dinamika
Politik dan Agama<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Konflik dan kerusuhan yang etrjadi di beberapa kawasan seperti
Aceh, Sampit, Poso, Ambon, tragedi 1998, Tragedi Semanggi I dan II, dan
beberapa waktu lalu penyerbuan laskar FPI kepada Aliansi Kebangsaan untuk
Kebebasan Bearagama dan Berkeyakinan yang sedang menggelar aksi damai. Tindakan
dan perilaku biadab manusia atas manusia lain di bumi Indonesia tampaknya
bukanlah barang aneh. Indonesia seolah-olah tak pernah sepi dari peristiwa
mencekam dan menakutkan itu.<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Beberapa konflik yang sering terjadi telah menjadi persolan
kebangsaan yang tak pernah surut dari bagunan sejarah Indonesia. Mencoba
mengidentifikasi masalah-masalah ada beberapa yang perlu diapresiasi. <i>Pertama</i>
masalah integrasi. Indonesia sebagai negara kesatuan yang terdiri dari berbagai
suku, ras, agama dan keyakinan menyimpan potensi akan terjadinya konflik. <i>Kedua
</i>masalah legitimasi politik kekuasaan. Sejak orde lama, orde baru samapai
reformasi, masala legitimasi ini sering dipersoalkan sebagai legitimasi dari
atas (dari Tuhan atau alam mistik).<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hubungan
Agama dan Negara<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ada tiga pandangan hubungan agama dan negara yang sering menjadi
perdebatan di masyarakat dan secar khusus di dunia Islam. <i>Pertama</i>,
paradagma integralistik. Agama dan negara adalah satu kesatuan yang tidak dapat
dipisahkan <i>(integrated). </i>Wilayah agama juga wilayah politik. <i>Kedua</i>,
paradigma simbiotik. Agama dan negara berhubungan secara simbiotik atau timbal
balik dan saling memerlukan. Agama memerlukan negara, karena dengan negara bisa
berkembang. Sebaliknya, negara memerlukan agama, karena dengan agama negara
bisa berkembang dalam hubungan etika dan moral. <i>Ketiga,</i> paradigmaa
sekularistik. Suatu pandangan yang memisahkan antara agama dan negara, agama
dan negara dalam paradigma ini, merupakan dua entitas yang berbeda dan tidak
mungkin disatukan:<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[33]</span></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 1cm;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penutup <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">dari uraian makalah di atas penulis dapat menarik
sebuah kesimpulan sebagai berikut: Penyelenggaraan pendidikan multikultural di
dunia pendidikan dapat menjadi soliusi nyata bagi konflik dan disharmonisasi
yang terjadi di masyarakat. Dengan kata lain pendidikan multikultural menjadi
sarana alternatif pemecahan konflik sosial budiaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pendidikan
multikultural juga dapat digunakan untuk membina siswa agar mereka tidak
tercabut dari akar budaya yang dimiliki sebelumnya ketika berhadapan dengan realitas
sosial budaya di eraglobalisasi ini.Pendidikan m ultikultural ini bisa di
masukkan secara integral dalam semua mata pelajaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nilai-nilai
pendidikan Islam berbasis multikultural<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nilai Andragogi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nilai
perdamaian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nilai
inklisivisme<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nilai Humanisme<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nilai kearifan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nilai toleransi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">g.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nilai kebebasan
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adapun
tantangan pendidikan multikultural<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Globalisasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gerakan
radikalisme Islam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dinamikan
politik dan agama<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hubungan antar
agama dan negra<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perbedaan
budaya, agama, aspirasi poltik, kepentingan, visi, dan misi, keyakinan dan
tradisi merupakan sebuah konduksi dalam hubungan Interpersonal yang kadang-kadang
juga menjadi perbedaan perilaku dalam memahami sesuatu. Maka dapat dikatakan
berbagai kekisruan etnis yang merebak dibanyak tempat di wilayah Negara
kesatuan Republik Indonesia, bagian dari krisis multi dimensi yang dihadapi
Negara dan bangsa Indonesia sejak pertengahan tahun 1997 pada masa akhirnya
rezim orde baru merupakan akibat dari rendahnya kesadaran dan wawasan
multikulturalisme</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Daftar Pustaka</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Arif , Mahmud, <i>Pendidikan Islam Transformatif</i>,
Yogyakata; LkiS, 2008</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">------------------, <i>pendidikan Islam Inklusif-Multikultural, </i>Yogyakarta:
Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam, Vol. I, Nomor I, Juni 2012.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Assegaf, Abd. Rahman, <i>Pendidikan Tanpa Kekerasan, Tipologi
Kondidi, Kasus dan Konsep,</i> Yogyakarta; Tara Wacana, 2004</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Baidhaway, Zakiyuddin. <i>Pendidikan Agama Berwawasan Multikultural</i>,
Jakarta; Erlangga, TTh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Esposito, John L. (ed), <i>Islam, Kekeuasaan Pemerintah, Doktrin
Iman & Realitas Sosial,</i> terj. M. Khoirul Anan, Jakarta; Inisiasi Press,
2004<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Machasin, <i>Islam Dinamis Islam Harmonis,</i> <i>(Lokalitas
Pluralisme Terosisme),</i> Yogyakarta: LkiS, 2012.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mahfud, Choirul, <i>Pendidikan Multikultural</i>, Yogyakarta;
Pustaka Pelajar, 2008. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Maksum, Ali, <i>Peluralisme dan Multikultularisme Pardigma Baru
Pendidikan Agama Islam di Indonesia, </i>yogyakarta; Aditya Media Publishing,
2011.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">al-Munawara, Said Husain, <i>Fikih Hubungan Antar Agama</i>,
Jakarta: Ciputat Press, 2005</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Naim, Ngainun & Acmad Sauqi, Pendidikan Multikutural Konsepa
dan Aplikasi, Yogyakarta: Ar-Ruzz Media, 2008<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sanaky, Hujair AH, “Paradigma Pembangunan Pendidikan di Indonesia Pasca
Reformasi Antara Mitos dan Realitas”, </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><a href="http://www.sanaky.com/">www.sanaky.com</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tang, Muhammad (dkk), <i>Pendidikan Multikultural Telaah Pemikiran
dan Implikasinya dalam Pembelajaran PAI</i>, Yogyakarta: Idea Press, 2009,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tilaar, H.A.R., <i>Kekuasaan dan Pendidikan, </i>Magelang;
Teralitera, 2003.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Yakin, M. Ainul, <i>Pendidikan Multikultural, Cross-Cultural
Understanding, Untuk Demokrasi dan keadilan</i>, Yogyakarta: Pilar Media, 2007.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lintubesang Muammad Ali, <i>Nilai-nilai Pendidikan Multikultural
dalam Buku ajar Kebudayaan Sejarah Islam</i>, Tesis, Yogyakarta: PPs. UIN Sunan
Kalijaga, 2011</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Zuhri, Saifuddin, <i>Sejarah Kebangkitan Islam dan Perkembangannya
di Indonesia</i>, Semarang; Pustaka Rizki Putra, 1999.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
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<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Saifuddin
Zuhri, <i>Sejarah Kebangkitan Islam dan Perkembangannya di Indonesia</i>,
Semarang; Pustaka Rizki Putra, 1999, hlm., 196 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ali Maksum, P<i>eluralisme
dan Multikultularisme Pardigma Baru Pendidikan Agama Islam di Indonesia</i>,
Yogyakarta; Aditya Media Publishing, 2011, hlm., 26 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Choirul Mahfud,
<i>Pendidikan Multikultural,</i> Yogyakarta; Pustaka Pelajar, 2008, hlm.,
175-176 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Zakiyuddin
Baidhaway, <i>Pendidikan Agama Berwawasan Multikultural</i>, Jakarta; Erlangga,
TTh, hlm., 2 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> H.A.R. Tilaar,
<i>Kekuasaan dan Pendidikan</i>, Magelang; Teralitera, 2003, hlm., 164-165<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid</i>.,
hlm.,165<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid.,</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> hlm., 167. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Ali Maksum, <i>Peluralisme
dan Multikultularisme</i>... hlm. 203<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">H.A.R. Tilaar, <i>Kekuasaan
dan Pendidikan, </i>Magelang; Teralitera, 2003, hlm., 170-171 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid.,</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> hlm., 167 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid.,</i>
hlm., 171-172<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hujair AH. Sanaky, “<i>Paradigma
Pembangunan Pendidikan di Indonesia Pasca Reformasi Antara Mitos dan Realitas</i>”,
</span><a href="http://www.sanaky.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">www.sanaky.com</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> du inggah Pada Tanggal 27 Feb 2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> M. Ainul
Yakin, <i>Pendidikan Multikultural, Cross-Cultural Understanding, Untuk
Demokrasi dan keadilan,</i> Yogyakarta:
Pilar Media, 2007, hlm., 3-4 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Muhammad Tang
(dkk), <i>Pendidikan Multikultural Telaah Pemikiran dan Implikasinya dalam
Pembelajaran PAI</i>, Yogyakarta: Idea Press, 2009, hlm, 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Ali Maksum, <i>Peluralisme
dan Multikultularisme...</i> hlm.205<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mahmud Arif , <i>pendidikan
Islam Inklusif-Multikultural, Yogyakarta: Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam</i>,
Vol. I, Nomor I, Juni 2012, hlm. 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Mahmud Arif , <i>pendidikan
Islam</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Ngainun Naim
& Acmad Sauqi, <i>Pendidikan Multikutural Konsepa dan Aplikasi,</i>
Yogyakarta: Ar-Ruzz Media, 2008. Hlm. 215-218.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Ali Maksum, <i>Peluralisme
dan Multikultularisme</i>... hlm., 266<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid.,</i>
hlm., 266<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid.,</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> hlm., 270<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid.,</i>
hlm., 272<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abd. Rahman
Assegaf, <i>Pendidikan Tanpa Kekerasan, Tipologi Kondidi, Kasus dan Konsep,</i>
Yogyakarta; Tara Wacana, 2004, hlm., 148 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Ali Maksum, <i>Peluralisme
dan Multikultularisme</i>... hlm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Machasin, <i>Islam
Dinamis Islam Harmonis</i>, (Lokalitas Pluralisme Terosisme), Yogyakarta: LkiS,
2012, hlm., 187<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">David G.
Gularnic, <i>Wabster’s Word Distionary of American languange</i>, dalam bukunya Said Husain Al-Munawara, <i>Fikih
Hubungan Antar Agama</i>, Jakarta: Ciputat Press, 2005, hlm., 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span>
Mahmud Arif, <i>Pendidikan Islam Transformatif</i>, Yogyakata; LkiS, 2008. Hlm., 106-107<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Muhammad Ali
Lintubesang, <i>Nilai-nilai Pendidikan Multikultural dalam Buku ajar Kebudayaan
Sejarah Islam, Tesis</i>, Yogyakarta: PPs. UIN Sunan Kalijaga, 2011, hlm., 97<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> John L.
Esposito (ed), <i>Islam, Kekeuasaan Pemerintah, Dokrin Iman & Realitas
Sosial,</i> terj. M. Khoirul Anan, Jakarta; Inisiasi Press, 2004, hlm., 106<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Ali Maksum, <i>Peluralisme
dan Multikultularisme</i>... hlm., 317<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid.,</i>
hlm., 339<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid.,</i>
hlm., 340<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/Bank%20Data/Dokument%20Word/SEMESTER%20II/Print%20II/Paradigma%20baru%20pembelajaran%20Pendidikan%20Agama%20Islam.docx#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid.,</i>
hlm., 364-365<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15459359199860346996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5462140917247044952.post-81887144570903037702013-02-09T06:48:00.001-08:002013-02-09T06:48:58.576-08:00PENGERTIAN RETORIKA DAN PERKEMBANGANNYA<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PENGERTIAN RETORIKA DAN
PERKEMBANGANNYA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">By Kahar, S.Pd.I</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ragam Pengertian Retorika</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Munculnya pengertian retorika sejalan dengan sejarah
perkembangan retorika. Hal ini disebabkan setiap pereode retorika melahirkan
konsep retorika yang berbeda. Hal lain yang memengaruhinya adalah pandangan
para tokohnya. Adapun pengertian retorka terpapar di bawah ini.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952" name="more"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada masyarakat Yunani,
retorika dikaitkan dengan pemerintah kerajaan yang tiran, retorika diartikan
kecakapan berpidato di depan publik untuk para wakil rakyat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada era perkembangan
kaum filosofis (kaum sofis),masa ini berkembang banyaknya perdebatan untuk
memenangkan suatu kasus tanpa melihat benar atau salah. retorika berarti
kecakapan berpidato untuk memenangkan suatu kasus tanpa memandang manfaat dan kebenaran.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut Plato, Retorika
yang tidak memandang kemanfaatan dan kebenaran itu bukanlah retorika.
Menurutnya, retorika itu seni bertutur untuk memaparkan kebenaran.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut Aristoteles
(Peletak dasar retorika ilmiah, dan disebut bapak retorika), retorika adalah
ilmu dan seni yang mengajarkan pada orang untuk terampil menyusun dan
menampilkan tuturan secara <b><i>efektif untuk mempersuasi pihak lain</i></b>.
Tuturan yang efektif menurutnya adalah memaparkan kebenaran, disiapkan dan
ditata secara sistematis dan ilmiah, mengolah dan menguasai topik tutur, serta
memunyai alas an pendukung atau argumen. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Retorika baru masih
mengikuti pandangan Aristoteles hanya saja tidak sepakat dengan tujuan retorika
yang disampaikan oleh Aristoteles. Menurut retorika baru, tujuan retorika
adalah membina kerja sama, saling pengertian, dan kedamaian dalam masyarakat
lewat tutur.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Selain pengertian-pengertian berdasarkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sejarah perkembangan retorika, pengertian
retorika menurut para tokoh terpapar sebagai berikut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Retorika</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> adalah sebuah teknik
pembujuk-rayuan secara persuasi untuk menghasilkan bujukan dengan melalui
karakter pembicara, emosional atau argumen (Wikipidia)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> D.
Beckett, Menurt Beckett Retorik itu adalah seni yang mengafeksi pihak lain
dengan tutur, yaitu dengan cara memanipulasi unsur-unsur tutur itu dan respon
pendengar. Tindakan manipulasi ini dilakukan dengan perhitungan yang matang
sebelumnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Donald C.
Bryant. Prof. Bryant memandang Retorik itu sebagai suatu tutur yang mempersuasi
dan memberikan informasi yang rasional kepada pihak lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Bishop
Whatley. Whatley memandang Retorika itu sebagai masalah bahasa. Karena itu
bahasa kita pahami kalau dia membatasi Retorik itu “ Retorik adala seni yang
mengajarkan orang kaidah dasar pemakaian bahasa yang efektif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Martin
Steinmann, Jr Steinmann, Jr melihat Retorik itu sebagai bahasa. Menurut
Retorikus ini, Retorik berbicara tenteng pemilihan yang efektif terhadap bentuk
cara-cara mengungkapkan yang sinonim. Akhirnya perlu diketehui suatu rumusan
yang agaknya abstrak sifatnya yaitu rumusan yang menganggap Retorik ini sebagai
suatu ide untuk mempersuasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gorys Keraf menyatakan bahwa retorika<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sangat terkait dengan teknik pemakaian bahasa sebagai seni yang
didasarkan pada pengetahuan yang tersusun baik. Jadi, ada dua aspek yang perlu
diketahui sesorang dalam retorika yaitu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pertama, pengetahuan mengenau bahasa dan penggunaan bahasa dengan baik,
dan kedua, pengetahuan tentang objek tertentu yang akan disampaikan dengan
bahasa itu. Oleh karena itu retorika harus dipelajari dalam rangka ingin
menggunakan bahasa yang sebaik-baiknya dengan tujuan tertentu. (keraf, 1994: 1)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nurgiyantoro (1993:295) menyatakan bahwa retorika adalah cara penggunaan
bahasa untuk memperoleh efek estetik. Hal itu dapat diperolah dengan
kreativitas pengungkapan bahasa yaitu bagaimana pengarang menyiasati
bahasa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai sarana untuk
mengungkapkan gagasannya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyimpangan dan Keliru Gagas Tentang Retorika</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Oka (1990:33-38) menjelaskan bahwa selain
pengertian-pengertian retorika berdasarkan sajarah perkembangannya, ada konsep
retorika yang menyimpang dari hakikat retorika yang sebenarnya.
Penyimpangan-penyimpangan itu antara lain dijelaskan di bawah ini.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyamaan Retorika Dengan Studi Sastra</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 29.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyamaan retorika dengan studi sastra ini terjadi
pada zaman Renaisance. Pada zaman ini adanya anggapan bahwa sastralah yang
menggunakan bahasa yang baik dan indah. Kemudian mengganggap bahwa ilmu yang
dapat membantu mempelajarinya adalah ilmu retorika. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyamaan Retorika dengan Gaya Bahasa dan Pendiksian</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 29.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyimpangan ini terjadi karena adanya anggapan bahwa
retorika itu penggunaan bahasa untuk menyampaikan tuturan serta petunjuk
pemilihan materi bahasa untuk bertutur. Padahal hal yang berkaitan dengan
pemilihan bahasa, gaya bahasa, dan pendiksian hanyalah bagian terkecil dari retorika.
Atau dengan kata lain, itu merupakan aspek teknis saja dalam retorika.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyamaan Retorika dengan pedoman Karang-mengarang</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 29.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyimpangan ini terjadi karena adanya anggapan bahwa
menulis atau mengarang itu memerlukan pedoman. Pedoman karang-mengarang itu
yang disebut retorika. Padahal retorika lebih luas dari itu. Lebih tepat
dikatakan bahwa pedoman mengarang merupakan aplikasi retorika untuk tutur
tulis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyamaan Retorika dengan Kecakapan Bersilat Lidah</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 29.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bermula dari anggapan bahwa retorika adalah ilmu yang
mengajarkan kecakapan mempermainkan bahasa untuk mempengaruhi petutur, maka
retorika disamakan sebagai ilmu untuk bersilat lidah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengertian dasar Retorika</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan memperhatikan
pengertian retorika berdasarkan sejarah dan adanya keliru gagas tentang retorika
di atas, konsep dasar retorika dapat dirumuskan sesuai dengan hakikatnya.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perumusan pengertian retorika harus
memperhatikan hal-hal berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Retorika adalah salah satu cabang ilmu,</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Retorika dipandang sebagai ilmu karena telah memiliki
syarat-syarat keilmuan (selanjutnya akan dibahas tersendiri)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Retorika memiliki tujuan yang luhur</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tujuan luhur retorika adalah membina saling
pengertian, kerja sama, dan kedamaian dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat. Tujuan
luhur tersebut akan tercapai apabila diawali dengan beberapa kegiatan
pendahuluan yaitu (1) meyakinkan mitra tutur dengan ragam bahasa terteentu, (2)
menggunakan seperangkat ulasan, dan (3) menggunakan gaya penampilan tutur.
Untuk melaksanakan kegiatan tersebut, retorika memberikan pedoman yang harus
diperhatikan, yaitu:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Moral penutur dan mitra
tutur,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Analisis yang objektif
dan sistematis terhadap topik tutur,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pewadahan hasil
analisis dengan bahasa yang baik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyesuaian dengan
kondisi dan situasi tutur,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penataan secara
sistematis dan logis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penampilan keseluruhan
materi tutur dengan tewknik dan gaya yang memadai.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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mempersiapkan, menata, dan menampilkan tutur</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sebenarnya kegiatan bertutur adalah kegiatan yang
rumit yang memrlukan usaha yang sungguh-sungguh agar mitra tutur dapat menerima
gagasan yang disampaikan oleh penutur. Proses yang ditempuh untuk sampai pada
tuturan yang baik adalah (1) persiapan, (2) penataan, dan (3) penampilan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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atas, terumus pengertian dasar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>retorika,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">retorika adalah ilmu yang mengajarkan cara bertutur yang efektif untuk
terwujudnya saling pengertian, kerja sama, dan kedamaian dalam kehidupan
bermasyarakat.</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Untuk mencapai keefektifan itu, retorika mengajarkan
proses bertutur mulai persiapan tutur, penataan tutur, dan penampilan tutur.</span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15459359199860346996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5462140917247044952.post-56881693785107217122013-01-03T02:51:00.005-08:002013-01-03T02:51:45.300-08:00TAFSIR AL-MISBAH QS. AL-MUJADALAH AYAT 11<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN">TAFSIR AL-MISBAH QS. AL-MUJADALAH AYAT 11</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN">(Pemikiran M. Qurais</span></b><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">h</span><span lang="IN"> Shihab, Tantang Ilmu Pengetahuan</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span>}</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pendahuluan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Qur’an Al-Karim memperkenalkan dirinya dalam
berbagi ciri dan sifat salah satu di antaranya bahwa ia merupakan kitab yang
keotentikannya dijamin oleh Allah. Al-Qura.an diturunkan oleh Allah kepada
Muhammad melalui malikat Jibril tidak sekaligus tetapi berangsur-angsur memakan
waktu yang cukup lama yaitu waktu Muhammad diangkat menjadi Nabi sampai belau
wafat. Yang berisi petunjuk dan ajaran tantang segala kehidupan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Qur’an secara harfiah berarti “bacaaan sempurna”
merupakan suatu nama pilihan Allahyang sungguh tepat, karena tiada satu bacaan
pun sejak manusia mengenal tulis-baca lima ribu tahun yang lalu yang dapat
menandingi <i>al-Qur’an al-Karim </i>bacaan sempurna lagi mulia.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">M. Quraish Shihab adalah sosok seorang mufassir
Indonesia cukup terkenal, beliau menafskan al-Qur.an supaya tetap menjadi
petunjuk bagi umat manusia di dunia yang selalu aktual disetiap zaman dan
tempat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Al-Qur’an disampaikan kepada kita
secara mutawatir, baik melalui tulisan atau bacaan dari satu generasi ke
generasi berikutnya. Dan terpelihara dari perubahan dan pergantian. Sebagaimana
telah disebutkan bahwa sedikitpun tidak ada keraguan atas kebenaran dan
kepastian isi Al-Qur’an itu, dengan kata lain Al-Qur’an itu benar-benar datang
dari Allah. Oleh karena itu hukum-hukum yang terkandung di dalam Al-Qur’an
merupakan aturan-aturan yang wajib diikuti oleh manusia sepanjang masa. Banyak
ayat-ayat yang menerangkan bahwa Al-Qur’an itu benar-benar datang dari Allah.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pembahasan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Biografi M. Quraish
Shihab</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Kehadiran Quraish Shihab di Indonesia semakin memperkaya
khasanah keilmuan Islam khususnya dibidang tafsir al-Qur’an. Quraish shihab di
lahirkan di Rappang, Sidrap, Sulawesi Selatan, 16 Februari 1944 M.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>Nama
lengkapnya adalah Muhammad Quraish Shihab berasala dari keturunan Arab yang
terpelajar. Ayahnya Prof. KH. Abdrahman Shihab di pandang sebagai tokoh
pendidik yang memiliki reputasi baik dikalangan masyarakat Sulawesi Selatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pendidikan formalnya di mulai dari sekolah dasar di
Ujung Pandang, Shihab menyelesaikan pendidikan dasarnya di Ujung Pandang dan
melanjutkan di SMP di Ujung Pandang hingga kelas 2. Pada tahun 1956 ia
berangkat ke Malang untuk melanjutkan pendidikannya di Pondok Pesantren Darul
Hadits al-Faqihiyah. Khususnya di Jawa, ada cukup berkembang di lingkungan
Pondok Pesantren Darul Hadits al-Fiqihiyah tempat Quraish Shihab Nyantri adalah
<i>ahlu al-sunah wa’al- Jama’ah</i> yang dalam paham Islam menganut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>paham Asyariyah dan Maturidiyah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada tahun 1958 di berangkat ke Kairo, Mesir, dan
diterima di kelas II Tsanawiyah al-Azhar. Setelah selesai Quraish Shihab
melanjutkan studinya di Universitas al-Azhar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pada fakultas ushuludinjurusan Tafsir Hadits dan memperoleh gelar Lc
(S-1) pada tahun 1967, kemudian pada tahun yang sama Quraish Shihab melanjutkan
studinya dengan fakultas yang sama spesialisasi bidang tafsir al-Quran. Dan
pada tahun 1969 meraih gelar MA dengan tesis berjudul <i>al-I’jas al-Tasyri ‘iy
li al-Qur’anul Karim.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Sekembalinya di Ujung Pandang Qurish Shihab di
percayakan untuk menjadi wakil rektor bidang akademis dan kemahasiswaan pada
IAIN Alauddin Unjung Pandang , selain itu ia juga di serahi jabatan-jabatan
lain baik di dalam kampus seperti koodinator perguruan tinggi swasta<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Wilayah VII) Indonesia Timur, maupun di luar
kampus seperti pembantu pimpinan kepolisian Indonesia Timur dalam bidang
pembinaan mental. Selama di Ujung Pandang dia juga sempat melakukan penelitian
antara lain’<i>“Penerapan kerukuna hidup beragama di Indonesia Timur</i>” pada
tahun (1975) dan Masalah “<i>Wakaf Sulawesi Selatan</i>” pada tahun 1978<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Pada
1980, Quraish Shihab kembali ke Kairo dan melanjutkan pendidikannya di
almamaternya yang lama, Universitas Al-Azhar. Ia hanya memerlukan waktu dua
tahun untuk meraih gelar doktor dalam bidang ilmu-ilmu Al-Quran. Dengan
disertasi berjudul “<em><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";">Nazhm
Al-Durar li Al-Biqa’iy, Tahqiq wa Dirasah</span></em> (Suatu Kajian dan Analisa
terhadap Keotentikan Kitab <em><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";">Nazm
ad-Durar</span></em> Karya al-Biqa’i)”, ia berhasil meraih gelar doktor dengan
yudisium <em><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";">Summa Cum
Laude</span></em> disertai penghargaan tingkat I (<em><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";">mumtat ma’a martabat al-syaraf al-’ula</span></em>).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Sekembalinya
ke Indonesia, sejak 1984, Quraish Shihab ditugaskan di Fakultas Ushuluddin dan
Fakultas Pasca-Sarjana IAIN Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta. Di sini ia aktif
mengajar bidang Tafsir dan Ulum Al-Quran di Program S1, S2 dan S3 sampai tahun
1998.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Quraish
Shihab bahkan dipercaya menduduki jabatan sebagai Rektor IAIN Jakarta selama
dua periode (1992-1996 dan 1997-1998). Setelah itu ia dipercaya menduduki
jabatan sebagai Menteri Agama selama kurang lebih dua bulan di awal tahun 1998,
hingga kemudian ia diangkat sebagai Duta Besar Luar Biasa dan Berkuasa Penuh
Republik Indonesia untuk negara Republik Arab Mesir merangkap Republik Djibouti
yang berkedudukan di Kairo.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Ia
juga dipercaya untuk menduduki berbagai jabatan lain, antara lain: Ketua
Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) Pusat, anggota Lajnah PentashihAl-Quran
Departemen Agama, dan anggota Badan Pertimbangan PendidikanNasional. Dia juga
banyak terlibat dalam beberapa organisasi profesional, antara lain: Pengurus
Perhimpunan Ilmu-ilmu Syari’ah, Pengurus Konsorsium Ilmu-ilmu Agama Departemen
Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, dan Asisten Ketua Umum Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim
Indonesia (ICMI).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Aktivitas
lainnya yang ia lakukan adalah sebagai Dewan Redaksi Studia Islamika:
Indonesian journal for Islamic Studies, Ulumul Qur ‘an, Mimbar Ulama, dan
Refleksi jurnal Kajian Agama dan Filsafat.Di sela-sela segala kesibukannya itu,
ia juga terlibat dalam berbagai kegiatan ilmiah di dalam maupun luar negeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Di
samping kegiatan tersebut di atas, M.Quraish Shihab juga dikenal sebagai
penulis dan penceramah yang handal, termasuk di media televisi. Ia diterima
oleh semua lapisan masyarakat karena mampu menyampaikan pendapat dan gagasan
dengan bahasa yang sederhana, dengan tetap lugas, rasional, serta moderat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Metode Penafsiran
al-Qur’an</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Metode Ijmali</span></i></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> (Global)</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 38.7pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Yang dimaksud dengan metode <i>al-Tafsir
al-Ijmali </i>(global) ialah suatu metoda tafsir yang menafsirkan ayat-ayat
Al-Qur’an dengan cara mengemukakan makna global.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Pengertian tersebut menjelaskan ayat-ayat Al-Qur’an secara ringkas tapi
mencakup dengan bahasa yang populer, mudah dimengerti dan enak dibaca.
Sistematika penulisannya menurut susunan ayat-ayat di dalam mushhaf. Di samping
itu penyajiannya tidak terlalu jauh dari gaya bahasa AL-Qur’an sehingga
pendengar dan pembacanya seakan-akan masih tetap mendengar Al-Qur’an padahal
yang didengarnya itu tafsirnya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Metode Tahliliy</span></i></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> (Analisis)</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 38.7pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Yang dimaksud dengan Metode <i>Tahliliy</i>
(Analisis) ialah menafsirkan ayat-ayat Al-Qur’an dengan memaparkan segala aspek
yang terkandung di dalam ayat-ayat yang ditafsirkan itu serta menerangkan
makna-makna yang tercakup di dalamnya, sesuai dengan keahlian dan kecenderungan
mufasir yang menafsirkan ayat-ayat tersebut. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 38.7pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalau kita lihat dari bentuk
tinjauan dan kandungan informasi yang terdapat dalam tafsir <i>tahliliy </i>yang
jumlah sangat banyak, dapat dikemukakan bahwa paling tidak ada tujuh bentuk
tafsir.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
Yaitu: <i>Al-Tafsir bi al-Ma’tsur, Al-Tafsir bi al-Ra’yi, Al-Tafsir al-Fiqhi,
Al-Tafsir al-Shufi, At-Tafsir al-Ilmi</i>, dan <i>Al-Tafsir al-Adabi
al-Ijtima’i</i>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Metode Muqarin</span></i></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> (Komparatif)</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 38.7pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengertian metode <i>muqarin<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[9]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>(komparatif)
dapat dirangkum sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Membandingkan teks (<i>nash</i>)<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
ayat-ayat Al-Qur’an yang memiliki persamaan atau kemiripan redaksi dalam dua
kasus atau lebih, dan atau memiliki redaksi yang berbeda bagi satu kasus yang
sama;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Membandingkan ayat Al-Qur’an dengan <i>Hadits</i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
Nabi SAW, yang pada lahirnya terlihat bertentangan;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Membandingkan berbagai pendapat <i>ulama<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[12]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>’
tafsir dalam menafsirkan Al-Qur’an.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Metode Mawdhu’iy</span></i></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> (Tematik)</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 38.7pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Yang dimaksud dengan <i>metode
mawdhu’iy</i> ialah membahas ayat-ayat Al-Quran sesuai dengan tema atau judul
yang telah ditetapkan. Semua ayat yang berkaitan, dihimpun. Kemudian dikahi
secara mendalam dan tuntas dari berbagai aspek yang terkait dengannya seperti <i>asbab
al-nuzul</i>, kosa kata dan sebagainya. Semuanya dijelaskan secara rinci dan
tuntas, serta didukung oleh dalil-dalil atau fakta yang dapat
dipertanggungjawabkan secara ilmiah; baik argumen itu berasal dari Al-Qur’an
dan Hadits, maupun pemikiran rasional.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">penafsiran al-Qur’an
Sura Al-Mujadala ayat 11 (al-Misbah)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.3pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 20.0pt;">يَا أَيُّهَا
الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِذَا قِيلَ لَكُمْ تَفَسَّحُوا فِي الْمَجَالِسِ فَافْسَحُوا
يَفْسَحِ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"> وَإِذَا قِيلَ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 20.0pt;"> انْشُزُوا
فَانْشُزُوا يَرْفَعِ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مِنْكُمْ وَالَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْعِلْمَ
دَرَجَاتٍ </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";">وَاللَّهُ
بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 20.0pt;"> خَبِيرٌ</span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terjemahnya:
</span><i><span lang="IN">Hai orang-orang beriman apabila dikatakan kepadamu:
"Berlapang-lapanglah dalam majlis", maka lapangkanlah niscaya Allah
akan memberi kelapangan untukmu. Dan apabila dikatakan: "Berdirilah kamu",
maka berdirilah, niscaya Allah akan meninggikan orang-orang yang beriman di
antaramu dan orang-orang yang diberi ilmu pengetahuan beberapa derajat. Dan
Allah Maha Mengetahui apa yang kamu kerjakan.</span></i><i><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Larangan
berbisik yang diturunkan oleh ayat-ayat yang lalu merupakan salah satu tuntunan
akhlak, guna membina hubungan harmonis antar sesama. Berbisik di tengah orang
lain mengeruhkan hubungan melalui pembicaraan itu. Ayat di atas merupakan
tuntunan akhlak yang menyangkut perbuatan dalam majlis untuk menjalin
harmonisasi dalam satu majelis.Allah berfirman “<i> Hai orang-0rang yang
beriman, apa bila dikatakan kepada kamu</i>” oleh siapa pun: <i>berlapang-lapanglah<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></b></span></span></span></a>.
</i>Yaitu berupayalah dengan sungguh-sungguh walau dengan memaksakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diri untuk memberi tempat orang lain <i>dalam
majlis-majlis</i> yakni satu tempat, baik tempat duduk maupun bukan tempat
duduk, apabila diminta kepada kamu agar melakukan itu <i>maka lapangkanlah</i>
tempat untuk orang lain<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>itu dengan suka
rela. Jika kamu melakukan hal tersebut<i>, niscaya Allah akan melapangkan</i>
segala sesuatu <i>buat kamu </i>dalam hidup ini. <i>Dan apabila di katakan:”Berdirilah
kamu</i> ketempat yang lain, atau untuk diduduk tempatmu buat orang yang lebih
wajar, atau bangkitlah melakukan sesuatu seperti untuk shalat dan berjihad, <i>maka
berdiri</i> dan bangkit-lah, <i>Allah akan meninggikan orang-orang yang beriman
di antara kamu</i>wahai yang memperkenankan tuntunan ini.dan <i>orang-orang
yang diberi ilmu</i> pengetahuan <i>beberapa derajat</i> kemudian di dunia dan
di akhirat <i>dan Allah terhadap apa-apa yang kamu kerjakan</i> sekarang dan
masa akan datang <i>Maha Mengetahui.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ada
riwayat yang menyatakan bahwa ayat di atas turun pada hari Jum’at. Ketika itu
Rasul saw. berada di suatu tempat yang sempit, dan telah menjadi kebiasaan
beliau memberi tempat khusus buat para sahabat yang terlibat dalam perang Badr,
karena besarnya jasa mereka. Nah, ketika majlis tengah berlangsung, beberapa
orang di antara sahabat-sahabat tersebut hadir, lalu mengucapkan salam kepada
Nabi saw. Nabi pun menjawab, selanjutnya mengucapkan salam kepada hadirin, yang
juga dijawab, namun mereka tidak memberi tempat. Para sahabat itu terus saja
berdiri, maka Nabi saw. memerintahkan kepada sahabat-sahabatnya yang lain-yang
tidak terlibat dalam perang Badr untuk mengambil tempat lain agar para sahabat
yang berjasa itu duduk di dekat Nabi saw. perintah Nabi itu, mengecilkan hati
mereka yang disuruh berdiri, dan ini digunakan oleh kaum munafikin untuk
memecah belah dengan berkata “katanya muhammad berlaku adil, tetapi ternyata
tidak.” Nabi mendengar keritik itu bersabda: “Allah merahmati siapa yang
memberi kelapangan bagi saudaranya.” Kaum beriman menyambut tuntunan Nabi dan
ayat di atas pun turun mengukuhkan perintah dan sabda Nabi itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kata <i>tafassaḫû</i>
dan <i>ifsaḫû</i> terambil dari kata <i>fasaḫa</i> yakni lapang. Sedang kata <i>unsyuzû</i>
terambil dari kata <i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nûsyuz</i>yankni <i>tempat
yang tinggi</i>. Perintah tersebut pada mulanya berarti <i>beralih ketempat
yang lebih tinggi</i>. Yang dimaksud di sini pindah ketempat lain untuk memberi
kesempatan yang lebih wajar duduk atau berada di tempat wajar pindah itu, atau
bangkit melakukan suatu aktifitas positif. Ada yang memahaminya berdirilah dari
rumah Nabi, jangan berlama-lama di sana, karena boleh jadi ada kepentingan Nabi
saw. Yang lain dari yang perlu segera dia hadapi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kata <i>majȃlis</i>
adalah bentuk jamak dari kata <i>majlis.</i> Pada mulanya berarti <i>tempat duduk</i>.
Dalam konteks ayat ini adalah tempat Nabi Muhammad saw. Membert tuntunan agama
ketika itu. Tapi yang dimaksud di sini adalah <i>tempat keberadaan</i> secara
mutlak, baik tempat duduk, tempat berdiri atau bahkan tempat berbaring. Karena
tujuan perintah atau tuntunan ayat ini adalah memberi tempat yang wajar serta
mengalah kepada orang-orang dihormati atau yang lemah. Seorang tua non-muslim
sekalipun, jika anda-wahai yang muda-duduk di bus, atau kereta, sedang dia
tidak mendapat tempat duduk, maka adalah wajar dan berdab jika anda berdiri
untuk memberinya tempat duduk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ayat di
atas tidak menyebut secara tegas bahwa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Allah akan <i>meninggikan</i> derajat orang berilmu. Tetapi menegaskan
bahwa mereka memiliki <i>derajat-derajat<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>
yakni lebih tinggi sekedar beriman. Tidak disebutnya kata <i>meninggikan<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>
itu, sebagai isyarat bahwa sebenarnya ilmu yang didmilikinya itulah yang
berperanan besar dalam ketinggian derajat yang diperolehnya, bukan akibat dari
faktor di luar ilmu itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tentu saja
yang di maksud dengan <i>alladzȋnaûtû al-‘ilmu/yang diberi pengetahuan<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>
adalah mereka yang beriman dan menghiasi diri mereka dengan pengetahuan. Ini
berarti ayat di atas membagi kaum beriman kepada dua kelompok besar, yang
pertama sekedar beriman dan beramal shaleh, dan yang kedua beriman dan beramal
shaleh serta memiliki pengetahuan. Derajat kelompok kedua ini menjadi lebih
tinggi, bukan saja karena nilai ilmu yang disandangnya, tetapi juga amal
pengajarannya kepada pihak lain secara lisan, atau tulisan maupun dengan
keteladanan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ilmu
yang di maksud ayat di atas bukan hanya ilmu agama tetapi ilmu apapun yang
bermanfaat. Dalam QS. 35: ayat 27-28. Allah meguraikan sekian banyak mahluk
Ilahi, dan fenomena alam, lalu ayat tersebut ditutup dengan menyatakan bahwa:
yang takut dan kagum kepada Allah dari hamba-hambanya hanyalah ulama, ini
menunjukkan bahwa ilmu dalam pandangan al-Qur’an bukan hanya ilmu agama. Di
sisi lain juga menujukkan bahwa ilmu haruslah menghasilkan <i>khasyyah<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>yahni
rasa takut dan kagum kepada Allah, yang pada gilirannya mendorong yang berilmu
untuk mengamalkan ilmunya serta memanfaatkan untu kepentingan mahkluk, Rasul
sering kali berdo’a (aku berlindung kepada-Mu dari ilmu yang tidak bermanfaat).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hubungan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>al-Qur’an dengan ilmu pengetahuan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">al-Qur’an
adalah kitab petunjuk demikian hasil yang kita peroleh dari mempelajari sejrah
turunnya. Jika demikian apakah hubungan al-Qur’an dengan ilmu pengetahuan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ciri khas ilmu pengetahuan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ciri khas nyata dari ilmu pengetahuan <i>(science)</i>
yang tidak dapat diingkari-meskipun oleh para ilmuan –adalah bahwa ia tidak
mengenal kata “kekal”. Apa yang dianggap salah di masa silam mislanya dapat
diakui kebenarannya di abad modern.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Persolan ilmiah silih berganti, bukan saja
dalam lapangan pembhasan satu ilmu saja, tetapi juga dalam teori-teori setiap
cabang ilmu pengetahuan. Dahulu persolan moral tidak mendapat perhatian
ilmuwan, tetapi kini penggunaan senjata nuklir, misalnya tidak dapat dipisahkan
dari pesolan tersebut; mereka tidak mengabaikan persolan moral dalam penggunaan
senjata nuklir yang merupakan dari hasil kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Teori bumi datar yang merupakan satu hukum
aksioma disatu masa misalnya, dibatalkan oleh teori bumi bulat yang kemudian
dibatalkan oleh teori lonjong seperti lonjongnya telur. Mungkin tidak sedikit
orang yang yakin bahwa pertimbangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>logila atau ilmiah terutama menurut ilmu pasti adalah benar sedangkan
keadaannya belum tentu demikian.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Qur’an di tengah perkembangan ilmu</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sebelum berbicara tentang masalah tersebut,
terlebih dahulu perlu diperjelas pengertian ilmu yang dimaksud dalam tulisan
ini.Al-Qur’an menggunakan kata <i>‘ilm</i> dalam berbagai bentuk dan artinya
sebanyak 854 kali.ara lain sebagai “peroses pencapaian pengetahuan dan objek
pengetahuan” (QS. 2:31-32). Pembicaraan tentang ilmu mengantarkan kita
kepada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembicaraan tentang sumber-sumber
ilmu di samping klasifikasi dan ragam disiplannya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berbeda dengan klasifikasi ilmu yang digunakan
oleh para filosof muslim atau non-muslim pada masa-masa silam, atau klasifikasi
belakangan ini di kenal seperti antara lain, ilmu-ilmu sosial, maka pemikiran
Islam pada abad XX, khususnya setelah seminar internasional pendidikan Islam di
Makkah pada tahun 1977 M, pengklasifikasian ilmu menjadi dua kategori :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ilmu
abadi (<i>perennial knowledge</i>) yang berdasarkan wahyu ilahi yang tertera
dalam al-Qur’an dan hadis serta segala yang yang dapat diambil dari keduanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ilmu
yang dicari (<i>acquired knowledge</i>)termasuk sains ke alaman dan terapannya
yang dapat berkembang secara kualitatif dan penggadaan, variasi terbatas dan
pengalihan antar budaya selama tidak bertentangan dengan <i>syari’ah </i>sebagai
sumber nilai.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dewasa ini diakaui oleh ahli-ahli sejarah dan
filsafat sains bahwa sejumlah gejala yang dipilih untuk dikaji oleh komunitas
ilmuwan sebenarnya di tentukan oleh pandangan terhadap realitas atau kebenaran
yang telah diterima oleh komunitas tersebut. Dalam hal ini, satu-satunya yang
menjadi tumpuan perhatian sains mutakhir adalah materi Alam.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Korelasi antara al-Qur’an dan ilmu pengetahuan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Membahas hubungan antara al-Qur’an dan ilmu
pengetahuan bukan dinilai dari banyak atau tidaknya cabang-cabagn ilmu
pengetahuan yang dikandungnya, tetapi yang lebih utama adalah melihat: adalah
al-Qur’an atau jiwa ayat-ayatnya menghalangi ilmu pengetahuan dan mendorongnya,
karena kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan tidaknya diukur melalui sumbangan yang
diberikan kepada masyarakat atau kumpulan ide dan metode yang dikembaangkannya,
tetapi sekumpulan syarat-syarat pesikologi dan sosial yang diwujudkan, sehingga
mempunyai pengaruh (positif ataupu negatif) terhadap kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam al-Qur’an ditemukan kata-kata “ilmu”
dalam berbagai bentuknya yang terulang sebanyak 854 kali. Di samping itu banyak
pula ayat-ayat al-Qur’an yang menganjurkan untuk menggunakan akal, pikiran,
penalaran, dan sebagainya, sebagaimana yang dikemukakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>oleh ayat-ayat yang menjelaskan hamatan ilmu
pengetahuan. Antara lain<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sujektivitas:
(a) suka tidak suka (baca antara lain, QS 43:78; 7:79); (b) taqdid atau
mengikuti tanpaalasan, (baca antara lain, QS 36:67; 2:170).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Angan-angan
dan dugaaanyang tak beralasan (baca antara lain, QS 10:36).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bergegas
gegas dalam mengambil atau kesimpulan (baca antara lain, QS 21:37). </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sikap
angkuh (enggang untuk mencari atau menerima kebenaran) (baca antara lain, QS
7:146),</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 78.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Di
sampin itu, terdapat tuntutan-tuntutan antara lain;<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jangan
bersikap terhadap sesuatu tampa dasar pengetahuan (QS 17:36), dalam arti tidak
menetapkan sesuatu kecuali benar-benar telah mengetahui duduk persoalan (baca
antara lain, QS 36:17), atau menolaknya sebelum ada pengetahuan (baca antara
lain QS 10:39).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jangan
menilai sesuatu karena faktor ekstren apapun-walaupun dalam pribadi tokoh yang
diagungkan seperti Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ayat macam inilah yang mewujudkan iklim ilmu
pengetahuan dan yang telah melahirkan pemikir-pemikir dan ilmuwan-ilmuwan Islam
dalam berbagai disiplin ilmu. Korelasi kedua dapat ditemukan pada
iyarat-isyarat ilmiah yang tersebar sekian banyak ayat al-Qur’an yang berbicara
tentang alam raya dan fenomenanya.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Penutup </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam menghadapkan pemikiran yang melandasi segenap
segala usaha dalam lingkup ilmu pengetahuan atau sain serta berbagai konsepnya,
pada jaran agama Islam, khususnya yang terkandung dalam al-Qur’an.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Petunjuk ini membawa kita pada suatu kesimpulan bahwa
sebagai hamba Allah yang diciptakan untuk hidup di bumi ini, manusia harus
menguasai ilmu keakhiratan dan ilmu keduniaan yang diperlukan. Sebagai
penguasa, manusia boleh memanfaatkan alam dan sekelilingnya bagi kelangsungan
hidupnya. Namun tidak boleh merusaknya; iya bertanggungjawab atas
pelestariannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">hubungan
antara al-Qur’an dan ilmu pengetahuan bukan dinilai dari banyak atau tidaknya
cabang-cabagn ilmu pengetahuan yang dikandungnya, tetapi yang lebih utama
adalah melihat: adalah al-Qur’an atau jiwa ayat-ayatnya menghalangi ilmu
pengetahuan dan mendorongnya, karena kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan tidaknya diukur
melalui sumbangan yang diberikan kepada masyarakat atau kumpulan ide dan metode
yang dikembaangkannya, tetapi sekumpulan syarat-syarat pesikologi dan sosial
yang diwujudkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Daftar
Pustaka</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 3.0cm; text-indent: -3.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">al-Farmawi, Abd
al-Hayy, <i>al-Bidayah fi al-Tafsir al-Mawdhu’i, </i>Dirasat Manhajiyyah
Mawdhu’iyyah, 1977</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 3.0cm; text-indent: -3.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mustafa,
<i>Quraish Shihab Membumikan kalam di Indonesia,</i> Yogyakarta: Pustaka
Pelajar, 2010, </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 3.0cm; text-indent: -3.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Shihab, M.
Quraish. dkk., <i>Sejarah dan Ulum al-Qur’an, </i>Jakarta, Pustaka Firdaus,
1999.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 3.0cm; text-indent: -3.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">---------------------,<i>Tafsir
Al-Misbah, Pesan Kesan dan Keserasian al-Qur’an</i>, Volume XIV, Jakarta:
Lentera Hati. 2006 </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 3.0cm; text-indent: -3.0cm;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">---------------------,Wawasan
Al-Qur’an,</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Tafsir Tematik atas Pelbagai Persoalan Umat), Bandung:
Mizan, 2007,</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 3.0cm; text-indent: -3.0cm;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">--------------------,Membumikan
al-Qur’an, Fungsi dan Peran wahyu dalam kehidupan Masyaraka</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">t,
Bandung: Mizan, 1994.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 3.0cm; text-indent: -3.0cm;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://tafsiralmishbah.wordpress.com/biografi-m-quraish-shihab/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://tafsiralmishbah.wordpress.com/biografi-m-quraish-shihab/</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> diunggah pada tanggal 23 Desember 20112</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M. Quraish Shihab, <i>Wawasan
Al-Qur’an,</i> (Tafsir Tematik atas Pelbagai Persoalan Umat), Bandung: Mizan,
2007, hlm. 1.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Quraish Shihab, <i>Membumikan
al-Qur’an, Fungsi dan Peran wahyu dalam kehidupan Masyaraka</i>t, Bandung:
Mizan, 1994, hlm, .6</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mustafa, <i>Quraish
Shihab Membumikan kalam di Indonesia,</i> Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2010,
hlm., 64</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Quraish Shihab, <i>Membumikan
al-Qur’an, </i>hlm, 6</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"><a href="http://tafsiralmishbah.wordpress.com/biografi-m-quraish-shihab/"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://tafsiralmishbah.wordpress.com/biografi-m-quraish-shihab/</span></a>diunggah
pada tanggal 23 Desember 20112 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Abd al-Hayy al-Farmawi, <i>al-Bidayah
fi al-Tafsir al-Mawdhu’i, </i>Dirasat Manhajiyyah Mawdhu’iyyah, (1977). hlm. 43
– 44</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="IN">Ibid</span></i><span lang="IN">, hlm., 67 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="IN">Ibid</span></i><span lang="IN">, hlm., 69 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">M. Quraish
Shihab. dkk., <i>Sejarah dan Ulum al-Qur’an, </i>Jakarta, Pustaka Firdaus,
1999. hlm. 186-192.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mufasir membandingkan ayat Al-Qur’an
dengan ayat lain, yaitu ayat-ayat yang memiliki persamaan redaksi dalam dua
atau lebih masalah atau kasus yang berbeda; atau ayat-ayat yang memiliki
redaksi berbeda dalam masalah atau kasus yang (diduga) sama. Al-Zarkasyi
mengemukakan delapan macam variasi redaksi ayat-ayat Al-Qur’an</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mufasir membandingkan
ayat-ayat al-Qur’an dengan hadits Nabi saw yang terkesan bertentangan. Dan
mufasir berusaha untuk menemukan kompromi antara keduanya</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mufasir
membandingkan penafsiran ulama tafsir, baik ulama salaf maupun ulama khalaf,
dalam menafsirkan ayat-ayat al-Qur’an, baik yang bersifat <i>manqul </i>(<i>al-tafsir
al-ma’tsur</i>)maupun yang bersifat <i>ra’yu </i>(<i>al-tafsir bi al-ra’yi</i>).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">‘Abdul Hay Al-Farmawi,<i>al-Bidayah
fi al-Tafsir al-Mawdhu’i, </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hlm. 114 –
115.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="a"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; letter-spacing: .8pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; padding: 0cm;">Berla</span></span><span class="l6"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; letter-spacing: .8pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; padding: 0cm;">pang-lapanglah
kita dalam suatu pertemuan/majelis dengan member</span></span><span class="l7"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; letter-spacing: .8pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; padding: 0cm;">ikan temp</span></span><span class="l6"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; letter-spacing: .8pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; padding: 0cm;">at </span></span><span class="a"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; padding: 0cm;">kepada
saudara-saudara kita yang baru datang</span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M. Quraish Shihab, <i>Tafsir
Al-Misbah, Pesan Kesan dan Keserasian al-Qur’an</i>, Volume XIV, Jakarta:
Lentera Hati. 2006 . hlm., 77</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Darajāt
(beberapa derajat), yakni beberapa keutamaan di dalam surga, mengungguli
derajat orang-orang yang diberi iman tanpa ilmu. Sebab seorang Mukmin yang
berilmu lebih utama daripada orang Mukmin yang tak berilmu.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemerdekaan
manusia tercermin dari kepemilikan akalnya. Manusia diberikan oleh Allah sebuah
akal untuk memilah dan memilih mana yang benar di antara yang salah. Maka
Islampun menyeru kepada kita untuk terus mengasah akal pikiran kita. Tentu saja
caranya dengan belajar, dimana belajar di dalam Islam merupakan sebuah
kewajiban individu.</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kata
ilmu dalam bahasa Arab "<i>ilm</i>"<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang
berarti memahami, mengerti, atau mengetahui. Dalam kaitan penyerapan katanya,
ilmu pengetahuan dapat berarti memahami suatu pengetahuan, dan ilmu sosial
dapat berarti mengetahui masalah-masalah sosial, dan sebagainya.</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kata
Khawf dan Khasyyah dalam bahasa memiliki makna yang sama hanya saja para ulama
mengkhususkan penggunaan khasyyah untuk para ulama sedangkan khawf demikian
juga huzn jauh dari menimpa mereka</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Quraish Shihab, Membumikan
al-Qur’an </span></i><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hlm.,
44 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ibid</span></i><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, hlm., 45</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ibid</span></i><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, hlm., 45</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ibid</span></i><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, hlm., 62 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Quraish Shihab, <i>Membumikan
al-Qur’an</i>., hlm.103</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ibid, </span></i><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hlm. 65</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="IN">Ibid</span></i><span lang="IN">. Hlm. 103</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="IN">Ibid</span></i><span lang="IN">, hlm., 104</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="IN">Ibid, </span></i><span lang="IN">hlm., 104</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15459359199860346996noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5462140917247044952.post-90780654704026898052013-01-03T02:34:00.002-08:002013-01-03T02:34:32.878-08:00Hakikat Pendidikan Islam<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pendahuluan</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pendidikan merupakan dasar manusia untuk memulai
hidup, sehingga menjadi komitmen bersama bahwa pendidikan sangat mempunyai
peran yang luhur dan agung. Sifat yang agung ini ditunjukkan dari peran
pendidikan yang dipahamai sebagai pemberian bekal peserta didik untuk
menghadapi masa depannya. Dalam lagu kebangsaan Indoneisia Raya salah satu
lirik lagunya menekankan “bangunlah jiwanya, bangunlah raganya” ini terbukti
secara komsuntif pendidikan sangant dibuthkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pendudikan merupakan peroses untuk mendewasakan
manusia atau kata lain pendidikan merupakan untuk “memanusiakan manusia”
Melalui pendidikan manusia dapat tumbuh dan berkembang secara normal dan
sempurna sehingga dapat melaksanakan tugasnya sebagai manusia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pendidikan dapat mengubah manusia dari tidak tahu
menjadi tahu, dari perilaku buruk menjadi tabiak yang baik, pendidikan mengubah
semuanya. Begitu penting Pendidikan dalam Islam, sehingga menjadi kewajiban
perorangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Rasulullah SAW bersabda :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";">طلب
العلم</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";">فريضة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";">على
كل مسلم</span></b><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.0pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Artinya : <i>“menuntut Ilmu itu
diwajibkan atas tiap orang islam” (HR. IbnuBarri)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.0pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam lingkup keluarga Allah SWT, brefirman dalam
surat At-Tahrim ayat 6.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.05pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">p</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">k</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">'</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">¯</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">»</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">û</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">%</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">©</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">(</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">(</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">þ</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">%</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">/</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">|</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">¡</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">à</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ÿ</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">R</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">&</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">/</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">d</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">&</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">R</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 3.0cm; text-indent: -49.6pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terjemanya
:<i>“Hai orang-orang yang beriman peliharalah dirimu dan keluargamu dari api
neraka”</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagaimana
caranya supaya diri dan keluarga kita selamat dari siksa api neraka. Atau
bagaimana diri dan keluarga kita tidak menjadi penghuni neraka? Caranya adalah
dengan mendidik keluarga kita secara benar sesuai anjuran pendidikan agama
Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Begitu juga
secara kelembagaan, pendidikan pun suatu kewajiban bila kita perhatikan dalam
peroses belajar mengajar yang berlangsung dilembaga pendidikan Islam, baik
pendidikan formal maupun nonformal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendidikan
janagn hanya dipandang sebagai suatu kewajiban. Tetapi juga harus pandai
merencanakan, mengorganisir, mengemas, melaksanakan serta mengefaluasi dan
menindaklajutinya secara bersinergi dan berkeseimbangan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berangkat dari hal
tersebut maka disusunlah makalah ini tentang hakekat pendidikan Islam yang
mencakup tetang Pengertian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pendidikan
islam, istilah yang di anggap memiliki arti yang dekat dan tepat dengan
pendidikan Islam yaitu, term <i>Tarbiyah</i>, <i>ta’lim </i>dan <i>ta’dib</i>
serta membahas fungsin pendidikan Islam bagi kehidupan manusia dan tentang
tujuan pendidikan islam</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian
Pendidikan Islam</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peroses pertumbuhan manusia,
tumbuh dan berkembang secara alami sejak dalam alam rahim sampai akhir
hayatnya. Mengalami peroses tahap demi tahap. Demikian juga kejadian alam ini
diciptakan tuhan setingkat demi setingkat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendidikan sabagai usaha membina
dan mengembangkan peribadi manusia dari aspek-aspek rohaniah dan jasmaniah juga
harus berlangsung secara bertahap. Oleh karena suatu kematangan yang bertitik
akhir pada optimalisasi perkembangan/pertumbuhan, baru dapat tercapai bilamana
berlangsung melalui peroses demi peroses kearah tujuah akhir
perkembangan/pertumbuhannya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendidikan merupakan salah satu
kebutuhan pokok dalam kehidupan manusia yang berfikir bagaimana menjalani
kehidupan dunia ini dalam rangka mempertahankan hidup dalam hidup dan
penghidupan manusia yang mengemban tugas dari sang khaliq untuk beribadah. Manusia
sebagai mahluk yang diberikan kelebehian oleh Allah Swt dengan satu bentuk akal
pada diri manusia yang tidak dimiliki mahluk Allah yang lain dalam
kehidupannya, bahwa itu mengolah akal pikirannya diperlukan suatu pola
pendidikan melalui suatu peroses pembelajaran berdasarkan undang-undang
Sisdiknas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No. 20 Tahun 2003 Bab I,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
bahwa pendidikan adalah usaha sadar dan terrencana untuk mewujudkan suasana
belajar dan peroses pembelajaran agar peserta didik secara aktif mengembangkan
potensi dirinya untuk memiliki spiritual keagamaan, pengendalian diri,
keperibadian, kecerdasan, akhlak mulia, serta keterampilan yang diperlukan
dirinya, masyarakat bangsa dan negara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bebarapa ahli di Barat menjelaskan
tantang konsep pendidikan,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
antara lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mortimer J. Adle</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> mengatakan: Pendidikan Adalah peroses
di mana semua kemampuan manusia (bakat dan kemampuan yang diperoleh) yang dapat
mengetahui pembiasaan, disempurnakan dengan pembiasaan-pembiasaan yang baik
melalui sarana yang secara artistik dibuat untuk membantu orang lain atau
dirinya sendidriuntuk mencapai tujuan yang ditetapkan yaitu kebiasaan yang
baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Herman H. Horne </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berpendapat: pendidikan harus dipandang
sabagai suatu peroses penyesuaian diri manusia secara timbal balik dan
berintraksi dengan alam sekitar, dengan sesama manusia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">William Mc Gucken SJ </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">seorang toko
Katolik berpendapat, bahwa pendidikan diartikan oleh ahli scholastic, sebagai
suatu perkembangan dan ketangkapan dari kemampuan manusia baik moral,
intelektual, maupun jasmaniah yang diorganisasikan, dengan atau untuk
kepentingan individu atau sosial untuk mencapai tujuan akhir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maka,
dari hal pokok yang terkandung dalam definisi tersebut adalah bahwa peroses
kependidikan itu mengandung “pengarahan” kearah tujuan tertentu.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
studi pendidikan, sebutan “ pendidikan Islam” pada umumnya dipahami sebagai
suatu ciri khas, yaitu jenis pendidikan yang berlatar belakang keagamaan. Dapat
juga di ilustrasikanbahwa pendidikan yang mampu membentuk “manusia yang unggul
secara intelektual, kaya dalam amal, dan anggung dalam moral”. Menurut
cita-citanya pendidikan Islam meperoyeksi diri untuk memperoleh “insan kamil”,
yaitu manusia yang sempurna dalam segala hal, sekalipun di yakini baru hanya
Nabi Muhammad SAW yang telah mencapai kualitasnya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Lapangan pendidikan Islam diidentik dengan ruang lingkup pendidikan islam yaitu
bukan sekedar peroses pengajaran <i>(face to face), </i>tapi mencakup segala
usaha penanaman (internalisasi) nilai-nilai Islam kedalam diri subyek didik<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
beberapa ahli mendefinisikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tentang
kensep pendidikan Islam,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ahmad D.
Marimba</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> berpendapat bahwa pendidikan Islam adalah bimbingan jasmani
dan rohani berdasarkan hukum-hukum agama Islam menuju pada terbentuknya keperibadian
utama menurut Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syahmina Zaini </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berpendapat
bahwa pendidikan Islam adalah usaha mengembangkan fitra manusia dengan ajaran
Islam agar terwujud (tercapai) kehidupan manusia yang makmur dan bahagia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Muhammad Athiya
Al-Absyari </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berpendapat bahwa pendidikan Islam (At-Tarbbiyah al-Islamia)
mempersiapkan manusia supaya hidup dengan sempurna<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan bahagia mencintai tanah air, tegap
jasmaninya, sempurna budi pekertinya (akhlaknya), teratur pikirannyahalus
perasaannya, mahir dalam pekerjaannya, manis tutur katanya baik dengan lisan
maupun tulisan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari
berbagai definisi pendidikan Islam yang dikemukakan nampak sekali persoalan
usaha membimbing ke arah pembentukan keperibadian, dalam arti akhlak menjadi
perhatian utama, di samping kearah perkembangan diri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perbedaan<i>Term
Tarbiyah</i>, <i>Taklim</i>dan<i>Takdib</i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adam
sebagai manusia pertama dan sekaligus juga Rasul Allah yang pertama, telah
merintis dan memancangkan tonggak budaya awal di bidan <i>tarbiyah, taklim, </i>dan<i>
takdib</i>.langsung dengan petunjuki Allah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Ada tiga istilah yang dianggap
memiliki arti dalam yang dekat dan tepat dengan pendidikan Islam,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ketiga istilah itu adalah <i>Tarbiyah</i></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>(تربية)</span></b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Ta’lmi</span></i><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>(تعلم) </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>, dan <i>Ta’dib</i></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>(تآديب)</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>. </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Kendati pun demikian, dalam hal-hal tertentu,
ketiga term memiliki kesamaan makna. Namun secara esensial. Setiap terma
memiliki perbedaan, baik secara tekstual maupun kontekstual. Untuk itu perlu di
kemukakan uraian dengan menggunakan pendapat berberapa ahli.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tarbiyah</span></i><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="RTL"></span>(تربية)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penggunaan
istilah berakar dari tiga kata,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>yaitu
(1) <i>raba yarbu</i></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="RTL"></span>(ربآ
يربؤ)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">artinya
bertambah dan tumbuh. (2) kata <i>rabiya yarba </i></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="RTL"></span>(ربي، يربئ)</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>
artinya tumbuh dan berkembang, (3) kata, <i>rabba yarubbu </i></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="RTL"></span>(رب،يرب)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yang berarti
memperbaiki, menguasai, memimpin, menjaga,dan memelihara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kata
<i>rabb. </i>Sebagimana yang terdapat dalam Q.S. Al-Fatihah ayat. 2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Yang mempunyai kandungan makna berkonotasi
dengan istilah <i>al-tarbiyah</i>. Sebab kata <i>rabb </i>(tuhan) dan <i>murabbi</i>
(pendidik) berasal dari kata yang sama. Berdasarkan hal ini, maka Allah adalah
pendidik yang maha agung bagi seluruh alam semesta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Uraian di atas secara filosofi
mengisyaratkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahwa peroses pendidikan
Islam adalah bersumber pada pendidikan yang di berikan Allah sebagai “pendidik”
seluruh ciptaan-Nya, termasuk manusia. Dalam konteks yang luas, pengertian
pendidikan Islam yang terkandung dalam terma <i>al-tarbiyah</i>terdiri dari
empat unsur pendekatan, yaitu (1) memelihara dan menjaga<i> fitrah</i> peserta
didik menjelang dewasa <i>(baligh),</i> (2) mengembangkan seluruh potensi
menuju kesempurnaan, (3) mengarahkan seluruh <i>fitrah</i> menuju kesempurnaan,
(4)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melaksanakan pendidikan secara
bertahap.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penggunaan terma al-tarbiyah untuk menunjuk
makna pendidikan islam dapat difahami dengan menunjuk firman Allah, (lihat
dalam Q.S. Al-Isra aya. 24).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ta’lim </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">تعليم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Istilah
lain yang juga digunakan untuk menunjukkan kegiatan pendidikan Islam adalah
kata taklim.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dalam sejarah pendidikan islam, terma <i>al-mu’allim</i> telah digunakan untuk
istilah pendidik. Menurut konsep paedagogik islam. Kata taklim lebih luas
jangkaunnya dan lebih umum daripada kata <i>tarbiyah</i>hal ini dapat dilihat
bahwa Rasulullah SAW diutus untuk menjadi <i>mu’allim</i>(guru). Seperti ayat
berikut ini sebagai penekanan pentingnya taklim bagi seluruh ummat manusia, (lihat
Q.S. al Baqrah ayat. 151)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut
jalal, peroses <i>taklim</i> lebih umum dengan peroses<i> tarbiyah</i> karena:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pertama</span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, ketika mengajarkan al-Quran kepada kaum
muslimin Rasulullah SAW tidak terbatas pada membuat mereka sekedar dapat
membaca, melainkan membaca dengan perenungan yang berisikan pemahaman,
pengertian tanggung jawab, penanaman amanah sehingga terjadi membersihkan diri <i>(tazkiyah)</i>dari
segala kotoran. Menjadikan dirinya dalam kondisi siap menerima hikma,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan mempelajari segala sesuatu yang belum
diketahuinya serta barguna bagi dirinya.Hikma tidak dapat dipelajari secara
parsial atau secara sederhana, melainkan mencakup keseluruhan ilmu secara
negatif. Karena kata <i>al-hikmah</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>itu barakar dari kata <i>al-ihkam, </i>yang berarti kesungguhan di dalam
memperoleh ilmu, amal, perkataan dan/atau di dalam semua itu. Sedangkan
tarbiyah merupakan peroses persiapan dan pengasuhan pada fase pertama
pertumbuhan manusia, atau pada fase bayi dan kanak-kanak. Untuk itu penggunaan
kata tarbiyah pada. (lihat Q.S. Al-Isra ayat 24).<i>.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kedua, </span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">kata
taklim tidak berhenti hanya kepada pencapaian pengetahuan berdasarkan prasangka
atau yang lahir dari takdik semata-mata,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ataupun pengetahuan yang lahir dari dongengan khayali dan syahwat atau
cerita-cerita dusta, (lihat Q.S. Al-Baqarah ayat 78)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ketiga,</span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> kata
taklim mencakup aspek-aspek pengetahuan dan keterampilan yang di butuhkan
seseorang dalam hisupnya serta pedoman perilaku yang baik. Hal tersebut (lihat
Q.S. Ynuus, ayat. 5).</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ta’dib </span></i><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span>(تعليب)</span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut
Naqulb Al-Attas, istilah yang paling tepat untuk menunjukkan pendidikan islam
adalah <i>al-ta’dib</i> konsep ini didasarkan pada hadits Nabi Muhammad SAW</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 13.0cm 396.85pt; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">اد بني ر</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ﰉ</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> فا حسن تآديى<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(روه العسكري عن على)</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Artinya: “<i>Tuhan telah mendidikku, maka ia
sempurnakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pendidikanku (H.R. al-Askary
dari Ali r.a)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Secara terminologi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>istilah <i>al-takdib</i>berarti pengenalan dan
pengakuan yang secara berangsur-angsur yang ditemukan dalam diri manusia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(peserta didik) tentang pelbagai tempat yang
tepat dari segala sesuatu di dalam tatanan penciptaan. Dengan pendekatan ini.
Pendidikan akan berfungsi sebagai pembimbing ke arah pengenalan dan pengakuan
tempat tuhan yang dalam tatanan wujud keperibadian <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dari definisi tiga term Tarbiyah, Taklim dan
takdib dapat diambil sebuah analisis, jika di tinjau dari segi penekanannya
terdapat titik perbedaan antara satu dengan yang lainnya, tetapi juga terdapat
keterkaitan antara satu dengan yang lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam term <i>Tarbiyah</i>, titik fokusnya pada
pada bimbingan anak supaya mengembangan potensi dan tumbuh serta dapat
berkembang secara sempurna. Yaitu suatu pengembangan ilmu dalam diri manusia
dan penanaman akhlak yakni pengamalan ilmu yang benar dalam mendidik dirnya
sendiri. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adapun kata<i> taklim, </i>titik tekannya
adalah pada penyampaian ilmu pengetahuan yang benar, pemahaman, pengertian
tanggung jawab, dan penanaman amanh kepada peserta didik. Oleh karena itu,
taklim disini mencakup aspek-aspek pengetahuan keterampilan yang di butuhkan
seseorang dalam hidupnya dan pedoman perilaku yang baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sedangkan kata<i> takdib</i>, titik tekannya
adalah pada pasangan ilmu yang benar dalam diri sesorang agar menghasilkan
kemantapan amal dan tingkah laku yang baik. Istilah ini mencakup unsur-unsur
pengetahuan <i>(‘ilm),</i> pengajaran <i>(ta’lim)</i> dan pengasuhan yang baik <i>(tarbiyah)</i>.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Fungsi Pendidikan Bagi Manusia dalam Islam</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada
hakikatnya, pendidikan adalah suatu peroses berlangsung secara kontinu dan
berkesinambungan. Maka tugas dan fungsi pendidkan yang perlu diemban oleh
pendidikan Islam merupakan peroses tampa akhir sejalan dengan konsensus
universal yang diterapkan oleh Allh Swt dan Rasul-Nya, dengan istilah <i>life
long education</i>(Q.S. Al-Hijr: 99) atau istilah Noeng Muhajir, belajar tiada
akhir <i>( no limits of study).</i> Kosep ini bermakna bahwa tugas dan funsi
pendidikan memilik sasaran pada peserta didik yang senangtiasa tumbuh dan
berkembang secara dinamis, mulai kandungan sampai akhir hayatnya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan
demikian dapat, dipahami bahwa fungsi pendidikan Islam tidak saja dalam rangka
membina manusia beriman dan bertakwa, berketerampilan dan berbudaya, tetapi
manusia yang mampu mengatasi berbagai maslah dalam kehidupan, kemasyarakatan
dan kemanusiaan, sehingga ia mampu memposisikan dirinya menjadi manusia yang
berkualitas bagi agama, masyarakat dan bangsanya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut
Yusuf Amir Faisal, bahwa pendidikan islam dengan bertitik tolak dari perinsip
Iman-islam-ihsan atau akidah-ibadah-akhlak untuk menuju satu sasarankemuliaan
manusia dan budaya yang diridhai oleh Allah Swt, setidak-tidaknya memiliki
fungsi-fungsi,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>
sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Individualisasi
nilai dan ajaran islam demi terbentuknya derajat manusia yang muttaqimdalam
bersikap, berpikir dan berperilaku.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sosialisasi
nilai-nilai dan ajaran Islam demi terbenruknya umat Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rekayasa
kultur umat Islam demi terbentuk dan berkembangnya peradaban Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menemukan,
mengembangkan, serta memelihara ilmu, tekhnologi, keterampilan demi
terbentuknya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>para manjer dan manusia
profesional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengembangan
intelektual muslim yang mampu mencari, mengembangkan serta memelihara ilmu dan
tekhnologi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengembangan
pendidikan yang berkelanjutan dalam bidan ekonomi, fisika, kimia, seni musik,
seni budaya, politik, olah raga, kesehatan, dl</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemgembangan
kualitas muslim dan warga negara sebagai anggota dan pembina masyarakat yang
berkualitas kompetitif. </span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 4.3pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: left; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">HubunganantaraTujuanHidupdanTujuanPendidikandalam
Islam</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada
dasarnya tujuan pendidikan merupakan keristalisasi nilai-nilai. Yang di maksud
nilai-nilai ialah daya pendorong dalam hidup, yang memberi makna dan
pengabsahan pada tindakan seseorang.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tujuan
pendidikan ditentukan oleh pendidik sebagai orang yang mengarahkan peroses pendidikan.
Karenanya tujuan pendidikan berkaitan erat dengan nilai-nilai yang di junjung
tinggi oleh pendidik di dalam hidupnya. Dengan perkataan lain, tujuan
pendidikan tidak bisa di pisahkan dari tujuan hidup pendidik. Tujuan pendidikan
Islam sama dengan tujuan hidup yang di tetapkan oleh Allah. Di dalam al-Qur’an
Allah telah memberitahukan tujuan diadakannya atau dihidupkannya manusia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau tujuan hidup manusia, (lihat dalam Q.S.
adz-Dzariyat, ayat 56)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan
demikian tujuan hidup, tujuan hidup manusia adalah untuk menjadipengabdi Allah,
menjadi pelayang Allah, penurut kemauan Allah. Orang yang menurut kemauan Allah
itu dinamakan juga taqwa. Orang yang paling tinggi derajat nilai dirinya dan
paling mulia di sisi allah adalah orang yang paling bertakwa.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pendidikan
Islam bukan hanya pengajaran teoritis, melainkan juga benar-benar melakukan
pembentukan kecakapan riil yang diperlukan bagi seorang pengabdi Allah yang
mendapat tugas sebagai khalifa di bumi, pengabdi Allah dinamakan juga orang
takwa itubukanlah ahli teori keagamaan, melainkan tahu dengan jelas dan lengkap
seluruh isi ajaran Allah di dalam Al-Qur’an dan cakap cakap mengerjakannya
kedalam peraktek hidup sehari-hari, baik selaku individu maupun selaku
keluarga, warga masyarakat dan bangsa.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Fungsi Filsafat Pendidikan Islam Terhadap
Pendidikan Islam</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adapun fungsi-fungsi Filsafat Islam Terhadap
Pendidikan Islam,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a>
yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Teori
umum bagi pendidikan, sepanjang filsafat pendidikan islam tersebut mengarah
terhadap apa dan bagaimana seharusnya pendidikan islam itu dilaksanakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kritik
terhadap asumsis-asumsi yang dipegangi oleh para pendidik dan tenaga
kependidikan. Jika pegangan peraktik pendidikan yang dilakukan oleh pendidik
tidak menjiwai nilai-nilai Islam baik dalam pembentukan teori, konsep<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>maupun dalam konsep peraktiknya, maka filsafat
pendidikan islam pada saat menjalankan tugas profesinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sebagi
efaluasi dan sintesis terhadap kesenjangan-kesenjangan,
pertentangan-pertentangan teori dan peraktiknya, antara teori dan teori
lainnya, antara satu metode dengan metode lainnya sehingga jika tidak ada
kecocokan atau tidak sinkron, maka dapat segera diperbaiki.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Analisis
terhadap konsep-konsep dan istilah-istilah pendidikan. Banyak Istilah dalam
lapangan pendidikan yang harus didefinisikan dan dikembangkan, ditafsirkan dan
dianalisis. Maka dari itu, supaya istilah-istilah, konsep-konsep dan ide-ide
yang berkembang itu sesuai (sinkron) dan menjadi kesamaan persepsi dikalangan
pendidik, maka perlu dianalisis, diselaraskan, dikaitkan satu dengan yang lain
menjadi jalinan yang harmonis dan teratur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Normatif,
Filsafat pendidikan Islam dijadikan sebagai penentu arah, pedoman, petunjuk dan
pembimbing teori dan peraktik pendidikan. Dia memberi norma dan pertimbangan
bagi kenyataan-kenyataan yang ada dalam pendidikan baik dalam hal konsep,
teori, prinsip maupun dalam proses pendidika. Hal ini berarti dengan ini
sekaligus dapat menyeleksi dan mengontrol arus mana yang harus dipakai dan mana
yang harus ditolak dalam peraktek pendidikan di lapangan. Bahkan fungsi
normatif ini sebagai kritis keberhasilam dalam proses pendidikan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: left; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penutup</span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: left; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian
Pendidikan Islam</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Definisi
pendidikan Islam yang dikemukakan nampak sekali persoalan usaha membimbing ke
arah pembentukan keperibadian, dalam arti akhlak menjadi perhatian utama, di
samping kearah perkembangan diri.</span></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perbedaan<i>Term Tarbiyah</i>,
<i>Taklim</i>dan<i>Takdib</i></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">’</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Ada tiga istilah yang dianggap
memiliki arti dalam yang dekat dan tepat dengan pendidikan Islam,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ketiga istilah itu adalah <i>Tarbiyah</i></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>(تربية)</span></b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Ta’lmi</span></i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952" name="_GoBack"></a><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>(تعلم) </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>, dan <i>Ta’dib</i></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> (تآديب) </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>. </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Kendati pun demikian, dalam hal-hal tertentu,
ketiga term memiliki kesamaan makna. Namun secara esensial. Setiap terma
memiliki perbedaan, baik secara tekstual maupun kontekstual. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Fungsi
Pendidikan Bagi Manusia dalam Islam</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan demikian dapat, dipahami bahwa fungsi
pendidikan Islam tidak saja dalam rangka membina manusia beriman dan bertakwa,
berketerampilan dan berbudaya, tetapi manusia yang mampu mengatasi berbagai
maslah dalam kehidupan, kemasyarakatan dan kemanusiaan, sehingga ia mampu
memposisikan dirinya menjadi manusia yang berkualitas bagi agama, masyarakat
dan bangsanya</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">HubunganantaraTujuanHidupdanTujuanPendidikandalam
Islam</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tujuan pendidikan ditentukan oleh pendidik
sebagai orang yang mengarahkan peroses pendidikan. Karenanya tujuan pendidikan
berkaitan erat dengan nilai-nilai yang di junjung tinggi oleh pendidik di dalam
hidupnya. Dengan perkataan lain, tujuan pendidikan tidak bisa di pisahkan dari
tujuan hidup pendidik. Tujuan pendidikan Islam sama dengan tujuan hidup yang di
tetapkan oleh Allah</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Fungsi
Filsafat Pendidikan Islam Terhadap Pendidikan Islam</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Teori
umum bagi pendidikan</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kritik
terhadap asumsis-asumsi yang dipegangi oleh para pendidik dan tenaga
kependidikan.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sebagi
efaluasi dan sintesis terhadap kesenjangan-kesenjangan,
pertentangan-pertentangan teori dan peraktiknya</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Analisis
terhadap konsep-konsep dan istilah-istilah pendidikan. Banyak Istilah dalam
lapangan pendidikan yang harus didefinisikan dan dikembangkan, ditafsirkan dan
dianalisis</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Normatif,
Filsafat pendidikan Islam dijadikan sebagai penentu arah, pedoman, petunjuk dan
pembimbing teori dan peraktik pendidikan</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar
Pustaka</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Abdullah, Abd. Rahman. 2002. <i>Aktualisasi
konsep dasar Pendidikan Islam (rekonsstruksi pemikiran tinjauan filsafat
pendidikan Islam)</i>, Yogyakarta: UII Press.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Budiman, Nasir. 2001.<i>Pendidikan dalam
Persepektif Al-Qur’an</i>, Jakarta: Madani Press, </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Hawi, Akmal. 200.<i>Dasar-dasar
Pendidikan Islam</i>, Palembang : IAIN Raden Fatah Press, </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Noer Aly, Hery, 1999. <i>Ilmu
Pendidikan Islam, </i>Jakarta : Logos Wacana Ilmu</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Muchtar, Hery Jauhari, 2008. <i>Fikih
Pendidikan</i>, Bandung: Remaja Rosda Karya.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Mukodi, 2010.<i>Pendidikan Islam
Terpadu, reformasi pendidikan di era gelobal,</i>Yogyakarta : Magnum Pustaka.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">M. Arifin, 1993. <i>Filsafat Pendidikan Islam</i>,
Jakarta ; Bumi Aksara.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Siregar, Maragustan,2010.<i>Mencetak
Pembelajar Menjadi Insan Paripurna, (Filsafat Pendidikan), </i>Yogyakarta: Nuha
Lentera.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-------------------------, 2010.
<i>Filsafat pendidikan Islam</i>, Yogyakarta: UIN Sunan Kalijaga.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Usa, Muslim dan Wijdan SZ, Aden. 1997.<i>Pemikiran
Islam dalam Peradaban Industrial</i>, Yogyakarta: Aditya Media.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">UU RI. No. 20 Tahun 2003 tentang<i>
SISDIKNAS dan PP R.I. Tahunn 2010 tentang Penyelenggaraan Pendidikan dan Wajib
Belajar</i>, Bandung : Citra Umbara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN">Depertemen Agama, <i>Al-Qur’an san Terjemahannya, </i>Bandung : J-ART,
2005, Hlm.560</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN">Hery Jauhari Muchtar, <i>Fikih Pendidikan</i>, Cet. II, Bandung: Remaja
Rosda Karya, 2008, Hlm., 1</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"> M. Arifin, <i>Filsafat Pendidikan Islam</i>, Cet. III, Jakarta ; Bumi
Aksara, 199), Hlm. 11</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="IN">UU RI. No. 20 Tahun 2003 tentang SINDIKNAS dan PP R.I. Tahunn 2010
tentang Penyelenggaraan Pendidikan dan Wajib Belajar</span></i><span lang="IN">,
Cet. II<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bandung : Citra Umbara</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN">M. Arifin<i>, Filsafat Pendidikan Islam,</i>Hlm. 12</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="IN">Ibid,.</span></i><span lang="IN">Hal. 13</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN">Muslim Usa dan Aden Wijdan SZ., <i>Pemikiran Islam dalam Peradaban
Industrial</i>, Yogyakarta: Aditya Media, 1997.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hlm., 35-36 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN">Nasir Budiman. <i>Pendidikan dalam Persepektif Al-Qur’an</i>,
Cet.I,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jakarta: Madani Press, 2001.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hlm. 1</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"> Abd. Rahman Abdullah. <i>Aktualisasi konsep dasar Pendidikan Islam
(rekonsstruksi pemikiran tinjauan filsafat pendidikan Islam)</i> Cet. I, (Yogyakarta:
UII Press, 2002. Hlm. 34-37</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN">Zuhairini dkk, <i>Sejarah Pendidikan Islam</i>, Jakarta : DJPKA. 1988.
Hlm. 10 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN">Abd. Rahman Abdullah. <i>Aktualisasi konsep dasar Pendidikan </i>Hlm.21</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN">Hery Noer Aly, <i>Ilmu Pendidikan Islam, </i>Jakarta : Logos Wacana
Ilmu, 1999, Hlm., 4</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"> Mukodi, <i>Pendidikan Islam Terpadu, reformasi pendidikan di era
gelobal,</i> Yogyakarta : Magnum Pustaka, 2010, Hlm., 2-3</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN">Maragustam Siregar, <i>Fisafat Pendidikan Islam</i>, Yogyakarta : 2010,
Hlm., 30-32</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN">Mukordi, <i>Pendidikan Islam Terpadu</i>........ Hlm., 4</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN">Mukodi, <i>Pendidikan Islam Terpadu</i>,... Hlm., 9 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN">Abd. Rahman Abdullah., <i>Aktualisasi konsep dasar Pendidikan Islam... </i>Hal.,54</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="IN">Ibid,</span></i><span lang="IN"> Hal., 56 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN">Hery Noer Aly, <i>Ilmu Pendidikan Islam</i> ... Hal.56</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN">Akmal Hawi. <i>Dasar-dasar Pendidikan Islam</i>, Palembang : IAIN Raden
Fatah Press, 2005, Hlm., 10 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="IN">ibid </span></i><span lang="IN">, Hal., 11-12</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN">Maragustan Siregar, <i>Mencetak Pembelajar Menjadi Insan Paripurna,
(Filsafat Pendidikan), </i>Yogyakarta: Nuha Lentera, 2010, hlm., 44-45</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15459359199860346996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5462140917247044952.post-44969893429061224832013-01-03T02:17:00.001-08:002013-01-03T02:17:16.998-08:00Pesantren dalam Sistem Pendidikan Nasional<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pendahuluan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kehidupan sosial budaya bangsa
Indonesia sangat dipengaruhi dan diwarnai oleh nilai-nilai agama sehingga
kehidupan beragama tidak dapat dipisahkan dari kehidupan bangsa Indonesia.
Sebagai negara yang berdasarkan agama, pendidikan agama tidak dapat diabaikan
dalam penyelengaraan pendidikan nasional. Umat beragama beserta lembaga-lembaga
keagamaan di Indonesia merupakan potensi besar dan sebagai modal dasar dalam
pembangunan mental spiritual bangsa dan merupakan potensi nasional untuk
pembangunan fisik materiil bangsa Indonesia.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pendidikan bagi kehidupan umat manusia merupakan
kebutuhan mutlak yang harus dipenuhi sepanjang hayat. Tanpa pendidikan sama
sekali mustahil suatu kelompok manusia dapat hidup berkembang sejalan dengan
aspirasi (cita-cita) untuk maju, sejahtera dan bahagia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Islam
sangat mementingkan pendidikan. Dengan pendidikan yang benar dan berkualitas,
individu-individu yang beradab akan terbentuk yang akhirnya memunculkan
kehidupan sosial yang bermoral. Sayangnya sekalipun institusi-institusi
pendidikan saat ini memiliki kualitas dan fasilitas, namun institusi-institusi
tersebut masih belum memproduksi individu-individu yang beradab. Sebabnya, visi
dan misi pendidikan yang mengarah kepada terbentuknya manusia yang beradab,
terabaikan dalam tujuan institusi pendidikan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendidikan jangan
hanya dipandang sebagai suatu kewajiban. Tetapi juga harus pandai merencanakan,
mengorganisir, mengemas, melaksanakan serta mengevaluasi dan menindaklajutinya
secara bersinergi dan berkeseimbangan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Peendidikan Islam dalam Konteks Pendidikan
Nasional</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengertian Pendidikan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendidikan sabagai usaha membina dan mengembangkan peribadi
manusia dari aspek-aspek rohaniah dan jasmaniah juga harus berlangsung secara
bertahap. Oleh karena suatu kematangan yang bertitik akhir pada optimalisasi
perkembangan/pertumbuhan, baru dapat tercapai bilamana berlangsung melalui
peroses demi peroses kearah tujuah akhir perkembangan/pertumbuhannya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendidikan merupakan salah satu kebutuhan pokok dalam
kehidupan manusia yang berfikir bagaimana menjalani kehidupan dunia ini dalam
rangka mempertahankan hidup dalam hidup dan penghidupan manusia yang mengemban
tugas dari sang khaliq untuk beribadah. Manusia sebagai mahluk yang diberikan
kelebehian oleh Allah Swt dengan satu bentuk akal pada diri manusia yang tidak
dimiliki mahluk Allah yang lain dalam kehidupannya, bahwa itu mengolah akal
pikirannya diperlukan suatu pola pendidikan melalui suatu peroses pembelajaran
berdasarkan undang-undang Sisdiknas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No.
20 Tahun 2003 Bab I,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> bahwa pendidikan adalah
usaha sadar dan terrencana untuk mewujudkan suasana belajar dan peroses
pembelajaran agar peserta didik secara aktif mengembangkan potensi dirinya
untuk memiliki spiritual keagamaan, pengendalian diri, keperibadian,
kecerdasan, akhlak mulia, serta keterampilan yang diperlukan dirinya,
masyarakat bangsa dan negara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bebarapa ahli di Barat menjelaskan tantang konsep
pendidikan,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
antara lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mortimer J.
Adle</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
mengatakan: Pendidikan Adalah peroses di mana semua kemampuan manusia (bakat
dan kemampuan yang diperoleh) yang dapat mengetahui pembiasaan, disempurnakan
dengan pembiasaan-pembiasaan yang baik melalui sarana yang secara artistik
dibuat untuk membantu orang lain atau dirinya sendidri untuk mencapai tujuan
yang ditetapkan yaitu kebiasaan yang baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Herman H. Horne
</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berpendapat:
pendidikan harus dipandang sabagai suatu peroses penyesuaian diri manusia
secara timbal balik dan berintraksi dengan alam sekitar, dengan sesama manusia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">William Mc
Gucken SJ </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">seorang toko Katolik berpendapat, bahwa pendidikan diartikan
oleh ahli scholastic, sebagai suatu perkembangan dan ketangkapan dari kemampuan
manusia baik moral, intelektual, maupun jasmaniah yang diorganisasikan, dengan
atau untuk kepentingan individu atau sosial untuk mencapai tujuan akhir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maka, dari hal
pokok yang terkandung dalam definisi tersebut adalah bahwa peroses kependidikan
itu mengandung “pengarahan” kearah tujuan tertentu.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendidikan Islam</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam studi
pendidikan, sebutan “ pendidikan Islam” pada umumnya dipahami sebagai suatu
ciri khas, yaitu jenis pendidikan yang berlatar belakang keagamaan. Dapat juga
di ilustrasikan bahwa pendidikan yang mampu membentuk “manusia yang unggul
secara intelektual, kaya dalam amal, dan anggung dalam moral”. Menurut
cita-citanya pendidikan Islam meperoyeksi diri untuk memperoleh “insan kamil”,
yaitu manusia yang sempurna dalam segala hal, sekalipun di yakini baru hanya
Nabi Muhammad SAW yang telah mencapai kualitasnya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a> Lapangan pendidikan Islam
diidentik dengan ruang lingkup pendidikan islam yaitu bukan sekedar peroses
pengajaran <i>(face to face), </i>tapi mencakup segala usaha penanaman
(internalisasi) nilai-nilai Islam kedalam diri subyek didik<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam beberapa
ahli mendefinisikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tentang kensep
pendidikan Islam,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ahmad D.
Marimba</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> berpendapat bahwa pendidikan Islam adalah bimbingan jasmani
dan rohani berdasarkan hukum-hukum agama Islam menuju pada terbentuknya
keperibadian utama menurut Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syahmina Zaini </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berpendapat
bahwa pendidikan Islam adalah usaha mengembangkan fitra manusia dengan ajaran
Islam agar terwujud (tercapai) kehidupan manusia yang makmur dan bahagia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Muhammad Athiya
Al-Abrasyi </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berpendapat bahwa pendidikan Islam (At-Tarbbiyah al-Islamia)
mempersiapkan manusia supaya hidup dengan sempurna<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan bahagia mencintai tanah air, tegap
jasmaninya, sempurna budi pekertinya (akhlaknya), teratur pikirannyahalus
perasaannya, mahir dalam pekerjaannya, manis tutur katanya baik dengan lisan
maupun tulisan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari
berbagai definisi pendidikan Islam yang dikemukakan nampak sekali persoalan
usaha membimbing kearah pembentukan keperibadian, dalam arti akhlak menjadi
perhatian utama, di samping kearah perkembangan diri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendidikan Nasional</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hubungan
pendidikan Islam dengan Sistem Pendidikan Nasional</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengelolaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pendidikan yang sebenarnya adalah pendidikan yang dapat bermanfaat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>potensi budaya yang tumbuh dan berkembang di
Indonesia yang dihuni oleh bermacam suku, agama, dan adat istiadat yang sangat
berbeda satu sama lain, maka seberagam itu pula pola pendidikan yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mereka kembangkan. Atas dasar itu konstitusi
UUD 1945 dan UU Sindiknas mengamantkan perlunya penyelenggaraan pendidikan
dengan melestarikan keanekaragaman pemyelenggaraan pendidikan dimasyarakat,
akan tetapi berada dalam satu payung, Sistem pendidikan nasional adalah
keseluruhan komponen pendidikan yang salingterkait secara terpadu untuk
mencapai tujuan pendidikan nasional. bernama “sistem pendidikan nasional”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Undang-undang Dasar Republik Indonesia tahun 1945 pasal 31
ayat (3) mengamanatkan bahwa “ Pemerintah mengusahakan dan menyelenggarakan
pendidikan satu sistem pendidikan nasional yang meningkatkatkan keimanan dan
ketakwaan serta akhlak mulia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam
rangka mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa yang diatur dengan undang-undang”.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di dalam satu sistem itu, diharapakan keragaman
penyelenggaraan pendidikan bisa melahirkan kekuatan pendidikan yang dahsyat.
Keragaman pendidikan indonesia dapat ditelusuri dalam dua kategori, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keragaman
yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat dengan tingkat kreatifitas yang rendah.
Masyarakat semacam ini cenderung memilih keseragaman karena dianggap
memudahkan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keragaman
ini terdapat pada masyarakat yang memiliki tingkat kreatifitas cukup tinggi
(yang ini minoritas). Meraka cenderung menyebut pemerintah sampai saat ini
terlalu banyak mengatur pendidikan hingga hal-hal yang tidak seharusnya diatur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam menanggapi kecenderungan masyarakat yang sangat
kreatif ini, pemerintah sering mengaku bersikap realistis. Pemerintah memandang
mudarat pelepasan begitu saja proses pendidikan di masyarakat, dengan kondisi
majemuk seperti ini sekarang, bisa justru membahayakan hasil <i>(0ut come)</i>
pendidikan itu sendiri,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Upaya pembaruan diarahkan kepada sistem pendidikan Nasional,
termasuk pembaruan kurikulum, pemberdayaan sekolah sebagai pusat pembudayaan
nilai, sikap dan kemampuan serta pembaruan dan pemantapan sistem pendidikan
nasional berdasarkan perinsip disentralisasi, otonomi keilmuan, dan manajemen.
Pembaruan yang dimaksud didukung dengan kebijakan politik yang diarahkan untuk
menigkatkan peran DPR/MPR dengan lembaga tinggi negara lainnya dengan
menegakkan fungsi dan tanggungjawab yang mengacu pada prinsip pembagian
kekuasaan dan tata hubungan yang jelas antara lembaga eksekutif, legislatif,
dan yudikatif. Untuk lebih jelasnya dapat dilihat dari bagan berikut ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bertolak
dari hal di atas dapat dipahami bahwa kebijakan agama diperlukan oleh kebijakan
pendidikan agama sebagai penegak eksistensi dogmatik. Kebijakan pendidikan
agama dibutuhkan sebagai penegak eksistensi sturuktural. Adapun kebijakan
politik diperlukan sebagai peletak dan penegak dasar yuridis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan
demikian, pendidkan harus berperen dalam penigkatan sumber daya manusia, yang
secara sadar menyiapkan peserta didik dalam kehidupan individu maupun dalam
kehiduan masyarakat. Dengan kata lain pendidikan agama sebagai sarana
pemberdayaan individu dalam masyarakat guna menyongson masa depan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi dan
Tujuan Pendidkan Nasional </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendidikan adalah gagasan yang terorganisasi baik dan
menjadi milik suatu bangsa. Oleh karena itu secara logis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>landasan dan wewenannya seyongyanya
bersendikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atas hal-hal yang dimiliki
dan diyakini oleh bangsa yang bersangkutan. Ini berarti bahwa pendidikan itu
merupakan tumpuan harapan secara menyeluruh tentang pendidikan dari bangsa yang
bersangkutan. Oleh karena itu pendidikan nasionala<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mempunyai ciri-ciri tersendiri di samping
adanya universalitas yang di bawa oleh hakikat pendidikan itu sendiri.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berdasarkan Undang-undang Republik Indonesia
tentang sistem pendidikan nasionalNo. 23 tahun 2003 Bab II menguraikan fungsi
pendidikan nasional adalah mengembangkan kemampuan dan membentuk watak serta
peradaban bangsa yang bermartabat dalam rangka mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa,
bertujuan untuk berkembangnya potensi peserta didik agar menjadi manusia yang
beriman dan bertakwa kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, berakhlak mulia, sehat,
berilmu, cakap, kreatif, mandiri, dan menjadi warga negara yang demokratis
serta bertanggung jawab.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendidkan
nasinal merupakan cerminan dari seluruh pendidikan tidak terkecuali itu
pendidikan agama Islam. Pendidikan nasionala mempunyai tujuan dalam rangka
menjadi wahana untuk mencapai tujuan untuk mengembangkan bangsa, agama, dan
kebudayaan. Degnan pengembangan inipendidikan menjadi wahana terwujudnya
kelestarian kehidupan bangsa dan sekaligus survivalnya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dapat
dirumuskan dengan jelas bahwa arah dan strategi pendidikan nasional Indonesia
adalah terbinanya manusia Indonesia yang bertakwa kepada Tuhan yang Maha Esa
dengan memperhatikan aspek-aspek<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kecerdasan intelektual, emosional, spiritual, dan keterampilan, </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pesantren dalam Pendidikan Nasional</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pesantren dewasa ini banyak memainkan peranan sebuah yayasan
atau organisasi keagamaan yang memperlebar dakwahnya hingga rana pendidikan.
Peran itu dulu dimainkan oleh organisasi besar semacam Muhammadiyah, NU,
Al-Irsyad, dsb.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam konteks agama lain, gerja juga menjalankan peran yang
sama. Bahkan kekuasaan gerja dalam memainkan peranan itu dapat dikatakan lebih
solid karena selain berperanan sebagai penyelenggara pendidikan, gereja juga
melakukan pengawasan ketat, memberikan izin pendirian, sampai menjatuhkan
sangsi-sangsi terstruktur. Pesantren dalam hal penyelenggaraan pendidikan
berbeda dari gerja dalam dua hal.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Antar
pesantren tidak ditemukan koordinasi hirarkis seperti gerja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pesantren
memiliki berbagai organisasi persatuan semacam RMI (raobitah maahid al
islamiayah) tapi sifatnya tidak mengikat sebagaimana hirarki kebijakan dalam
gereja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Regulasi pendidikan keagamaan dalam UU No. 20/2003 dapat
diduga bertujuan untuk mengakomodir tuntutan pengakuan terhadap model-model
pendidikan yang selama ini sudah berjalan di masyarakat secara formal (misalnya
<i>Madrasah diniyah salafiah al muallimin</i>) namun tidak diakreditasi oleh
pemerintah karena kurikulumnnya mandiri, alias tidak mengikuti kurikulum
sekolah atau madrasah pada umumnya, justru kemandirian kurikulum pendidikan keagamaan
ini dipandang perlu dipertahankan dalam rangka memenuhi ragam karakter layanan
pendidikan sesuai kebutuhan manyarakat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejak UUSPN No. 2 tahun madrasa sudah berubah tidak lagi
dikategorikan sebagai pendidikan keagamaan karena telah menjadi pendidikan umum
(berciri agama), dan selama ini tidak lagi dipersoalkan legalitas ijazahnya.Undang-Undang
sisdiknas sadar dan sengaja mendifinisikan pendidikan agama yang harus di
lakukan di luar madrasah yang terpinggirkan kini harus diteggakan kembali. Hal
ini karena semenjak madrasah berstatus pendidikan umum,tujuana madrasah dinilai
semakin jauh dari cikal bakal kelahirannya, yahni untuk pembelajaran ilmu agama
atau mempersiapkan ahli agama.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komunitas pesantren tradisional yang terpinggirkan percaya
bahwa tujuan pendidikan nasional begitu mulia, demikian juga yang terdapat
dalam UUD 1945. Akan tetapi coba lihat perhatian pemerintahkepada pembinaan dan
bantuan yang diberikan oleh pemerintah untuk pendidikan keagamaan justru kecil
sekali, bahkan untuk pesantren hampir bisa dibilang tidak ada sama sekali.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Era pendidikan saat ini sangat ironi karena 20% anggaran
untuk pendidikan namun dana untuk sekolah agama sangat minim sekali, sehingga
kualitas sarana prasana dan faktor penujang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>lainnya demi pengembangan Sumber daya manusia di sekolah-sekolah agama
sangat minim. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pesantren dan Madrasah dalam Politik Pendidikan
pada Masa Reformasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sebelum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>masa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>reformasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bergulir,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ketika<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pemerintah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>masih<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menerapkan kurikulum tahun 1994, pendidikan
agama ditempatkan di seluruh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jenjang
pendidikan, menjadi mata pelajaran wajib sejak SD sampai Perguruan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tinggi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sudut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pendidikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>agama,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kurikulum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tahun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>1994<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hanyalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penyempurnaan dan perubahan-perubahan yang
tidak mempengaruhi jumlah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jam pelajaran
dan karakter pendidikan keagamaan siswa, sebagaimana tahun-tahun sebelumnya.
Sampai pada masa orde baru tumbang di tahun 1998,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pendidikan di Indonesia masih menggunakan UU
Pendidikan tahun 1989 dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kurikulum
1994. Tumbangnya rezim orde baru ini menggulirkan gagasan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>reformasi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>salah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>satu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>agendanya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perubahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembaruan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bidang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pendidikan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagaimana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menjadi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tema<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kritik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>para<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pemerhati pendidikan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut
Ali Anwar, pada masa reformasi ini telah terjadi perubahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari sistem pemerintahan yang bercorak
sentralistik menuju desentralistik.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hal
ini ditandai dengan UU RI No. 22 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemerintah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Daerah. Pasal 7 ayat (1) UU RI No. 22 Tahun
1999 menyatakan bahwa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>agama<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merupakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>salah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>satu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>urusan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tidak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diselenggarakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>oleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pemerintah daerah. Di sisi lain, pendidikan, menurut pasal 11 ayat (2)
UU RI No. 22 Tahun 1999 merupakan urusan wajib yang menjadi kewenangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pemerintah daerah. Madrasah, yang menurut UU
Sisdiknas No. 2 Tahun 1989 didefinisikan sebagai sekolah umum yang berciri khas
Islam, dapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diperdebatkan, apakah ia
bagian dari agama ataukah pendidikan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lebih<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lanjut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Ali<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Anwar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengatakan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pasal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diperdebatkan tersebut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ternyata<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ditemukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>solusinya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bahwa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lembaga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pendidikan yang dimasukkan sebagai bagian
dari agama adalah pesantren dan madrasah diniyah,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sementara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>madrasah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sekolah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>umum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berciri<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>khas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Islam dimasukkan bagian dari pendidikan. Oleh karena itu, madrasah
seharusnya diserahkan pengelolaannya kepada pemerintah daerah, sehingga
berbagai kebijakan yang tidak adil antara lembaga pendidikan madrasah dan
sekolah dapat diminimalisir, tidak seperti realita yang terjadi sampai kini di
mana madrasah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tersebut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>masih diselenggarakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>oleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Departemen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Agama. Sementara
Departemen Agama dapa mengkonsentrasikan diri pengelolaan lembaga pendidikan
keagamaan di atas. Dalam posisi demikian, menurut Husni Rahim, Departemen Agama
dapat menghasilkan ulama yang sanggup menghadapi persoalan yang lebih komplek
ketimbang persoalan yang kita hadapi dalam kehidupan ini.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sebenarnya,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>masa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pemerintahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Presiden<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Abdurrahman Wahid, pesantren telah mendapatkan beberapa kemudahan.
Melalui SKB Dua Menteri Nomor 1/U/KB/2000 dan Nomor MA/86/2000 para santri di
pesantren salafiyah yang berusia 7-15 tahun yang mengikuti pendidikan Diniyah
Awaliyah (tingkat dasar) dan Diniyah Wustho (tingkat lanjutan pertama), yang
tidak sedang menempuh pendidikan pada SD/MI dan SLTP/MTs atau bukan pula
tamatan keduanya, dapat diakui memiliki kemampuan yang setara dan kesempatan
yang sama untuk melanjutkan belajar ke jenjang pendidikan yang lebih tinggi,
bila pesantren tersebut menambah beberapa mata pelajaran umum minimal 3 mata
pelajaran, yakni Bahasa Indonesia, Matematika dan IPA. STTB atau Ijazah yang
dikeluarkan oleh pesantren penyelenggara program ini diakui oleh pemerintah
setara dengan STTB SD/MI atau SLTP/MTs dan dapat dipergunakan untuk melanjutkan
ke jenjang pendidikan yang lebih tinggi dengan syarat-syarat yang akan diatur
oleh departemen terkait.Namun tidak semua pesantren salafiyah mengikuti
ketentuan SKB Dua<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menteri<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>di<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>atas,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mereka<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>memilih<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tetap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mempertahankan tradisinya. Sikap tidak
mengikuti ini dapat disebabkan karena ketidaktahuan pihak pesantren itu
sendiri, atau bisa juga karena kekhawatiran mereka akan hilangnya identitas
salaf yang telah dipertahankan selama ini karena keagamaan dijelaskan Pasal 30
ayat (4). Dalam ayat tersebut dijelaskan bahwa pendidikan keagamaan berbentuk
pendidikan diniyah, pesantren, pasraman, pabhaja samanera, dan bentuk lain yang
sejenis.masuknya intervensi pemerintah terhadap kurikulum pesantren.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>demikian,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sebenarnya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pesantren<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>madrasah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diniyah sebagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sumber<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pendidikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pecerdasan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>masyarakat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indonesia,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang sudah berurat berakar sejak sebelum
kemerdekaan ternyata baru mendapatkan pengakuan secara yuridis pada era reformasi
ini. Pengakuan tersebut sangaat jelas tertuang dalam UU No. 20 Tahun 2003
tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional. Dalam undang-undang ini diakui kehadiran
pendidikan keagamaan sebagai salah satu jenis pendidikan di samping pendidikan
lainnya.Lebih lanjut, berikut ini posisi pendidikan agama dalam UU Sisdiknas
Tahun 2003:<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penutup </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hancurnyarasa kemanusiaan dan
terkikisnya semangat religius serta kaburnya nilai-nilai kemanusiaan merupakan
kekhawatiran manusia paling puncak dalam kanca pergolakan gelobal ini. Semua
tataran kehidupan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sudah mengalami
perubahan yang sangat mendasar, dalam setiap ruas kehidupan manusia sudah
dihinggapi namanya globalisasi, maka perlu ada keseimbangan pendidikan umun atau
tekhnologi dengan pendidikan Islam yang harus diintegrasikan dalam setiap mata
pelajaran di sekolah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dasar dan tujuan nasional
sebagai yang dimaksudkan dalam Garis-garis besar Haluan Negaraa adalah
pendidikan nasionalberdasarkan Pancasila, bertujuan untuk meningkatkan
ketakwaan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, kecerdasan keterampilan, mempertinggi
budi pekert, memperkuat keperibadian dan mempertebal semangat kebangsaan dan
cinta tanah air, agar dapat menumbuhkan rasa kemanusiaan,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar Pustaka</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Abdullah, Abd. Rahman. 2002.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Aktualisasi konsep dasar Pendidikan Islam
(rekonsstruksi pemikiran tinjauan filsafat pendidikan Islam)</i>, Yogyakarta:
UII Press.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Anwar,Ali, 2010.<i>Pembaruan Pendidikan di
Pesantren</i>, <i>Lirboyo<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kediri</i>,Yogyakarta:
Pustaka Pelajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Asrorah, Hanun, 1999,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952" name="_GoBack"></a><i>Sejarah
Pendidikan Islam </i>, Jakarta: Logos Wacana Ilmu,</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Budiman, Nasir. 2001. <i>Pendidikan dalam
Persepektif Al-Qur’an</i>, Jakarta: Madani Press, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Fathoni, M. Kholid. 2005, <i>Pendidikan Islam
dan Pendidikan Nasional (Paradigma Baru),</i> Jakarta: Depag, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Hawi, Akmal. 200. <i>Dasar-dasar Pendidikan
Islam</i>, Palembang: IAIN Raden Fatah Press, </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Depag RI<i>, Islam dan Pendidikan Nasional,</i>
Jakarta: Lembaga penelitian IAIN Jakarta, 1983</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Noer Aly, Hery. 1999,<i>Ilmu Pendidikan Islam,
</i>Jakarta : Logos Wacana Ilmu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Muchtar, Hery Jauhari. 2008.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Fikih Pendidikan</i>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bandung: Remaja Rosda Karya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Mukodi. 2010. <i>Pendidikan Islam Terpadu,
reformasi pendidikan di era gelobal,</i> Yogyakarta : Magnum Pustaka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">M. Arifin. 1993. <i>Filsafat Pendidikan Islam</i>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jakarta ; Bumi Aksara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">M. Saerozi. 2003, <i>Bila Negara Mengatur
Agama</i> (Komfesionalitas Kebijakan Pendidikan Nasional), dalam Jurnal “<i>Ulamana”</i>
vol. III, edisi 12</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Usa, Muslim dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Wijdan SZ, Aden. 1997. <i>Pemikiran Islam
dalam Peradaban Industrial</i>, Yogyakarta: Aditya Media.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">UU RI. No. 20 Tahun 2003 tentang SISDIKNAS dan
PP R.I. Tahunn 2010 tentang Penyelenggaraan Pendidikan dan Wajib Belajar</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">, Bandung : Citra Umbara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Rosyadi, Khoiron. 2004, <i>Pendidikan
Profetik,</i>Yogyakarta:Pustaka Pelajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"> Hanun Asrorah,<i> Sejarah Pendidikan Islam </i>, Jakarta: Logos Wacana
Ilmu, 1999, hlm., 181</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN">Hery Jauhari Muchtar, <i>Fikih Pendidikan</i>, Cet. II, Bandung: Remaja
Rosda Karya, 2008, Hlm., 1</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN">M. Arifin, <i>Filsafat Pendidikan Islam</i>, Cet. III, Jakarta ; Bumi Aksara,
199), hlm. 11</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="IN">UU RI. No. 20 Tahun 2003 tentang SINDIKNAS dan PP R.I. Tahunn 2010
tentang Penyelenggaraan Pendidikan dan Wajib Belajar</span></i><span lang="IN">,
Cet. II<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bandung : Citra Umbara</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN">M. Arifin<i>, Filsafat Pendidikan Islam,</i>hlm. 12</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="IN">Ibid,.</span></i><span lang="IN">hlm. 13</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN">Muslim Usa dan Aden Wijdan SZ., <i>Pemikiran Islam dalam Peradaban
Industrial</i>, Yogyakarta: Aditya Media, 1997.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>hlm., 35-36 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"> Nasir Budiman. <i>Pendidikan dalam Persepektif Al-Qur’an</i>,
Cet.I,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jakarta: Madani Press, 2001.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hlm. 1</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN">Abd. Rahman Abdullah. <i>Aktualisasi konsep dasar Pendidikan Islam
(rekonsstruksi pemikiran tinjauan filsafat pendidikan Islam)</i> Cet. I,
(Yogyakarta: UII Press, 2002. hlm. 34-37</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN">M. Kholid Fathoni, <i>Pendidikan Islam dan Pendidikan Nasional
(Paradigma Baru),</i> Jakarta: Depag, 2005, hlm., 9</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="IN">Ibid,</span></i><span lang="IN">10</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="IN">Ibid,</span></i><span lang="IN">hlm.,12</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"> M. Saerozi, <i>Bila Negara Mengatur Agama</i> (Komfesionalitas
Kebijakan Pendidikan Nasional), dalam Jurnal “<i>Ulamana”</i> vol. III, edisi
12 No. 2 Juli-Desember 2003, hlm., 267</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN">Depag RI, <i>Islam dan Pendidikan Nasional</i>, Jakarta: Lembaga
penelitian IAIN Jakarta, 1983, hlm,.130 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="IN">UU RI. No. 20 Tahun 2003 tentang SISDIKNAS</span></i></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN">Depag RI,<i>Islam dan Pendidikan Nasional,</i> hlm.131</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="IN">Ibid,</span></i><span lang="IN"> hlm.142</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"> M. Kholid Fathoni, <i>Pendidikan Islam dan Pendidikan Nasional, </i>hlm.
91</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="IN">Ibid,</span></i><span lang="IN"> hlm. 91</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><u><span lang="IN">Ibid,</span></u></i><span lang="IN"> hlm. 92</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ali Anwar, <i>Pembaruan Pendidikan di Pesantren</i>,
<i>Lirboyo Kediri</i>,Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2010hlm. 49</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, hlm.
49-50. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">I<i>bid, </i>hlm. 53.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Himpunan Perundangan-Undangan Ri tentang Sistem
Pendidikan Nasional, (Bandung: Nuansa Aulia, 2005).</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15459359199860346996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5462140917247044952.post-25636827764587232812013-01-03T02:04:00.003-08:002013-01-03T02:04:36.236-08:00Hadis Nabi tentang Fitrah dan Implikasinya Terhadap Teori Perkembangan Manusia<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pendahuluan
</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Upaya umat Islam dalam menjelaskan sikap islam atau Rasul SAW,
mengenai suatu masalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>harus berpegang
pada hadis shahih dan hasan bukan pada hadis dhaif, apa lagi pada hadis maudlu.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Memang boleh jadi manusia saat hidup mengalami keraguan tentang
wujud-Nya, bahkan boleh jadi keraguan tersebut mengantarkan untuk menolak
kehadiran Tuhan dan meninggalka kepercayaanya, tetapi ketika itu keraguannya
akan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>beralih menjadi kegelisahan,
khususnya pada saat ia merenung tentang fitrahnya sebagai menusia. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Empirisme yang dipelopori oleh John Locke menyatakan bahwa
perkembangan pribadi manusia ditentukan oleh faktor-faktor alam lingkungan,
termasuk pendidikan. Ibaratnya adalah tiap individu manusia lahir bagaikan
kertas putih yang siap diberi warna atau tulisan oleh faktor lingkungan. Al-Qur’an
mengisyaratkan bahwa kehadiran tuhan ada dalam setiap manusia, dan bahwa hal
itu merupakan Fitrah (bawaan) manusia sejak asal kejadiannya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam surat Ar-Rum ayat 30 menjelaskan bahwa firtrah manusia yaitu
potensi manusia untuk beragama dan bertauhid kepada Allah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dalam ayat ini pula di tafsirkan bahwa konsep fitrah menjadi sesuatu konsep
sesuia kemampuan dan latar belakng pendidikan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 354.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Fitrah
Manuisa</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 354.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Takhrij,
Metode<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan Pendekatan yang Digunakan dalam
Memahami Hadis Nabi tentang Fitrah dan Implikasinya Terhadap</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Teori</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span lang="IN">Perkembangan Manusia</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 354.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Takhrij</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 354.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk melecak
keberadaan hadis yatu menggunakan metode takhrij, sedangkan tahrij menurut
bahasa adalah kumpulan dua perkara yang saling berlawanan dalam satu masalah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Sedangkan menurut istilah takhrij adalah menunjukkan tempat hadis pada sumber
sumber aslinya, di mana hadis tersebut telah diriwayatkan lengkap dengan
sanadnya, kemudian menjelaskan derajatnya ketika perlukan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dalam penelitian hadis Nabi ini penulis menelusuri dengan <i>menggunakan software
Gawami’ Alkaleem. V4.5</i> dengan kata kunci </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">فطرة<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 354.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Metode
pemahaman hadis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 354.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kata metode
berasal dari bahasa Yunani <i>metodos</i> kata ini terdiri dari dua suku kata
yaitu <i>meta</i> yang berarti melalui atau melewati dan hodos yang berarti
jalan atau cara.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Sedangkan pemahaman <i>(syarh)</i> dari bahasa Arab, <i>syarraha-yasyarrahu-syarhan</i>
yang artinya menerangkan, membukakan melapangkan<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 354.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Motode yang
digunakan penulis dalam memahami hadis Nabi tentang fitrah dan implikasinya
terhadap perkembangan manusia adalah metode <i>muqarin</i> (komparatif) yaitu
membandingkan hadis yang memiliki redaksi yang sama atau mirip dalam kasus yang
sama atau memiliki redaksi yang berbeda dengan kasus yang sama, membandingkan
berbagai pendapat ulama syarah dalam memsyarah hadis<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
dalam hal ini penulis mengutip tiga hadis dari tiga perawi yang berbeda tentang
fitrah dan implikasinya terhadap teori perkembangan manusia, masing-masing dari
al-Bukhari, at-Tarmizi dan Muslim.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 354.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pendekatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 354.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendekatan lingusitik atau Bahasa adalah suatu
pendekatan yang cenderung mengandalkan bahasa dalam memahami hadis Nabi Saw.
Salah satu kekhususan yang dimiliki hadis Nabi Saw.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>adalah
bahwa matan hadis memiliki bentuk yang beragam. Diantara bentuk matan tersebut
yaitu, <i>jawami’ al-kalim</i> (ungkapan yang singkat namun padat maknanya), <i>tamstsil
</i>(perumpamaan), <i>ramzi</i> (bahasa simbolik), bahasa percakapan (dialog),
ungkapan analogi dan lain sebagainya. Perbedaan bentuk matan hadis ini
menunjukkan bahwa pemahaman terhadap hadis Nabi saw. pun harus berbeda-beda.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 354.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Manusia
dilahirkan dalam keadaan fitrah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam kamus Lisanul Arab, Ibnu Mandzhur menulis salah satu makna
‘fitrah’ dengan arti (<i>Al-Ibtida wal ikhtiro</i> / memulai dan mencipta).
Sehingga dapat ditarik pengertian bahwa <i>fitrah</i> adalah penciptaan awal
atau asal kejadian. <i>fitrah</i> adalah kondisi "<i>default factory
setting</i>", suatu kondisi awal sesuai desain pabrik.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 354.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perkembangan
manusia tidak terlepas dari pengaruh lingkungan dan bawaan tetapi yang peling
terpenting mempengaruhi perkembangan manusia adalah kedua orang tuanya sendiri.
Didalam kitab hadis yang disusun oleh para Imam Mazhab terdapat beberapa hadis
yang menjelaskan hal tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam meriwatkan hadis terjadi perbedaan matan (bacaan : redaksi)
namun secara subtasnsif memiliki pengertian yang sama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 354.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Riwayat
al-Bukhari</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 354.4pt; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-themecolor: text1;">حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدَانُ، أَخْبَرَنَا
عَبْدُ اللَّهِ، أَخْبَرَنَا يُونُسُ، عَنْ الزُّهْرِيِّ، قَالَ: أَخْبَرَنِي
أَبُو سَلَمَةَ بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ، أَنَّ أَبَا هُرَيْرَةَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ
عَنْهُ، قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ: " مَا مِنْ مَوْلُودٍ إِلَّا يُولَدُ
عَلَى الْفِطْرَةِ، فَأَبَوَاهُ يُهَوِّدَانِهِ أَوْ يُنَصِّرَانِهِ، أَوْ
يُمَجِّسَانِهِ كَمَا تُنْتَجُ الْبَهِيمَةُ بَهِيمَةً جَمْعَاءَ، هَلْ تُحِسُّونَ
فِيهَا مِنْ جَدْعَاءَ، ثُمَّ يَقُولُ: فِطْرَةَ اللَّهِ الَّتِي فَطَرَ النَّاسَ
عَلَيْهَا</span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 15.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "tahoma offok"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-themecolor: text1;">ف</span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-themecolor: text1;">
لا تَبْدِيلَ لِخَلْقِ اللَّهِ</span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 15.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "tahoma offok"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-themecolor: text1;">ق</span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-themecolor: text1;">
ذَلِكَ الدِّينُ الْقَيِّمُ</span></b><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Artinya : <i>Abdan Menceritkan kepada kami (dengan berkata)
Abdullah memberitahukan kepada kami (yang berasal) dari al-Zukhri (yang
menyatakan) Abu salamah bin Abd al-Rahman memberitahukan kepadaku bahwa Abu
Hurairah, ra. Berkata : Rasulullah SAW bersabda “setiap anak lahir (dalam
keadaan) Fitrah, kedua orang tuanya (memiliki andil dalam) menjadikan anak
beragama Yahudi, Nasrani, atau bahkan beragama Majusi. sebagimana binatan
ternak memperanakkan seekor binatang (yang sempurnah Anggota tubuhnya). Apakah
anda melihat anak binatang itu ada yang cacak (putus telinganya atau anggota
tubuhnya yang lain)</i>kemudian beliau membaca, (<i>tetaplah atas) fitrah Allah
yang telah menciptkan menurut manusia fitrah itu. Tidak ada perubahan pada
fitrah Allah. (itulah) agama yang lurus.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Riwayat
Muslim </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic";">حَدَّثَنَا حَاجِبُ بْنُ الْوَلِيدِ، حَدَّثَنَا
مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ حَرْبٍ، عَنْ الزُّبَيْدِيِّ، عَنْ الزُّهْرِيِّ، أَخْبَرَنِي
سَعِيدُ بْنُ الْمُسَيِّبِ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، أَنَّهُ كَانَ يَقُولُ: قَالَ
رَسُولُ اللَّه" مَا مِنْ مَوْلُودٍ إِلَّا يُولَدُ عَلَى الْفِطْرَةِ،
فَأَبَوَاهُ يُهَوِّدَانِهِ، وَيُنَصِّرَانِهِ، وَيُمَجِّسَانِهِ، كَمَا تُنْتَجُ
الْبَهِيمَةُ بَهِيمَةً جَمْعَاءَ، هَلْ تُحِسُّونَ فِيهَا مِنْ جَدْعَاءَ؟ ثُمَّ
يَقُولُ أَبُو هُرَيْرَةَ: وَاقْرَءُوا إِنْ شِئْتُمْ:</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Artinya :<i>Hâjib bin al-Walid menceritakan kepada kami (dengan
mengatakan) Muhammad bin harb menceritakan kepada kami (yang berasal) dari
al-Zubaidi (yang diterima) darfi al-Zuhri (yang mengatakan) Sa'id bin
al-Musayyab memberitahukan kepadaku (yang diterima) dari Abu Hurairah bahwa ia
berkata, Rasulullah saw bersabda: "Setiap anak lahir (dalam keadaan)
fitrah, kedua orang tuanya (memiliki andil dalam) menjadikan anak beragama
Yahudi, Nasrani, atau bahkan beragama Majusi, sebagaimana binatang ternak
memperanakkan seekor binatang (yang sempurna anggota tubuhnya). Apakah anda
mengetahui di antara binatang itu ada yang cacat/putus (telinganya atau anggota
tubuhnya yang lain)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Riwayat
at-Tarmizi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic";">كُلُّ مَوْلُودٍ يُولَدُ عَلَى
الْمِلَّةِ فَأَبَوَاهُ يُهَوِّدَانِهِ أَوْ يُنَصِّرَانِهِ أَوْ يُشَرِّكَانِهِ
"، قِيلَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، فَمَنْ هَلَكَ قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ؟ قَالَ: "
اللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ بِمَا كَانُوا عَامِلِينَ بِهِ</span></b><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Artinya :<i>Muhammad bin Yahya al-Qutha'i al-Bashri menceritakan
kepada kami (yang mengatakan) 'Abd al-'Aziz bin Rabi'ah al-Bunani menceritakan
kepada kami (yang berkata) al-A'masy menceritakan kepada kami (yang bersumber)
dari Abu Shalih (yang berasal) dari Abu Hurairah berkata, Rasulullah saw
bersabda: "Setiap anak dilahirkan dalam keadaan beragama (Islam), kedua
orang tuanya (memiliki andil dalam) menjadikannya beragama Yahudi atau Nasrani
atau menjadikannya musyrik. </i></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952" name="_GoBack"></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemahaman
Hadis tentang Fitrah Manusia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kesahihah sanad (<i>shahîh al-Isnâd</i>) belum menjadi jaminan bagi
kesahihan matan (<i>shahîh al-matn</i>). Sebuah hadis yang sanadnya sahih
muttasil dapat saja memiliki matan yang tidak sahih, dan demikian juga
sebaliknya. Penelitian kedua aspek (<i>sanad dan matan</i>) menjadi penting
untuk menemukan validitas dan otentisitas sebuah hadis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="display: none; font-family: "Arabic Typesetting"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: all;">ﳘ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Meskipun al-Bukhari dan Imam Muslim pada hadis yang dijadikan titik
tolak kajian dalam buku ini menggunakan kalimat <b><i>mâ min maulûd illâ yûlad</i></b>,
tetapi dalam hadis yang lain, al-Bukhari dan Muslim juga memakai kalimat <b><i>kullu
maulûd yûlad</i></b>. Imam Tirmidzi yang berbeda redaksi dengan menggunakan
kata <b><i>al-millah</i></b>,Perbedaan redaksi atau lafal yang demikian
merupakan sesuatu yang wajar dalam periwayatan hadis, karena kebanyakan
periwayatan hadis dilakukan secara makna (<i>al-riwâyah bi al-ma’na</i>). Oleh
sebab itu, perbedaan lafalz menjadi sesuatu yang tidak dapat dihindari dalam
periwayatan hadis. Oleh sebab itu, perbedaan lafalz dalam hadis tentang fitrah
tidak terjadi<i> syudzuz</i> (janggal) dan illah (cacat).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan demikian dapat dikatakan bahwa hadis-hadis tentang fitrah
tersebut dari segi sanad dan matan dapat dijadikan sebagai hujjah (pegangan)
bagi ajaran Islam, karena sanadnya bersambung (muttasil) dan matannya tidak
mengandung unsur janggal dan cacat.</span><span lang="IN"> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abu
Hurairah ketika meriwayatkan hadis tentang fitrah tersebut mencantumkan pesan
dia dengan <i>ziyâdah</i> pada akhir matan hadis “jika kamu menghendaki maksud
kata fitrah itu, maka rujuklah kepada Q.S. al-Rum (30) : 30</span><span lang="IN">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kata
<i>al-millah</i> dalam riwayat al-Tirmidzi yang diartikan sama dengan fitrah
memiliki dalalah arti <i>millah </i>al-Islam (agama Islam). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Para ulama mutaakhirin menguatkan bahwa yang dimaksud fitrah
tersebut adalah Islam karena Q.S. al-Rum (30): 30 adalah kalimat”fitrat Allah”
dalam arti <i>Idâfah Mahdhah </i>yang memerintahkan Nabi saw untuk selalu tetap
pada fitrah. Oleh karena itu kata fitrah berarti Islam.<br />
Dalam kitab Syarah Shahih Muslim karangan al-Nawawi disebutkan bahwa sebagian
besar ulama berpendapat anak Muslim yang meninggal, dia akan masuk ke surga.
Sedangkan anak-anak orang musyrik yang mati sewaktu kecil, ada tiga kelompok
pendapat: (1) kebanyakan mereka mengatakan bahwa mereka (anak-anak musyrik itu)
masuk ke dalam neraka, (2) sebagian mereka tawaqquf (tidak meneruskan persoalan
tersebut), (3) masuk surga. Pendapat terakhir ini didukung dan dibenarkan oleh
al-Nawawi. Argumentasi pendapat ketiga ini adalah berdasarkan hadis Nabi saw
ketika sedang melakukan Isrâ’ dan Mi’râj, dia melihat Nabi Ibrahim as di dalam
surga dan di sekelilingnya anak-anak manusia. Para sahabat bertanya: “apakah
mereka anak-anak orang musyrik ? Nabi menjawab: Ya, mereka itu anak-anak orang
musyrik. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Faktor-faktor
Pembentuk Perkembangan Manusia</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam pandangan Islam merupakan dasar dan keunggulan manusia di
bandingkan dengan mahluk lainnya atau pembawaan disebut<i> fitrah, </i>yang
berasal dari kata</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">فطرة </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yanga
dalam pengertian etimologi yang mengandun pengertian kejadian. Kata tersebut
berasala dar kata</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> الفا طر </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">yang bentuk
pluralnya<i> fithar</i> yang dapat diartikan cara penciptaan, sifat pembawaan
sejak lahir, sifat watak manusia, agama dan sunnah, pecahan atau belahan<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Beberapa pandangan konsep
filsafat yang mejelaskan tentang teori<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang
mempengarui perkembangan manusia.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Konsep
Fatalis-Pasif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Setiap
individu, melalui ketetapan Allah SWT adalah baik atau jahat secara asal, baik
ketetapan semacam ini terjadi secara semacamnyaatau sebagian sesuai denhan
rencana Tuhan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Faktor-faktor eksternal
tidak berpengaruh terhadap penentuan nasib seseorang karena setiap indidvidu
terikat dengan ketetapan yang telah ditetapkan sebelumnya oleh Allah SWT.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Konsep
Netral-Paasif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Beranggapan
bahwa anak lahir dalam keadaan suci, utuh dan sempurna, suatu keadaan kosong,
sesuai halnya dengan teori tabularasa yang di kemukakan oleh John Lock bahwa
manusia lahir seperti kertas putih tampa ada sesuatu goresan apapun. Manusia
berpontensi berkarakter baik dan tidak baik itu terdapat berpengaruh dari luar
terutama orang tua. Pengaruh baik dan buruk tersebut akan terus mengiringi
kehidupan insan dan karakter yang terbentuk targantung mana yang dominan
memberi pengaruh. Jika pengaruh baik lebih dominan adalah pengaruh buruk, maka
seseorang akan berkarakter baik, begitu pula sebaliknya. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Konsep
Postif-Aktif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bawaan
dasar atau atau sifat manusia sejak lahir adalah berkarakter baik, kuat dan
aktif, sedangkan lingkunganlah yang membelenggu manusia sehingga iya menjauh
dari sifat bawaannya (Aksidental).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Konsep
Dualis-Aktif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Yakni
manusia memiliki dua sifat ganda yang sama kuatnya. Sifat baik dan buruk,
tergantung kedekatan manusia terhadap lingkungan yang baik atau buruk. Jika ia
dekat dengan teman berkarakter baik, maka seseorang akan mengambil sifat
baiknya dan sebaliknya. Penanaman kebiasaan positif sangat penting untuk
diupayakan sejak kecil agar karakter atau sifat baik itu lebih kuat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ada dua Faktor yang membentuk
prilaku, yaitu faktor Internal dan eksternal. Faktor Internal adalah kumpulan
unsur kepribadian yang secara simultan mempengaruhi prilaku manusia, yaitu
sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Insting
Biologis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kebutuhan
Psikologis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kebutuhan
pemikiran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Faktor internal ini terbentuk
sebagiannya secara genetis, atau dibawa dari sifat turunan keluarga baik sifat
fisik maupun sifat jiwa. Adapun faktor Eksternal adalah faktor yang ada diluar
diri manusia, namun secara langsung mempengaruhi prilakunya, yaitu;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Lingkungan
keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Lingkungan
Sosial</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Lingkungan
Pendidikan<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Selain itu apakah prilaku itu pun
ada pengaruh dari unsur-unsur yang lainnya? Seperti unsur keturunan atau
genetika dari seorang ibu ayahnya taupun kakek-kakeknya?, lantas faktor manakah
yang mempengaruhi terhadap pendidikan anak? Apakah faktor keturunan atau faktor
lingkungan. Dalam hal ini, para pakar pendidikan terbagi kepada tiga pendapat,
yaitu:<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Schoupenhauer
dan Arnold Gessel (tokoh Teori Nativisme) berasumsi bahwa setiap individu
(anak) dilahirkan ke dunia dengan membawa faktor-faktor turunan (hereditas)
yang berasal dari orang tuanya, dan faktor turunan tersebut menjadi faktor penentu
perkembangan individu. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Teori
Empirisme, teori ini bertentangan dengan teori pertama, teori ini berasumsi
bahwa setiap anak dilahirkan ke dunia dalam keadaan bersih ibarat papan tulis
yang belum ditulisi (as a blank atau tabula rasa). Setelah kelahirannya, faktor
penentu perkembangan individu ditentukan oleh faktor lingkungan atau
pengalamannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Teori
Konvergensi, teori ini berasumsi bahwa perkembangan individu ditentukan oleh
faktor keturunan (hereditas) maupun oleh faktor lingkungan/pengalaman.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penutup</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Allah
telah menciptakan manusia dengan tujuan agar manusia menjadi Hamba Allah yang
pandai mengabdi (ibadah) kepada Allah SWT. Firman Allah SWT: Dan Aku tidak
menciptakan jin dan manusia melainkan supaya mereka menyembah-Ku.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Allah
Al-Khaliq (Pencipta) dan Al-Mushowwir (Pendesain) , pasti telah mendesain
penciptaan manusia baik dari bahan dan prosesnya, sedemikian rupa agar hasil
akhirnya lahir suatu makhluk manusia yang bisa mengabdi (ibadah) kepada Allah
SWT. Jadi fitrahnya manusia adalah mengabdi ataui beribadah kepada Allah SWT.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Karena
fitrahnya manusia adalah mengabdi (ibadah) kepada Allah SWT, maka manusia
dengan struktur jasmani dan rohaninya pasti bisa dipakai untuk mengabdi
(ibadah) kepada Allah. Rohani dan jasmani manusia pasti cocok dan pas dipakai
untuk beribadah. Sebaliknya jika dipakai maksiat (membangkang) kepada Allah
pasti tidak nyaman, dan dipastikan pasti bakal cepat rusak dan celaka. Sungguh
kecelakaan manusia adalah karena penyimpangan dari “fitrahnya”.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Daftar Pustaka</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Arifin, M, 2009,<i>Ilmu Pendidikan Islam Tinjauan Teoritis dan
Praktis Berdasarkan Pendekatan Interdisipline</i>r, Jakarta: Bumi Aksara, </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ali, Nizar, 2011<i>Memahami Hadis Nabi Metode dan Pendekatannya</i>,
Yogyakarta Idea Press.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">al-Asqalani, Ibnu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hajar,
2008, <i>Fathul Barri</i> (penjelasan kitab Shahih al-Bukhari). Terj.
Amiruddin, Jilid XXIII, Jakarta: Pustaka Azzam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">______________________, 2008,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><i>Fathul Barri</i> (penjelasan kitab Shahih al-Bukhari). Terj.
Amiruddin, Jilid VII, Jakarta: Pustaka Azzam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Munawir,
Fajrul,<i>Pendekatan Kajian Tafsir</i>, dengan kata pengantar oleh Prof. Dr.
Abd. Muin Salim, Yogyakarta : Teras, tt.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ramayulis dan Syamsu Nizar, 2009<i>Fisafat Pendidikan Islam</i>,
Jakarta: Kalam Mulia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Shihab, M. Quraish, 2007,<i>Wawasan Ai-Qur’an</i> (Tafsir Tematik
atas Pelbagai Persoalan Umat), Bandung: Mizan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Siregar, Maragustan, 2010,<i>Mencetak Pembelajar Menjadi Insan
Paripurna</i>, (Filsafat Pendidikan Islam), Yogyakarta: Nuha Litera.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">at Tahhan, Mahmud, 1995,<i>Metode Takhrij dan penelitian Sanad </i>Hadist,
terj. Ridwan Nasir, Surabaya: PT Bina Ilmu</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Qardawi,
Yusuf, 1993<i>Keutamaan Ilmu dalam Islam</i>, Jakarta: Pustaka PanjiMas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.bantangul.com/2011/09/hadis-tarbawi-tampil%20pertama-uy.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://www.bantangul.com/2011/09/hadis-tarbawi-tampil
pertama-uy.html</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> diUnggah Pada
Tanggal 06 Desember 2012. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://blog.re.or.id/menjaga-kesucian-fitrah-manusia.htm"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://blog.re.or.id/menjaga-kesucian-fitrah-manusia.htm</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, di Unggah pada tanggal 06 Desember 2012</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://erlanmuliadi.blogspot.com/2010/12 /studi– al–hadits -
fitrah-manusia.html, diunggah pada tanggal 05 Desember 2012.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://militansicerdas.blogspot.com/2011/03/fitrah-manusia.html di
unggah pada tanggal 06 Desember 2012.</span><br clear="all" />
</div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Yusuf Qardawi, <i>Keutamaan
Ilmu dalam Islam</i>, Jakarta: Pustaka PanjiMas, 1993, hlm., 3</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">M. Quraish
Shihab, <i>Wawasan Ai-Qur’an</i> (Tafsir Tematik atas Pelbagai Persoalan Umat),
Bandung: Mizan, 2007, hlm., 19</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid.,</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">hlm. 20 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mahmud at
Tahhan, <i>Metode Takhrij dan penelitian Sanad </i>Hadist, terj. Ridwan Nasir,
Surabaya: PT Bina Ilmu, 1995, hlm., 1</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, hlm., 5</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">software
Gawami’ Alkaleem. V4.5</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">M. Arifin, <i>Ilmu
Pendidikan Islam Tinjauan Teoritis dan Praktis Berdasarkan Pendekatan Interdisipline</i>r,
Jakarta: Bumi Aksara, 2009, hlm., 65</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ramayulis dan
Syamsu Nizae, <i>Fisafat Pendidikan Islam</i>, Jakarta: Kalam Mulia, 2009,
hlm., 3</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nizar Ali, <i>Memahami
Hadis Nabi Metode dan Pendekatannya</i>, Yogyakarta Idea Press, 2011, hlm., 57 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fajrul Munawir, <i>Pendekatan Kajian
Tafsir</i>, dengan kata pengantar oleh Prof. Dr. Abd. Muin Salim, Yogyakarta :
Teras, tt., hlm.138</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://militansicerdas.blogspot.com/2011/03/fitrah-manusia.html
di unggah pada tanggal 06 Desember 2012. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibnu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hajar al-Asqalani, <i>Fathul Barri</i>
(penjelasan kitab Shahih al-Bukhari). Terj. Amiruddin, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jilid XXIII, Jakarta: Pustaka Azzam, 2008,
hlm., 568</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"><a href="http://blog.re.or.id/menjaga-kesucian-fitrah-manusia.htm"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://blog.re.or.id/menjaga-kesucian-fitrah-manusia.htm</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, di Unggah pada tanggal 06 Desember 2012</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibnu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hajar al-Asqalani, <i>Fathul Barri</i>
(penjelasan kitab Shahih al-Bukhari). Terj. Amiruddin, Jilid VII,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jakarta: Pustaka Azzam, 2008, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hlm 344</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://erlanmuliadi.blogspot.com/2010/12/studi–al–hadits-fitrah-manusia.html,
diunggah pada tanggal 05 Desember 2012.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-field-code: HYPERLINK;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://erlanmuliadi.blogspot.com
/2010/12/ studi–al–hadits - fitrah-manusia.html</span></span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, diunggah pada tanggal 05 Desember 2012.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid.</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Maragustan
Siregar, <i>Mencetak Pembelajar Menjadi Insan Paripurna</i>, (Filsafat
Pendidikan Islam), Yogyakarta: Nuha Litera, 2010, hlm., 191</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, hlm., 191 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, hlm., 191</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, hlm., 192</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.bantangul.com/2011/09/hadis-tarbawi-tampil%20pertama-uy.html"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://www.bantangul.com/2011/09/hadis-tarbawi-tampil
pertama-uy.html</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
diUnggah Pada Tanggal 06 Desember 2012. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid.</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid, </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15459359199860346996noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5462140917247044952.post-70923543641587480622012-12-30T05:45:00.000-08:002012-12-30T05:45:07.008-08:00Hakikat Pendidikan Islam<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB I</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pendidikan merupakan dasar manusia
untuk memulai hidup, sehingga menjadi komitmen bersama bahwa pendidikan sangat
mempunyai peran yang luhur dan agung. Sifat yang agung ini ditunjukkan dari
peran pendidikan yang dipahamai sebagai pemberian bekal peserta didik untuk
menghadapi masa depannya. Dalam lagu kebangsaan Indoneisia Raya salah satu
lirik lagunya menekankan “bangunlah jiwanya, bangunlah raganya” ini terbukti
secara komsuntif pendidikan sangant dibuthkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pendudikan merupakan peroses untuk
mendewasakan manusia atau kata lain pendidikan merupakan untuk “memanusiakan
manusia” Melalui pendidikan manusia dapat tumbuh dan berkembang secara normal
dan sempurna sehingga dapat melaksanakan tugasnya sebagai manusia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pendidikan dapat mengubah manusia
dari tidak tahu menjadi tahu, dari perilaku buruk menjadi tabiak yang baik,
pendidikan mengubah semuanya. Begitu penting Pendidikan dalam Islam, sehingga
menjadi kewajiban perorangan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rasulullah SAW bersabda :</span></div>
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<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 200%;">طلب العلم</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span dir="LTR" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 200%;">فريضة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span dir="LTR" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 200%;">على كل مسلم</span></b><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Artinya : <i>“menuntut
Ilmu itu diwajibkan atas tiap orang islam” (HR. IbnuBarri)</i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam lingkup keluarga Allah SWT,
brefirman dalam surat At-Tahrim ayat 6.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.05pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">p</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">k</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">'</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">¯</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">»</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">û</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">%</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">©</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">(</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">(</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">þ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">%</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">/</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">|</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">¡</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">à</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ÿ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">R</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">&</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">/</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">d</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">&</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">R</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.6pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terjemanya
:<i>“Hai orang-orang yang beriman peliharalah dirimu dan keluargamu dari api
neraka”</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagaimana
caranya supaya diri dan keluarga kita selamat dari siksa api neraka. Atau
bagaimana diri dan keluarga kita tidak menjadi penghuni neraka? Caranya adalah
dengan mendidik keluarga kita secara benar sesuai anjuran pendidikan agama
Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Begitu
juga secara kelembagaan, pendidikan pun suatu kewajiban bila kita perhatikan
dalam peroses belajar mengajar yang berlangsung dilembaga pendidikan Islam,
baik pendidikan formal maupun nonformal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendidikan
janagn hanya dipandang sebagai suatu kewajiban. Tetapi juga harus pandai
merencanakan, mengorganisir, mengemas, melaksanakan serta mengefaluasi dan
menindaklajutinya secara bersinergi dan berkeseimbangan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berangkat
dari hal tersebut maka disusunlah makalah ini tentang hakekat pendidikan Islam
yang mencakup tetang Pengertian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pendidikan islam, istilah yang di anggap memiliki arti yang dekat dan
tepat dengan pendidikan Islam yaitu, term <i>Tarbiyah</i>, <i>ta’lim </i>dan <i>ta’dib</i>
serta membahas fungsin pendidikan Islam bagi kehidupan manusia dan tentang
tujuan pendidikan islam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB
II</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian Pendidikan Islam</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peroses pertumbuhan
manusia, tumbuh dan berkembang secara alami sejak dalam alam rahim sampai akhir
hayatnya. Mengalami peroses tahap demi tahap. Demikian juga kejadian alam ini
diciptakan tuhan setingkat demi setingkat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendidikan sabagai
usaha membina dan mengembangkan peribadi manusia dari aspek-aspek rohaniah dan
jasmaniah juga harus berlangsung secara bertahap. Oleh karena suatu kematangan
yang bertitik akhir pada optimalisasi perkembangan/pertumbuhan, baru dapat
tercapai bilamana berlangsung melalui peroses demi peroses kearah tujuah akhir
perkembangan/pertumbuhannya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendidikan merupakan
salah satu kebutuhan pokok dalam kehidupan manusia yang berfikir bagaimana
menjalani kehidupan dunia ini dalam rangka mempertahankan hidup dalam hidup dan
penghidupan manusia yang mengemban tugas dari sang khaliq untuk beribadah. Manusia
sebagai mahluk yang diberikan kelebehian oleh Allah Swt dengan satu bentuk akal
pada diri manusia yang tidak dimiliki mahluk Allah yang lain dalam
kehidupannya, bahwa itu mengolah akal pikirannya diperlukan suatu pola
pendidikan melalui suatu peroses pembelajaran berdasarkan undang-undang
Sisdiknas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No. 20 Tahun 2003 Bab I,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
bahwa pendidikan adalah usaha sadar dan terrencana untuk mewujudkan suasana
belajar dan peroses pembelajaran agar peserta didik secara aktif mengembangkan
potensi dirinya untuk memiliki spiritual keagamaan, pengendalian diri,
keperibadian, kecerdasan, akhlak mulia, serta keterampilan yang diperlukan
dirinya, masyarakat bangsa dan negara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bebarapa ahli di Barat
menjelaskan tantang konsep pendidikan,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
antara lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mortimer J. Adle</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> mengatakan:
Pendidikan Adalah peroses di mana semua kemampuan manusia (bakat dan kemampuan
yang diperoleh) yang dapat mengetahui pembiasaan, disempurnakan dengan
pembiasaan-pembiasaan yang baik melalui sarana yang secara artistik dibuat
untuk membantu orang lain atau dirinya sendidriuntuk mencapai tujuan yang
ditetapkan yaitu kebiasaan yang baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Herman H. Horne </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berpendapat:
pendidikan harus dipandang sabagai suatu peroses penyesuaian diri manusia
secara timbal balik dan berintraksi dengan alam sekitar, dengan sesama manusia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">William Mc Gucken SJ </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">seorang toko Katolik
berpendapat, bahwa pendidikan diartikan oleh ahli scholastic, sebagai suatu
perkembangan dan ketangkapan dari kemampuan manusia baik moral, intelektual,
maupun jasmaniah yang diorganisasikan, dengan atau untuk kepentingan individu
atau sosial untuk mencapai tujuan akhir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maka,
dari hal pokok yang terkandung dalam definisi tersebut adalah bahwa peroses
kependidikan itu mengandung “pengarahan” kearah tujuan tertentu.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
studi pendidikan, sebutan “ pendidikan Islam” pada umumnya dipahami sebagai
suatu ciri khas, yaitu jenis pendidikan yang berlatar belakang keagamaan. Dapat
juga di ilustrasikanbahwa pendidikan yang mampu membentuk “manusia yang unggul
secara intelektual, kaya dalam amal, dan anggung dalam moral”. Menurut
cita-citanya pendidikan Islam meperoyeksi diri untuk memperoleh “insan kamil”,
yaitu manusia yang sempurna dalam segala hal, sekalipun di yakini baru hanya
Nabi Muhammad SAW yang telah mencapai kualitasnya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Lapangan pendidikan Islam diidentik dengan ruang lingkup pendidikan islam yaitu
bukan sekedar peroses pengajaran <i>(face to face), </i>tapi mencakup segala
usaha penanaman (internalisasi) nilai-nilai Islam kedalam diri subyek didik<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
beberapa ahli mendefinisikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tentang
kensep pendidikan Islam,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ahmad
D. Marimba</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> berpendapat bahwa pendidikan Islam adalah bimbingan jasmani
dan rohani berdasarkan hukum-hukum agama Islam menuju pada terbentuknya keperibadian
utama menurut Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syahmina
Zaini </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berpendapat bahwa pendidikan Islam adalah usaha
mengembangkan fitra manusia dengan ajaran Islam agar terwujud (tercapai)
kehidupan manusia yang makmur dan bahagia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Muhammad
Athiya Al-Absyari </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berpendapat bahwa pendidikan Islam
(At-Tarbbiyah al-Islamia) mempersiapkan manusia supaya hidup dengan
sempurna<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan bahagia mencintai tanah
air, tegap jasmaninya, sempurna budi pekertinya (akhlaknya), teratur
pikirannyahalus perasaannya, mahir dalam pekerjaannya, manis tutur katanya baik
dengan lisan maupun tulisan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari
berbagai definisi pendidikan Islam yang dikemukakan nampak sekali persoalan
usaha membimbing ke arah pembentukan keperibadian, dalam arti akhlak menjadi
perhatian utama, di samping kearah perkembangan diri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perbedaan<i>Term Tarbiyah</i>, <i>Taklim</i>dan<i>Takdib</i></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adam
sebagai manusia pertama dan sekaligus juga Rasul Allah yang pertama, telah
merintis dan memancangkan tonggak budaya awal di bidan <i>tarbiyah, taklim, </i>dan<i>
takdib</i>.langsung dengan petunjuki Allah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ada tiga istilah yang
dianggap memiliki arti dalam yang dekat dan tepat dengan pendidikan Islam,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ketiga istilah itu adalah <i>Tarbiyah</i></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="RTL"></span>(تربية)</span></b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ta’lmi</span></i><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="RTL"></span>(تعلم) </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>, dan <i>Ta’dib</i></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="RTL"></span>(تآديب)</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>. </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kendati
pun demikian, dalam hal-hal tertentu, ketiga term memiliki kesamaan makna.
Namun secara esensial. Setiap terma memiliki perbedaan, baik secara tekstual
maupun kontekstual. Untuk itu perlu di kemukakan uraian dengan menggunakan
pendapat berberapa ahli.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tarbiyah</span></i><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="RTL"></span>(تربية)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penggunaan
istilah berakar dari tiga kata,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>yaitu
(1) <i>raba yarbu</i><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span>(ربآ يربؤ)</span>artinya bertambah dan tumbuh. (2) kata <i>rabiya
yarba </i><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span>(ربي،
يربئ)</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> artinya tumbuh dan
berkembang, (3) kata, <i>rabba yarubbu </i><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span>(رب،يرب)</span>yang berarti
memperbaiki, menguasai, memimpin, menjaga,dan memelihara.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kata
<i>rabb. </i>Sebagimana yang terdapat dalam Q.S. Al-Fatihah ayat. 2</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Yang mempunyai kandungan makna berkonotasi
dengan istilah <i>al-tarbiyah</i>. Sebab kata <i>rabb </i>(tuhan) dan <i>murabbi</i>
(pendidik) berasal dari kata yang sama. Berdasarkan hal ini, maka Allah adalah
pendidik yang maha agung bagi seluruh alam semesta</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Uraian di atas secara filosofi
mengisyaratkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahwa peroses pendidikan
Islam adalah bersumber pada pendidikan yang di berikan Allah sebagai “pendidik”
seluruh ciptaan-Nya, termasuk manusia. Dalam konteks yang luas, pengertian
pendidikan Islam yang terkandung dalam terma <i>al-tarbiyah</i>terdiri dari
empat unsur pendekatan, yaitu (1) memelihara dan menjaga<i> fitrah</i> peserta
didik menjelang dewasa <i>(baligh),</i> (2) mengembangkan seluruh potensi
menuju kesempurnaan, (3) mengarahkan seluruh <i>fitrah</i> menuju kesempurnaan,
(4)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melaksanakan pendidikan secara
bertahap.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penggunaan terma al-tarbiyah untuk menunjuk
makna pendidikan islam dapat difahami dengan menunjuk firman Allah, (lihat
dalam Q.S. Al-Isra aya. 24).</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ta’lim </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">تعليم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Istilah
lain yang juga digunakan untuk menunjukkan kegiatan pendidikan Islam adalah
kata taklim.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dalam sejarah pendidikan islam, terma <i>al-mu’allim</i> telah digunakan untuk
istilah pendidik. Menurut konsep paedagogik islam. Kata taklim lebih luas
jangkaunnya dan lebih umum daripada kata <i>tarbiyah</i>hal ini dapat dilihat
bahwa Rasulullah SAW diutus untuk menjadi <i>mu’allim</i>(guru). Seperti ayat
berikut ini sebagai penekanan pentingnya taklim bagi seluruh ummat manusia, (lihat
Q.S. al Baqrah ayat. 151)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut
jalal, peroses <i>taklim</i> lebih umum dengan peroses<i> tarbiyah</i> karena:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pertama</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, ketika mengajarkan al-Quran kepada kaum
muslimin Rasulullah SAW tidak terbatas pada membuat mereka sekedar dapat
membaca, melainkan membaca dengan perenungan yang berisikan pemahaman,
pengertian tanggung jawab, penanaman amanah sehingga terjadi membersihkan diri <i>(tazkiyah)</i>dari
segala kotoran. Menjadikan dirinya dalam kondisi siap menerima hikma,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan mempelajari segala sesuatu yang belum
diketahuinya serta barguna bagi dirinya.Hikma tidak dapat dipelajari secara
parsial atau secara sederhana, melainkan mencakup keseluruhan ilmu secara
negatif. Karena kata <i>al-hikmah</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>itu barakar dari kata <i>al-ihkam, </i>yang berarti kesungguhan di dalam
memperoleh ilmu, amal, perkataan dan/atau di dalam semua itu. Sedangkan
tarbiyah merupakan peroses persiapan dan pengasuhan pada fase pertama
pertumbuhan manusia, atau pada fase bayi dan kanak-kanak. Untuk itu penggunaan
kata tarbiyah pada. (lihat Q.S. Al-Isra ayat 24).<i>.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kedua, </span></i></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">kata
taklim tidak berhenti hanya kepada pencapaian pengetahuan berdasarkan prasangka
atau yang lahir dari takdik semata-mata,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ataupun pengetahuan yang lahir dari dongengan khayali dan syahwat atau
cerita-cerita dusta, (lihat Q.S. Al-Baqarah ayat 78)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ketiga,</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> kata
taklim mencakup aspek-aspek pengetahuan dan keterampilan yang di butuhkan
seseorang dalam hisupnya serta pedoman perilaku yang baik. Hal tersebut (lihat
Q.S. Ynuus, ayat. 5).</span><span style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ta’dib </span></i><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span>(تعليب)</span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut
Naqulb Al-Attas, istilah yang paling tepat untuk menunjukkan pendidikan islam
adalah <i>al-ta’dib</i> konsep ini didasarkan pada hadits Nabi Muhammad SAW<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 127.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">اد بني ر</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ﰉ</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> فا حسن تآديى<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(روه العسكري عن على)</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Artinya: “<i>Tuhan telah mendidikku, maka ia
sempurnakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pendidikanku (H.R. al-Askary
dari Ali r.a)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Secara terminologi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>istilah <i>al-takdib</i>berarti pengenalan dan
pengakuan yang secara berangsur-angsur yang ditemukan dalam diri manusia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(peserta didik) tentang pelbagai tempat yang
tepat dari segala sesuatu di dalam tatanan penciptaan. Dengan pendekatan ini.
Pendidikan akan berfungsi sebagai pembimbing ke arah pengenalan dan pengakuan
tempat tuhan yang dalam tatanan wujud keperibadian <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dari definisi tiga term Tarbiyah, Taklim dan
takdib dapat diambil sebuah analisis, jika di tinjau dari segi penekanannya
terdapat titik perbedaan antara satu dengan yang lainnya, tetapi juga terdapat
keterkaitan antara satu dengan yang lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam term <i>Tarbiyah</i>, titik fokusnya pada
pada bimbingan anak supaya mengembangan potensi dan tumbuh serta dapat
berkembang secara sempurna. Yaitu suatu pengembangan ilmu dalam diri manusia
dan penanaman akhlak yakni pengamalan ilmu yang benar dalam mendidik dirnya
sendiri. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adapun kata<i> taklim, </i>titik tekannya
adalah pada penyampaian ilmu pengetahuan yang benar, pemahaman, pengertian
tanggung jawab, dan penanaman amanh kepada peserta didik. Oleh karena itu,
taklim disini mencakup aspek-aspek pengetahuan keterampilan yang di butuhkan
seseorang dalam hidupnya dan pedoman perilaku yang baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sedangkan kata<i> takdib</i>, titik tekannya
adalah pada pasangan ilmu yang benar dalam diri sesorang agar menghasilkan
kemantapan amal dan tingkah laku yang baik. Istilah ini mencakup unsur-unsur
pengetahuan <i>(‘ilm),</i> pengajaran <i>(ta’lim)</i> dan pengasuhan yang baik <i>(tarbiyah)</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Fungsi Pendidikan Bagi Manusia dalam Islam</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada
hakikatnya, pendidikan adalah suatu peroses berlangsung secara kontinu dan
berkesinambungan. Maka tugas dan fungsi pendidkan yang perlu diemban oleh
pendidikan Islam merupakan peroses tampa akhir sejalan dengan konsensus
universal yang diterapkan oleh Allh Swt dan Rasul-Nya, dengan istilah <i>life
long education</i>(Q.S. Al-Hijr: 99) atau istilah Noeng Muhajir, belajar tiada
akhir <i>( no limits of study).</i> Kosep ini bermakna bahwa tugas dan funsi
pendidikan memilik sasaran pada peserta didik yang senangtiasa tumbuh dan
berkembang secara dinamis, mulai kandungan sampai akhir hayatnya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan
demikian dapat, dipahami bahwa fungsi pendidikan Islam tidak saja dalam rangka
membina manusia beriman dan bertakwa, berketerampilan dan berbudaya, tetapi
manusia yang mampu mengatasi berbagai maslah dalam kehidupan, kemasyarakatan
dan kemanusiaan, sehingga ia mampu memposisikan dirinya menjadi manusia yang
berkualitas bagi agama, masyarakat dan bangsanya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut
Yusuf Amir Faisal, bahwa pendidikan islam dengan bertitik tolak dari perinsip
Iman-islam-ihsan atau akidah-ibadah-akhlak untuk menuju satu sasarankemuliaan
manusia dan budaya yang diridhai oleh Allah Swt, setidak-tidaknya memiliki
fungsi-fungsi,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>
sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Individualisasi
nilai dan ajaran islam demi terbentuknya derajat manusia yang muttaqimdalam
bersikap, berpikir dan berperilaku.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sosialisasi
nilai-nilai dan ajaran Islam demi terbenruknya umat Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rekayasa
kultur umat Islam demi terbentuk dan berkembangnya peradaban Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menemukan,
mengembangkan, serta memelihara ilmu, tekhnologi, keterampilan demi
terbentuknya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>para manjer dan manusia
profesional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengembangan
intelektual muslim yang mampu mencari, mengembangkan serta memelihara ilmu dan
tekhnologi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengembangan
pendidikan yang berkelanjutan dalam bidan ekonomi, fisika, kimia, seni musik,
seni budaya, politik, olah raga, kesehatan, dl</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemgembangan
kualitas muslim dan warga negara sebagai anggota dan pembina masyarakat yang
berkualitas kompetitif. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 4.3pt 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">HubunganantaraTujuanHidupdanTujuanPendidikandalam
Islam</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada
dasarnya tujuan pendidikan merupakan keristalisasi nilai-nilai. Yang di maksud
nilai-nilai ialah daya pendorong dalam hidup, yang memberi makna dan
pengabsahan pada tindakan seseorang.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tujuan
pendidikan ditentukan oleh pendidik sebagai orang yang mengarahkan peroses pendidikan.
Karenanya tujuan pendidikan berkaitan erat dengan nilai-nilai yang di junjung
tinggi oleh pendidik di dalam hidupnya. Dengan perkataan lain, tujuan
pendidikan tidak bisa di pisahkan dari tujuan hidup pendidik. Tujuan pendidikan
Islam sama dengan tujuan hidup yang di tetapkan oleh Allah. Di dalam al-Qur’an
Allah telah memberitahukan tujuan diadakannya atau dihidupkannya manusia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau tujuan hidup manusia, (lihat dalam Q.S.
adz-Dzariyat, ayat 56)</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan
demikian tujuan hidup, tujuan hidup manusia adalah untuk menjadipengabdi Allah,
menjadi pelayang Allah, penurut kemauan Allah. Orang yang menurut kemauan Allah
itu dinamakan juga taqwa. Orang yang paling tinggi derajat nilai dirinya dan
paling mulia di sisi allah adalah orang yang paling bertakwa.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pendidikan
Islam bukan hanya pengajaran teoritis, melainkan juga benar-benar melakukan
pembentukan kecakapan riil yang diperlukan bagi seorang pengabdi Allah yang
mendapat tugas sebagai khalifa di bumi, pengabdi Allah dinamakan juga orang
takwa itubukanlah ahli teori keagamaan, melainkan tahu dengan jelas dan lengkap
seluruh isi ajaran Allah di dalam Al-Qur’an dan cakap cakap mengerjakannya
kedalam peraktek hidup sehari-hari, baik selaku individu maupun selaku
keluarga, warga masyarakat dan bangsa.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Fungsi Filsafat Pendidikan Islam Terhadap
Pendidikan Islam</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adapun fungsi-fungsi Filsafat Islam Terhadap
Pendidikan Islam,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a>
yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Teori
umum bagi pendidikan, sepanjang filsafat pendidikan islam tersebut mengarah
terhadap apa dan bagaimana seharusnya pendidikan islam itu dilaksanakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kritik
terhadap asumsis-asumsi yang dipegangi oleh para pendidik dan tenaga
kependidikan. Jika pegangan peraktik pendidikan yang dilakukan oleh pendidik
tidak menjiwai nilai-nilai Islam baik dalam pembentukan teori, konsep<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>maupun dalam konsep peraktiknya, maka filsafat
pendidikan islam pada saat menjalankan tugas profesinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sebagi
efaluasi dan sintesis terhadap kesenjangan-kesenjangan,
pertentangan-pertentangan teori dan peraktiknya, antara teori dan teori
lainnya, antara satu metode dengan metode lainnya sehingga jika tidak ada
kecocokan atau tidak sinkron, maka dapat segera diperbaiki.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Analisis
terhadap konsep-konsep dan istilah-istilah pendidikan. Banyak Istilah dalam
lapangan pendidikan yang harus didefinisikan dan dikembangkan, ditafsirkan dan
dianalisis. Maka dari itu, supaya istilah-istilah, konsep-konsep dan ide-ide
yang berkembang itu sesuai (sinkron) dan menjadi kesamaan persepsi dikalangan
pendidik, maka perlu dianalisis, diselaraskan, dikaitkan satu dengan yang lain
menjadi jalinan yang harmonis dan teratur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Normatif,
Filsafat pendidikan Islam dijadikan sebagai penentu arah, pedoman, petunjuk dan
pembimbing teori dan peraktik pendidikan. Dia memberi norma dan pertimbangan
bagi kenyataan-kenyataan yang ada dalam pendidikan baik dalam hal konsep,
teori, prinsip maupun dalam proses pendidika. Hal ini berarti dengan ini
sekaligus dapat menyeleksi dan mengontrol arus mana yang harus dipakai dan mana
yang harus ditolak dalam peraktek pendidikan di lapangan. Bahkan fungsi
normatif ini sebagai kritis keberhasilam dalam proses pendidikan.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB
III</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian Pendidikan Islam</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Definisi
pendidikan Islam yang dikemukakan nampak sekali persoalan usaha membimbing ke
arah pembentukan keperibadian, dalam arti akhlak menjadi perhatian utama, di
samping kearah perkembangan diri.</span></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perbedaan<i>Term Tarbiyah</i>, <i>Taklim</i>dan<i>Takdib</i></span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">’</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ada tiga istilah yang
dianggap memiliki arti dalam yang dekat dan tepat dengan pendidikan Islam,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ketiga istilah itu adalah <i>Tarbiyah</i></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="RTL"></span>(تربية)</span></b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ta’lmi</span></i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952" name="_GoBack"></a><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="RTL"></span>(تعلم) </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>,
dan <i>Ta’dib</i></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="RTL"></span> (تآديب) </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>. </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kendati pun demikian, dalam hal-hal
tertentu, ketiga term memiliki kesamaan makna. Namun secara esensial. Setiap
terma memiliki perbedaan, baik secara tekstual maupun kontekstual. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Fungsi
Pendidikan Bagi Manusia dalam Islam</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan demikian dapat, dipahami bahwa fungsi
pendidikan Islam tidak saja dalam rangka membina manusia beriman dan bertakwa,
berketerampilan dan berbudaya, tetapi manusia yang mampu mengatasi berbagai
maslah dalam kehidupan, kemasyarakatan dan kemanusiaan, sehingga ia mampu
memposisikan dirinya menjadi manusia yang berkualitas bagi agama, masyarakat
dan bangsanya</span></div>
<ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">HubunganantaraTujuanHidupdanTujuanPendidikandalam Islam</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tujuan pendidikan ditentukan oleh pendidik
sebagai orang yang mengarahkan peroses pendidikan. Karenanya tujuan pendidikan
berkaitan erat dengan nilai-nilai yang di junjung tinggi oleh pendidik di dalam
hidupnya. Dengan perkataan lain, tujuan pendidikan tidak bisa di pisahkan dari
tujuan hidup pendidik. Tujuan pendidikan Islam sama dengan tujuan hidup yang di
tetapkan oleh Allah</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar
Pustaka</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Abdullah, Abd. Rahman. 2002. <i>Aktualisasi
konsep dasar Pendidikan Islam (rekonsstruksi pemikiran tinjauan filsafat
pendidikan Islam)</i>, Yogyakarta: UII Press.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Budiman, Nasir. 2001.<i>Pendidikan dalam Persepektif
Al-Qur’an</i>, Jakarta: Madani Press, </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Hawi, Akmal. 200.<i>Dasar-dasar
Pendidikan Islam</i>, Palembang : IAIN Raden Fatah Press, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Noer Aly, Hery, 1999. <i>Ilmu Pendidikan
Islam, </i>Jakarta : Logos Wacana Ilmu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Muchtar, Hery Jauhari, 2008. <i>Fikih Pendidikan</i>,
Bandung: Remaja Rosda Karya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Mukodi, 2010.<i>Pendidikan Islam
Terpadu, reformasi pendidikan di era gelobal,</i>Yogyakarta : Magnum Pustaka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">M. Arifin, 1993. <i>Filsafat Pendidikan Islam</i>,
Jakarta ; Bumi Aksara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Siregar, Maragustan,2010.<i>Mencetak Pembelajar
Menjadi Insan Paripurna, (Filsafat Pendidikan), </i>Yogyakarta: Nuha Lentera.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-------------------------, 2010. <i>Filsafat
pendidikan Islam</i>, Yogyakarta: UIN Sunan Kalijaga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Usa, Muslim dan Wijdan SZ, Aden. 1997.<i>Pemikiran
Islam dalam Peradaban Industrial</i>, Yogyakarta: Aditya Media.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">UU RI. No. 20 Tahun 2003 tentang<i> SISDIKNAS
dan PP R.I. Tahunn 2010 tentang Penyelenggaraan Pendidikan dan Wajib Belajar</i>,
Bandung : Citra Umbara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br clear="all" />
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<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>Depertemen
Agama, <i>Al-Qur’an san Terjemahannya, </i>Bandung : J-ART, 2005, Hlm.560</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>Hery
Jauhari Muchtar, <i>Fikih Pendidikan</i>, Cet. II, Bandung: Remaja Rosda Karya,
2008, Hlm., 1</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
M. Arifin, <i>Filsafat Pendidikan Islam</i>, Cet. III, Jakarta ; Bumi Aksara,
199), Hlm. 11</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><i>UU
RI. No. 20 Tahun 2003 tentang SINDIKNAS dan PP R.I. Tahunn 2010 tentang
Penyelenggaraan Pendidikan dan Wajib Belajar</i>, Cet. II<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bandung : Citra Umbara</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>M.
Arifin<i>, Filsafat Pendidikan Islam,</i>Hlm. 12</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a><i>Ibid,.</i>Hal.
13</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>Muslim
Usa dan Aden Wijdan SZ., <i>Pemikiran Islam dalam Peradaban Industrial</i>, Yogyakarta:
Aditya Media, 1997.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hlm., 35-36 </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>Nasir
Budiman. <i>Pendidikan dalam Persepektif Al-Qur’an</i>, Cet.I,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jakarta: Madani Press, 2001.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hlm. 1</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Abd. Rahman Abdullah. <i>Aktualisasi konsep dasar Pendidikan Islam
(rekonsstruksi pemikiran tinjauan filsafat pendidikan Islam)</i> Cet. I, (Yogyakarta:
UII Press, 2002. Hlm. 34-37</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>Zuhairini
dkk, <i>Sejarah Pendidikan Islam</i>, Jakarta : DJPKA. 1988. Hlm. 10 </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>Abd.
Rahman Abdullah. <i>Aktualisasi konsep dasar Pendidikan </i>Hlm.21</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>Hery
Noer Aly, <i>Ilmu Pendidikan Islam, </i>Jakarta : Logos Wacana Ilmu, 1999, Hlm.,
4</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mukodi, <i>Pendidikan Islam Terpadu, reformasi pendidikan di era gelobal,</i>
Yogyakarta : Magnum Pustaka, 2010, Hlm., 2-3</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>Maragustam
Siregar, <i>Fisafat Pendidikan Islam</i>, Yogyakarta : 2010, Hlm., 30-32</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>Mukordi,
<i>Pendidikan Islam Terpadu</i>........ Hlm., 4</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>Mukodi,
<i>Pendidikan Islam Terpadu</i>,... Hlm., 9 </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>Abd.
Rahman Abdullah., <i>Aktualisasi konsep dasar Pendidikan Islam... </i>Hal.,54</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a><i>Ibid,</i>
Hal., 56 </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a>Hery
Noer Aly, <i>Ilmu Pendidikan Islam</i> ... Hal.56</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a>Akmal
Hawi. <i>Dasar-dasar Pendidikan Islam</i>, Palembang : IAIN Raden Fatah Press,
2005, Hlm., 10 </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a><i>ibid
</i>, Hal., 11-12</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a>Maragustan
Siregar, <i>Mencetak Pembelajar Menjadi Insan Paripurna, (Filsafat Pendidikan),
</i>Yogyakarta: Nuha Lentera, 2010, hlm., 44-45</div>
</div>
</div>
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15459359199860346996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5462140917247044952.post-77379526446790127172012-11-21T18:56:00.000-08:002012-11-21T18:56:11.206-08:00Keutamaan Puasa ‘Asyura<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada bulan Muharram ada
satu hari yang dikenal dengan sebutan <span style="color: red;">hari ‘Asyura.</span>
Orang-orang jahiliyah pada masa pra Islam dan bangsa Yahudi sangat memuliakan
hari ini. Hal tersebut karena pada hari ini Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala
selamatkan Nabi Musa ‘alaihissalam dari kejaran Fir’aun dan bala tentaranya.
Bersyukur atas karunia Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala kepadanya, Nabi Musa
‘alaihissalam akhirnya berpuasa pada hari ini. Tatkala sampai berita ini kepada
Nabi kita Shallallahu ‘alaihi wassalam, melalui orang-orang Yahudi yang tinggal
di Madinah beliau bersabda,</span></div>
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بِمُوْسَى مِنْكُمْ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“Saya lebih berhak
mengikuti Musa dari kalian (kaum Yahudi)”.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Yang demikian karena
pada saat Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘alaihi wassalam sampai di Madinah, beliau
mendapati Yahudi Madinah berpuasa pada hari ini, maka beliau sampaikan sabdanya
sebagaimana di atas. Semenjak itu beliau Shallallahu’alaihi wasallam
memerintahkan ummatnya untuk berpuasa, sehingga jadilah puasa ‘Asyura diantara
ibadah yang disukai di dalam Islam. Dan ketika itu puasa Ramadhan belum
diwajibkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Adalah Abdullah bin
Abbas radiyallahu ‘anhu yang menceritakan kisah ini kepada kita sebagaimana
yang terdapat di dalam Shahih Bukhari No 1900,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
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<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">قَدِمَ النَّبِيُّ
صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ المَدِيْنَةَ فَرَأَى اليَهُوْدَ تَصُوْمُ يَوْمَ
عَاشُوْرَاء فَقَالَ:ماَ هَذَا؟ قَالُوْا هَذَا يَوْمٌ صَالِحٌ هَذَا يَوْمٌ
نَجَّى اللهُ بَنِيْ إِسْرَائِيْلَ مِنْ عَدُوِّهِمْ فَصَامَهُ مُوْسَى. قَالَ:
فَأَناَ أَحَقُّ بِمُوْسَى مِنْكُمْ. فَصَامَهُ وَأَمَرَ بِصِيَامِهِ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><i>“Tatkala Nabi
Shallallahu’alaihi wasallam datang ke Madinah beliau melihat orang-orang Yahudi
melakukan puasa di hari ‘Asyura. Beliau Shallallahu ‘alaihi wassalam bertanya,
“Hari apa ini?”. Orang-orang Yahudi menjawab, “Ini adalah hari baik, pada hari
ini Allah selamatkan Bani Israil dari musuhnya, maka Musa ‘alaihissalam
berpuasa pada hari ini. Nabi Shallallahu’alaihi wasallam bersabda, “Saya lebih
berhak mengikuti Musa dari kalian (kaum Yahudi). Maka beliau berpuasa pada hari
itu dan memerintahkan ummatnya untuk melakukannya</i>”. [HR Al Bukhari]</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dan dari Aisyah
radiyallahu ‘anha, ia mengisahkan,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
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<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">كَانَ رَسُوْلُ اللهِ
صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَمَرَ بِصِيَامِ يَوْمَ عَاشُوْرَاءَ فَلَمَّا
فُرِضَ رَمَضَانَ كَانَ مَنْ شَاءَ صَامَ وَمَنْ شَاءَ أَفْطَرَ</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><i>“Dahulu Rasulullah
Shallallahu ‘alaihi wassalam memerintahkan untuk puasa di hari ‘Asyura. Dan
ketika puasa Ramadhan diwajibkan, barangsiapa yang ingin (berpuasa di hari
‘Asyura) ia boleh berpuasa dan barangsiapa yang ingin (tidak berpuasa) ia boleh
berbuka”</i>. [HR Al Bukhari No 1897]</span></div>
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<![endif]-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15459359199860346996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5462140917247044952.post-6132466304638561812012-11-18T07:59:00.002-08:002012-11-18T07:59:44.677-08:00PERKEMBANGAN LIVING HADIS PASCA KENABIAN<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">P</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">rolog</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sunnah merupakan
penafsiran konkrit dan ideal terhadap Al-Qur’an –sumber utama Islam- pada masa
kenabian. Al-Qur’an diterjemahkan dengan varian bentuk, mulai dengan
eksplanasi, tindakan dan ketetapan Nabi Muhammad saw. bersumber dan dari spirit
Al-Qur’an. Tak heran jika ‘Aisyah menyatakan bahwa akhlak Al-Qur’an
dimanifestasikan dengan perilaku Nabi. Sehingga Sunnah menjadi penjelas (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mubayyin</i>) atas ambiguitas dan merinci (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mukhassis</i>) keumuman lafaz Al-Qur’an lalu
diterjemahkan dan didialogkan secara sirkular dengan tradisi dan budaya lokal
Arab Jahiliah. Para sahabat terkesima dan kagum dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">syariah</i> yang dibawa oleh Nabi. Sehingga segala ucapan, tindakan,
ketetapan maupun sifatnya diabadikan dalam pelepah kurma, batu dan memori
ingatan mereka. Sehingga pada masa pemerintahan Umar bin Abdul Aziz, Sunnah
resmi dikodifikasi dan dapat dibaca pada abad kontemporer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hadis yang
memiliki otoritas kedua setelah Al-Qur’an sebagai sumber hukum Islam. Dalam
perjalanan sejarah yurisprudensi Islam, kedudukan Sunnah sangat signifikan,
bahkan menurut penelitian Schacht, Crone dan Wansbrough menyatakan bahwa
mayoritas hukum Islam direfleksikan dan mendapatkan validitasnya dari sumber
kedua yaitu Sunnah, kendati terdapat sejumlah doktrin yang didasarkan pada Al-Qur’an
dan lainnya didasarkan pada analogi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">qiyas</i>)
dan pertimbangan yang baik (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">istihsan</i>)
dan perangkat metodologi lainnya, namun Hadis menempati posisi sentral dalam
hukum Islam.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Namun pada masa modern, sejumlah tokoh seperti, Rasyid Ridha, Mahmud Syaltut,
Muhammad Mustafa Syalabi dan selainnya, telah mengadakan penelitian untuk
mengklasifikasi peran Nabi sebagai seorang rasul, negarawan, hakim dan sebagai
masyarakat biasa. Dan secara general dapat dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">syar’iyyah</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gairu</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">syar’iyyah.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penelitian itu
sangat beralasan, sebab didukung dengan sekian hadis, bahwa Nabi Muhammad saw.
mengatakan: “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sesungguhnya aku adalah
manusia biasa, apabila aku memerintahkan kalian suatu hal yang berasal dari
agamamu maka ambillah ia, dan apabila aku memerintahkan suatu hal atas dasar
pendapatku (ra’yi) maka sesungguhnya aku hanyalah manusia biasa</i>” (H.R.
Muslim) dan data-data sejarah yang mengisahkan kebijakan Nabi berdasarkan
kemaslahatan umat Islam secara umum dan khusus yang layak diteliti dan
diterjemahkan dengan realitas umat Islam kontemporer agar sesuai dengan maqashid
syar’iyyah (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the goal of syariah</i>) dan
berjalan beriringan dengan ruang dan waktu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kajian living
hadis yang marak diperbincangkan pada dekade terakhir ini, adalah bagian dari
studi hadis yang bergerak pada dua sisi yaitu analisa historis dan analisa
fenomena sosial-kemasyarakatan kontemporer yang notabenenya didasarkan dengan
hadis maupun tradisi Nabi Muhammad saw. namun dalam makalah ini, penulis
mencoba menarawang perkembangan living hadis pasca kenabian yang tentunya
disertai dengan banyak sekali kekurangan. Bab pertama adalah pendahuluan, bab
II, penulis mendeskripsikan sekilas perdebatan seputar konsep Sunnah dan hadis,
dan pada bab selanjutnya adalah bab inti, yaitu perkembangan living hadis pasca
kenabian dan terakahir adalah penutup.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perdebatan Seputar Konsep Sunnah dan Hadis</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sanna</i>
berarti menciptakan sesuatu dan mewujudkannya menjadi suatu model. Kata
tersebut juga diterapkan untuk memperagakan tingkah laku. Suatu tingkah laku
yang patut dicontoh dapat dimulai dengan membuat model atau mengambil praktek
nenek moyang satu suku atau komunitas.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Fazlur Rahman mengkonsepsikan Sunnah sebagai (1) konsep perilaku (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">behavioral</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">concept</i>), atau menurutnya, Sunnah tidak sekedar hukum tingkah laku,
tapi merupakan aturan-aturan tingkah moral yang bersifat normatif: keharusan
moral adalah unsur yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dari pengertian konsep Sunnah;
(2) Sunnah berarti “tingkah laku yang merupakan teladan” atau menjadi konsep
normatif, dan selanjutnya, (3) Sunnah berarti jalan yang ditempuh; Sunnah
adalah jalan lurus tanpa ada pembelokan ke kanan atau kiri yang berarti memberi
makna sebagai” penengah di antara hal-hal ekstrim” atau “jalan tengah”.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ada beberapa perbedaan pendapat di kalangan para ulama silam modern
tentang waktu yang pasti munculnya konsep Sunnah nabi, sebagaimana dibedakan
dari tradisi muslim awal. Sebagian orientalis, semisal Joseph Schacht,
berpendapat bahwa konsep Sunnah sebagai suatu konsep yang muncul relatif
belakangan, selain Schacht terdapat sekian orientalis yang memiliki pandangan
serupa tentang konsep Sunnah, seperti Goldziher, Snouck Hurgronje, Margolioth,
dsb. Fazlur Rahman membantah tesis mereka dengan menyatakan bahwa konsep Sunnah
telah ada sejak semula. Rahman lebih lanjut menegaskan: </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(1) bahwa
sementara kisah perkembangan Sunnah di atas pada dasarnya hanya benar
sehubungan dengan kandungannya tetapi tidak benar sehubungan dengan konsepnya
yang menyatakan bahwa Sunnah nabi tetap merupakan konsep yang memiliki
validitas dan operatif sejak awal sejarah Islam hingga masa kini. (2) Bahwa
kandungan Sunnah yang bersumber dari Nabi tidak banyak jumlahnya dan tidak
dimaksudkan untuk bersifat spesifik secara mutlak; (3) bahwa konsep Sunnah
sesudah Nabi wafat tidak hanya mencukup Sunnah dari Nabi tersebut; (4) bahwa Sunnah
di dalam pengertian yang terakhir ini sama luasnya dengan ijma’ yang pada
dasarnya merupakan sebuah proses yang semakin meluas secara terus-menerus; dan
yang terakhir (5) bahwa setelah gerakan pemurnian hadis secara besar-besaran,
hubungan organis di antara Sunnah, Ijtihad, dan Ijma’ menjadi rusak.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sunnah bagi Malik, pengarang kitab Muwatta’, merupakan
aturan hidup normatif yang ditegakkan oleh Nabi, diamalkan oleh para Sahabat
kemudian diwarisi oleh para Tabi’in dan Tabi’ at-Tabi’in dalam bentuk tradisi
hingga masa Malik. Tradisi ini dapat semata-mata bersumber dari Nabi, dan dalam
kasus seperti ini, Malik biasanya merujuk-nya dengan menggunakan term Sunnah,
atau yang berisi unsur-unsur tambahan yang berasal dari ulama, dan dalam kasus
seperti ini, Malik biasanya merujuknya dengan menggunakan term <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Amr. </i>Terlebih lagi, karena Sunnah
merupakan bagian dari tradisi, maka apa yang telah kita kaji mengenai tradisi
dalam kaitannya dengan Hadis berlaku sama pada Sunnah: walaupun Sunnah dan
Hadis seringkali saling meliputi, tetapi Sunnah mungkin Sunnah atau saja
terekam dalam mungkin juga tidak. Oleh Karena itu, dua term tersebut berbeda
sekali.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
Perbedaan itu nampak jelas dalam sebuah riwayat bahwa Umar bin Khattab berkata:
“Demi Allah saya akan membuat segalanya sulit bagi setiap orang yang
meriwayatkan sebuah hadis yang bertentangan dengan Sunnah.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a> Dengan
demikian, Malik berpendapat bahwa tradisi/<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">’amal
ahli madinah</i> yang diwariskan oleh Nabi memiliki kedudukan signifikan dan
memberikan otoritas lebih kuat dalam penetapan hukum.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Berbeda halnya dengan para fuqaha’ semisal Syafi’i, Abu Hanifah dan
selainnya yang mengabaikan peran <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘amal
ahlu madinah </i>dan berpegang pada hadis yang dikodifikasi pada abad II H.
dalam mengkonstruksi dan memproduksi hukum-hukum Islam yang kemudian dinobatkan
sebagai pijakan dalam Islam. Hadis yang terkodifikasi, menurut Goldziher
merupakan sebuah penyampaian verbal (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">verbal</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">speaking</i>) yang berasal dari Nabi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
Sedangkan Rahman memahami Hadis sebagai metodologi yang disumbangkan oleh generasi
muslim masa klasik dalam penulisan sejarah Sunnah karena kepentingan dan
pergulatan tumbuh kembangnya ortodoksi dalam Islam. Karena kepentingan itu,
penulisan atau pengkodifikasian sejarah itu bersifat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">aphoristic.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>
Hal demikian sebagaimana dikatakan oleh Rahman berikut ini.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kehidupan Nabi Berulang
kali telah kami katakan, mungkin sampai membosankan sebagian pembaca, bahwa
walaupun landasannya yang utama adalah teladan Nabi, Hadis merupakan hasil
karya dari generasi muslim masa lampau berdasarkan teladan tersebut.
Sesungguhnya hadis adalah keseluruhan aphorisme yang diformulasikan dan
dikemukakan seolah-olah dari Nabi, oleh kaum muslimin sendiri; walaupun secara
historis tidak terlepas dari Nabi, sifatnya yang aphoristic menunjukkan bahwa
hadits tersebut tidaklah bersifat historis. Secara lebih tepat, hadis adalah
komentar yang monumental mengenai Nabi oleh umat musilm di masa lampau. Jadi
walaupun berdasarkan, hadis juga merupakan lambing dari kebijaksanaan
orang-orang muslim di masa klasik.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Orientasi pemahaman yang menekankan dimensi
historisitas atas Sunnah maupun hadis cukup jelas bagi Rahman dari penjabaran
di atas. Arkoun lebih lanjut mengelaborasi konsekwensinya menyatakan bahwa perubahan
tradisi lisan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">oral</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tradition</i>) menjadi tradisi tulis yang
kemudian menjadi sebuah korpus tertutup (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">closed
corpus</i>) dan diperlukan adanya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">general</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">review</i> atas seluruh proses historis
penulisan dan pembukuan hadis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Defenisi Living Hadis dan Living Sunnah</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dari perdebatan para ulama klasik maupun modern dalam
mendefinisikan konsep Hadis dan Sunnah membuahkan perbedaan dalam pendefinisian
living Sunnah (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">living tradition</i>) dan
living hadis (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">living hadith</i>). Fazlur
Rahman, penggagas living Sunnah, memaknainya sebagai aktualisasi tradisi yang
hidup yang bersumber dari Nabi yang kemudian dimodifikasi dan dielaborasi oleh
generasi setelahnya sampai pada masa pra-kodifikasi dengan pelbagai perangkat
interpretasi untuk dipraktekkan pada komunitas tertentu.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>
Nampaknya Rahman sangat dipengaruhi dengan pemikiran Imam Malik yang
mempertahankan Tradisi penduduk Madinah (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">amal
ahl Madinah</i>) dengan mengedepankan tradisi Madinah dari hadis yang
dikodifikasi pada abad II H sebagai sumber hukum. Jika Imam Malik memelihara Sunnah
agar tetap dipraktekkan di Madinah maka berbeda dengan Rahman yang mengindahkan
pengembangan, elaborasi dan modifikasi agar tetap seiring dengan perkembangan
zaman (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">shalih likulli zaman wa makan</i>).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Berangkat dari perbedaan konsep Hadis dan Sunnah, maka
istilah Living Hadis memiliki pengertian yang berbeda. M. Alfatih Suryadilaga
memaknai living hadis sebagai gejala yang Nampak di masyarakat berupa pola-pola
perilaku yang bersumber dari hadis Nabi Muhammad saw.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a> konsep
living hadis yang diutarakan oleh M. Alfatih merupakan pengembangan dari living
Sunnah Fazlur Rahman. Dari kedua konsep tersebut, memiliki perangkat metodologi
yang berbeda. Living Sunnah menggunakan pendekatan historis dalam menelusuri
jejak tradisi Nabi yang tenggelam, implikasi dari hadis yang diverbalisasikan.
Sedangkan Living Hadis lebih bernuansa fenomenologi dalam mengungkap tradisi
dan budaya yang diklaim bersumber dari hadis Nabi. Kedua perangkat tersebut
beroperasi pada wilayah dan cakupan yang berbeda.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perkembangan Living Hadis Pasca Kenabian</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mengacu pada perbedaan konsep living Sunnah dan living
hadis pada bab sebelumnya, penulis memilih menggunakan term living hadis untuk
melacak perkembangan hadis pasca kenabian dalam makalah ini, dengan tiga alasan:
(1) secara terminologi, Hadis memiliki cakupan yang lebih luas dibandingkan
dengan Sunnah, meskipun hadis ditinjau dari etimologinya diartikan penyampaian
verbal dan Sunnah diartikan tradisi yang diciptakan (2) hasil penelitian
al-Azhami menegaskan pelbagai riwayat yang menunjukkan adanya budaya tulis-menulis
hadis pada masa kenabian yang dijadikan pijakan oleh mayoritas sahabat dan
generasi-generasi pasca kenabian sampai pada masa kodifikasi (3) orientasi
Fazlur Rahman dalam penelitiannya adalah mengungkap ortodoksi generasi muslim
klasik yang banyak dituangkan dan diklaim sebagai hadis Nabi dengan menggunakan
penghampiran historis. berbeda dengan orientasi penulis dalam makalah ini,
yakni, melacak perkembangan hadis secara umum baik penyampaian verbal (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ahaadis</i>) maupun praktek hadis (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">af’al/Sunnah</i>) pasca kenabian.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Untuk lebih jelasnya, penulis mengklasifikasikan
perkembangan living hadis dalam dua periode, yaitu periode pra kodifikasi dan
pasca kodifikasi.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Living Hadis Pra Kodifikasi</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Living hadis masa pra-kodifikasi mencakup dua generasi penting dalam
Islam, yakni generasi sahabat dan tabi’iin. Generasi sahabat, khususnya periode
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kibar as-sahabah </i>(11-40 H.)<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>ditandai dengan aktualisasi hadis/Sunnah
sebagaimana adanya pada masa kenabian, dengan kata lain, problema
sosial-kemasyarakatan dapat diatasi dengan berpegang pada tradisi dan hadis
Nabi, kendati terdapat perbedaan ijtihad sahabat dalam pelbagai kasus, namun
belum merebak dan mengakar pada segala lini.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>
Namun pada periode Dinasti Umayyah, dimulai pada masa pemerintahan Mu’awiyah
bin Abi Sufyan sampai masa kodifikasi ditemukan perpecahan yang sifatnya
politis dalam tubuh umat Islam, Sahabat berpencar-pencar ke daerah-daerah,
perkembangan yang signifikan dalam periwayatan hadis dan merebaknya pemalsuan
hadis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pada masa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kibar sahabah</i>
tercatat kesepakatan sahabat (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ijma’
sahabat</i>) dalam menerapkan tradisi (living hadis) yang bersumber dari Nabi,
ketika tidak ditemukan hadis, para sahabat menggunakan perangkat ijtihad
sebagai tawaran solutif dalam menyelesaikan permasalahan umat Islam masa itu.
Selain itu, sejarah merekam adanya pengembangan-pengembangan tradisi Nabi oleh
sahabat bahkan menciptakan tradisi yang belum pernah dilakukan oleh Nabi
Muhammad saw. atas nama kemaslahatan umat Islam. Berlandaskan pada pemaparan di
atas, dapat diketahui bahwa para sahabat memahami secara komprehensif <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">maqashid syariah </i>ketika dihadapkan pada
realitas baru yang mereka temukan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Umar bin Khattab adalah misal paling relevan mendeskripsikan statement
di atas, sahabat nabi yang digelari sebagai al-Faruq ini, dinobatkan sebagai
pembaharu oleh Nabi. Dalam sebuah riwayat dinyatakan bahwa nabi saw.
mengatakan: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“inna minkum muhditsin, fa in
yakun faminhum Umar bin al-Khattab”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></b></span></span></span></a>
</i>artinya, sesungguhnya diantara kalian adalah tokoh-tokoh pembaharu, dan
Umar bin Khattab adalah salah satu dari mereka. Sejarah Umar bin Khattab tak
lapuk ditelan masa, ijtihadnya yang brilian mampu mensejahterakan
masyarakatnya. Ia tak henti-hentinya dipuja sebagai negarawan sejati demi
kemaslahatan umatnya. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sebagai contoh “living hadis tulis” pada masa sahabat adalah kodifikasi Alqur’an.
Penulisan Al-Qur’an pada pelbagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sahifat</i>
pribadi para sahabat pada masa kenabian merupakan perintah Nabi Muhammad saw.
peristiwa perang Yamamah dan wafatnya 70 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">huffadz
Al-Qur’an </i>menyita perhatian para sahabat, sehingga timbullah ide brilian
Umar bin Khattab agar Al-Qur’an dikodifikasi sesegera mungkin, Abu Bakar
as-Shiddiq yang menjabat sebagai khalifah pada yang awalnya ragu karena belum
pernah dilakukan oleh Rasul, yang pada akhirnya Abu Bakar menyepakati saran
Umar demi kemaslahatan umat Islam.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Living hadis Ijma ‘dalam bentuk praktek’, banyak dijumpai dalam tradisi
sahabat, salah satu di antaranya adalah sahabat (kesepakatan sahabat) untuk
menetapkan empat takbir dalam shalat jenazah. Para sahabat pada masa kenabian
terkadang takbir sebanyak empat, lima, enam, atau tujuh kali dalam shalat
jenazah, sebagaimana Nabi praktekkan. Namun, lewat inisiatif Umar, dengan
mengumpulkan para sahabat kemudian dimusyawarahkan, para sahabat sepakat
menetapkan shalat jenazah dengan empat kali takbir.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Living hadis lisan” sangat mengakar dan membudaya
pada masa sahabat sampai pada masa kodifikasi, tradisi oral (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">oral tradition</i>) yang digunakan dalam
menyampaikan hadis Nabi dengan sendirinya membentuk sanad (jalur periwayatan)
dan majlis hadis sebagai wadah dalam penyebaran hadis Nabi, khususnya ketika
para sahabat tersebar ke pelbagai wilayah jazirah Arab. fenomena tersebut berangkat
dari pemahaman hadis nabi yang mengatakan:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“semoga Allah memuliakan hambanya yang mendengar
ucapanku, kemudian dipelihara dalam ingatannya lalu disampaikan. Terkadang
periwayat tidak mengerti apa yang yang diriwayatkan dan begitu banyak periwayat
menyampaikannya kepada orang yang mengerti dengan baik”.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penyebaran para sahabat yang memiliki latar belakang keilmuan, wawasan
hadis yang berbeda-beda dan realitas baru yang mereka temukan berimplikasi
terhadap perbedaan hukum. Generasi tabi’in yang merupakan jebolan “madrasah
sahabat” di pelbagai tempat, sangat terpengaruh oleh sahabat yang mengajarinya.
Fenomena tersebut adalah satu dari pelbagai faktor perbedaan mazhab fiqh pada
masa pasca kodifikasi.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Candu popularitas dan hasrat kekuasaan adalah ungkapan terbaik dalam
menerjemahkan penguasa Dinasti Umayyah, deretan nama pemalsu hadis tercipta
demi kelanggengan jabatan dan kekuasaan. Hadis maudhu’ pun mulai merebak dan
berkelindan di tubuh umat Islam. realitas ironis tersebut disadari olehUmar bin
Abdul Aziz, sehingga pada awal abad ke 2 H. kodifikasi hadis diresmikan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sebagai kesimpulan, perjalanan dan perkembangan
“living hadis” berjalan seiring dengan perkembangan hadis itu sendiri, namun
terdapat perbedaan dalam menerjemahkan dan mendialogkan dengan realitas baru
implikasi dari perbedaan ijtihad. Perkembangan “living hadis” dengan
interpretasi yang berbeda-beda dalam mencapai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">maqasid</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">syariah</i> dapat
digolongkan sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ikhtilaf</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tanawwu’i</i> (perbedaan yang beragam) yang
dimaksudkan oleh Nabi sebagai rahmat dalam hadisnya “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ikhtilafu ummati rahmah</i>”. Umar bin Abdul Aziz mengindahkan
perbedaan pendapat para sahabat karena dengan perbedaan tersebut, syariah
menjadi hidup dan tidak terjebak pada suatu corak pemikiran yang sempit. Umar
lebih lanjut mengatakan bahwa hasil ijtihad dari mereka adalah Sunnah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Namun pada perkembangan selanjutnya, Living Hadis
tidak berjalan sebagai mestinya yang diharapkan, pemalsuan hadis yang
didasarkan dengan alasan politis dan kepentingan individual merebak dalam tubuh
umat Islam dan bertentangan dengan maqashid syariah. Sehingga menimbulkan
benih-benih konflik dan perpecahan. Perbedaan tersebut termasuk dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ikhtilaf</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tadaddudi </i>(perbedaan bertolak belakang) yang dikhawatirkan oleh
Nabi.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Living Hadis Pasca Kodifikasi</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Living
hadis pasca kodifikasi bermula pada awal abad II H. sampai masa sekarang. Namun
penulis mengkhususkan dalam makalah ini <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">asru
tadwin hadis dan fiqh</i> yang berawal pada abad II H. sampai abad IV H dan
sedikit sejarah akhir-akhir Dinasti Abbasiah. Periode<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Asru tadwin dan fiqh </i>ditandai dengan pelbagai hal sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a. Perkembangan signifikan peradaban umat Islam dan meluasnya wilayah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>teritorial Islam;</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">b. Perkembangan pesat nuansa intelektualitas di pelbagai wilayah;</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">c. Bertambahnya huffadz Al-Qur’an dan upaya pemeliharaannya;</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">d. Kodifikasi Sunnah;</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">e. Perpecahan dan meluasnya klan-klan teologis umat Islam;</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">f. Kodifikasi usul fiqh;</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">g Munculnya tokoh-tokoh mazhab fiqh.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Living hadis tulis” pada periode ini yang paling
signifikan adalah kodifikasi hadis. Kebijakan Umar bin Abdul Aziz disambut baik
oleh para ulama sebagai bentuk khidmat kepada Rasul dalam memelihara Sunnahnya.
Kodifikasi hadis di madinah dilakukan oleh: Muhammad bin Ishaq, Malik bin Anas,
dsb. Di Mekkah, Ibnu Juraij. Di Basrah, oleh ar-Rabi’ bin Subaih, Sa’id bin Abi
Urubah dan Hammad bin Abi Salamah. Di Kufah, oleh As-Sauri. Di syam, oleh
al-Awza’i dan di Mesir, oleh al-Laits bin Sa’ad. Namun pembukuan Sunnah yang
mendapat pelbagai pujian pada masa pasca kodifikasi adalah “al-Muwatta” yang
ditulis oleh Imam Malik pada abad II H. dan pada abad III H., disusul oleh
Musnad Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal yang memuat 40.000 hadis, selanjutnya adalah Sahih
Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Sunan Abi Daud, Sunan Tirmizi, dan Sunan an-Nasa’i.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Living hadis praktek pada masa ini terus berkembang
melanjutkan ijtihad para sahabat. Sebagai misal adalah zakat fitri. Rasul
mensyariatkan zakat fitri setelah shalat subuh dan sebelum shalat idul fitri.
Waktu dikeluarkannya zakat pada masa rasul masih luang karena penduduk madinah
terbilang kecil, dan mereka saling tahu-menahu antara satu sama lainnya. Namun
pada masa sahabat, setelah perluasan wilayah Islam, nampaknya waktu antara
shalat subuh dan shalat ‘eid tidak cukup, sehingga para sahabat memutuskan
sehari atau dua hari sebelum shalat ‘id. Pada masa ulama fiqh klasik, skala
penduduk Islam bertambah banyak, Mazhab hanbali membolehkan pengeluaran zakat
dari pertengahan ramadhan, bahkan dari awal bulan ramadhan, sebagaimana
pendapat syafi’i. pada masa ini, para ulama fiqh klasik tidak literalis dalam
memahami teks hadis mengenai jenis zakat yang dikeluarkan. Abu Hanifah
menerjemahkan makanan pokok suatu daerah (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">qut</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al</i>-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">balad</i>) dapat diganti dengan uang yang senilai dengan nisab zakat
fitri jika lebih bermanfaat dan memberi kemaslahatan pada masyarakat fakir
miskin.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a> Para
Imam Mazhab fiqh klasik sangat mempertimbangkan budaya lokal atau adat istiadat
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">urf</i>) setempat sebagai bagian dari
sumber hukum. Para fuqaha mengatakan “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">inna</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fi</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">naz’i</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">an-nasi</i> ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">an</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">adatihim</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">harajan</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">adziman</i>” bahwa sesunggunhnya mengabaikan adat istiadat penduduk
(dalam menetapkan hukum) adalah kesalahan yang fatal.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a> Bahkan
kaedah kelima yang mereka anggap penting adalah “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-adatu Muhakkamah</i>”.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pada periode Dinasti Umayyah belum ada pendidikan
formal (majlis-majlis hadis dan fiqh belum diformalkan namun sifatnya independen).
Putra –putra khalifah Bani Umayyah biasanya akan “disekolahkan” ke badiyah,
gurun Suriah, untuk mempelajari bahasa Arab murni dan puisi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a>
Namun pada periode pasca kodifikasi yakni pada periode Dinasti Abbasiah,
pendidikan formal mulai berkembang. Kuttab yang biasanya disebut sebagai
sekolah dasar merupakan bagian terpadu dengan masjid. Kurikulum utamanya
dipusatkan pada Al-Qur’an sebagai bacaan utama para siswa. Mereka juga diajari
baca-tulis, tata bahasa Arab, kisah-kisah para Nabi dan khususnya hadis-hadis
Nabi Muhammad saw. pendidikan anak-anak dimulai di rumahnya masing-masing.
Ketika si anak mulai bisa bicara, si ayah wajib mengajarinya untuk mengucapkan
kalimat tauhid: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">la</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ilaha</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">illa</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Allah</i>. Tradisi lisan
tersebut telah mengakar dan menjadi fenomena “living hadis lisan” pasca
kodifikasi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Living hadis lisan” lainya dapat kita jumpai di
lembaga pendidikan tinggi teologi, seperti Madrasah Nizhamiyah, Madrasah
Naisabur dan madrasah di kota-kota lainnya. Di semua lembaga pendidikan
tersebut, ilmu hadis dijadikan sebagai landasan kurikulum, dan metode
pengajarannya lebih menekankan pada metode hafalan. pendidikan dewasa tidak
hanya dikembangkan dengan cara yang sistematis atau lembaga-lembaga formal,
tetapi juga dilakukan di masjid-masjid yang terdapat di kota muslim. Fenomena
semacam itulah yang dicatat oleh al-Maqdisi ketika menemukan berbagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">halaqah</i>, atau lingkaran-lingkaran
pendidikan di Palestina, Suriah, Mesir dan Persia.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menarik kita singgung di sini, masa kelam fanatisme
teologis dalam sejarah Islam yang dibumbuhi dengan idiom-idiom teks keagamaan
seperti Al-Qur’an dan hadis Nabi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a> Benih-benih
klan-klan teologis telah tumbuh subur pada masa Dinasti Umayyah dan
menghebohkan pada Dinasti Abbasiah menjadi fenomena menarik terkait dengan
kajian living hadis dalam makalah ini. munculnya Sekte-sekte kalam semisal
Syi’ah yang menuntut hak ekslusif kekhalifaan Ali tak jarang menciptakan hadis
mencurigakan didasari alasan politis. Khawarij yang pada awalnya merupakan
pendukung setia Ali, berulangkali melancarkan pemberontakan bersenjata menuntut
hak istimewa orang Quraisy untuk menduduki jabatan kekhalifaan. Munculnya hadis
rasis dan anti-demokratis semisal “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-aimmatu
min Quraisy</i>” para pemimpin berasal dari kaum Quraisy, menurut hemat
penulis, tercipta dari sekte kalam teologis sebagai penguat konsep dan aliran
yang mereka suarakan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perdebatan akut antara Mu’tazilah dan Khawarij dalam
diskursus kebebasan manusia berkeinginan dan bertindak tanpa intervensi Allah (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Free will</i>) versus paham deterministik
Khawarij dan Jabariah melahirkan hadis seperti: </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Qadariyah
adalah Majusinya umat ini, apabila mereka sakit, maka janganlah engkau
menjenguk mereka, dan apabila mereka meninggal janganlah engaku hadir
melayatnya” (H.R. Ahmad)<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Janganlah
engkau bergaul dengan penganut Qadariah dan jangan membuka mereka jalan (untuk
berinteraksi denganmu)” (H.R. Abu Daud).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Maraknya
aksi pemalsuan hadis pada masa kelam fanatisme sektarian membuat Fazlur Rahman
hilang kepercayaan pada hadis-hadis yang terkodifikasi dalam kitab-kitab hadis.
Sunnah (tradisi) yang bersumber dari Nabi, yang kemudian dimodifikasi dan
dikembangkan dengan Ijtihad dan disepakati oleh generasi setelahnya hilang
tergantikan dengan penyampaian verbal (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">verbal
speaking</i>) dan dilegitimasi dengan peresmian kodifikasi hadis pada paruh
awal abad II H. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Epilog</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perkembangan
living hadis pasca kenabian berjalan seiringan dengan perkembangan hadis itu
sendiri. Data data sejarah mengungkapkan kepatuhan para sahabat terhadap Nabi
jika berkaitan dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">risalah</i>-nya.
Namun, para sahabat semisal Umar bin Khattab terkadang memberi saran kepada
Nabi jika didasarkan pada ijtihadnya dan mengklarifikasi dan menanyakan pada
Nabi, apakah kebijakan tersebut adalah wahyu atau ijtihad semata. Secara umum,
para sahabat sangat memelihara konsep teologis dan tetap mempertahankan tradisi
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">living tradition</i>) yang diwariskan
dari figur Nabi saw. dan dielaborasi sedikit demi sedikit untuk kemaslahatan
bersama.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perluasan
ekspansi wilayah ke beberapa kota-kota jazirah Arab dan non-Arab merupakan
kejayaan tersendiri –pada masa ekspansi kerajaan besar dunia- bagi Islam. Islamisasi
adat istiadat dan budaya lokal melahirkan fenomena unik dalam pengembangan
syariah Islam yang tak seperti pada tradisi masa kenabian. Dalam ranah
teologis, pada periode Dinasti Umayyah hingga Dinasti Abbasiah mengalami
asimilasi dengan pemikiran lokal yang menelurkan sekte-sekte baru. Konsep imam
mahdi Syiah, menurut Philip K. Hitti, memiliki pertautan erat dengan konsep
turunnya Yesus sebagai juru selamat dalam agama Kristen.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dan pada periode ini, di saat menjamurnya klan-klan teologis dan terlibat dalam
konflik implikasi dari fanatisme sektarian, akhirnya tercipta hadis-hadis palsu
untuk melegitimasi ajaran kalamnya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dari
penjabaran di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa perkembangan living hadis mengalami
evolusi yang searah dan sesuai dengan konsep maqashid syariah, khususnya pada
masa sahabat. Dan juga terdapat living hadis yang tidak sesuai dengan maqashid
syariah, seperti pemalsuan hadis. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">al-Kafrawi, As’ad Abd al-Gani Sayyid. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A’lam Tasyri’ al-Islami</i>, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mausuah Tasyri’ al-Islami</i> (Cairo:
Wizaratul Awqaf, 2009)</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">al-Mansi, Muhammad
Qasim. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tagayyuru al-Zuruf wa Asaruhu fi
Ikhtilafi al-Ahkam fi as-Syariati al-Islamiyah</i> (cairo: Dar Salam, 2010)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">al-Qardawi,
Yusuf. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kaifa nata’amal ma’a sunnah
an-Nabawiyyah; ma’alim wa dhawabith</i> (Cairo: bank at-Taqwa, tth) </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">An-Na’im, Abdullah
Ahmad. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dekonstruksi Syariah</i>, terj.
Ahmad Suaedy dan Amirudin ar-Rany (Yogyakarta: LKis, 2004)</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dutton, Yasin.
Asal <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mula Hukum Islam; Alquran,
Muwatta’,dan Praktik Madinah</i>, terj. M. Maufur (Yogyakarta: Islamika, 2003)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hitti, Phiilip K. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">History
of The Arabs</i>, terj. R. Cecep Lukiman Yasin dan Dedi Slamet Riyadi (Jakarta:
Serambi, 2010)</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Marzuq, Abd.
Shabur. kata pengantar dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nazharat fi
fiqh al-Faruq Umar bin Khattab</i> (Cairo: Wizaratul Auqaf, 2009)</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Qasim, Yusuf Muhammad Mahmud. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tarikh Tasyri; marahiluhu wa tadwinuhu</i>, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mausuat al-Tasyri’ al-Islami</i> (Cairo: Wizaratul Auqaf, 2009)</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Rahman, Fazlur. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Islamic Methodology in History</i> ( Delhi:
Adam Publisher & Distributors, 1994)</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Samrah, Abdul
Rahman Aziz Abdul Mutthalib. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Adab
Ikhtilaf fil Fiqh al-Islami</i>, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mausuat
al-Tasyri’ al-Islami</i> (Cairo: Wizaratul Auqaf, 2009)</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Suryadilaga, M.
Alfatih. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Implementasi Pendekatan
Integrasi-Interkoneksi dalam Kajian Living Hadis, dalam Islamic Studies;
paradigm Integrasi-interkoneksi</i> (sebuah Antologi) ( Yogyakarta: Suka Press,
2007)</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Zuhri, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Studi Islam dalam Tafsir Sosial, Tela’ah
Sosial Gagasan KeIslaman Fazlur Rahman dan Mohammed Arkoun</i> (Yogyakarta:
Bidang Akademik UIN SUKA, 2008)</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Yasin Dutton, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Asal Mula Hukum Islam;</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alquran, Muwatta’,dan Praktik Madinah</i>,
terj. M. Maufur (Yogyakarta: Islamika, 2003), hlm. 334.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Abdullah Ahmad An-Na’im, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dekonstruksi Syariah</i>, terj. Ahmad Suaedy
dan Amirudin ar-Rany (Yogyakarta: LKis, 2004), hlm. 35.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Zuhri, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Studi Islam dalam Tafsir Sosial, Tela’ah Sosial Gagasan KeIslaman
Fazlur Rahman dan Mohammed Arkoun</i> (Yogyakarta: Bidang Akademik UIN SUKA,
2008), hlm. 277.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Fazlur Rahman, Islamic <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Methodology in History</i> ( Delhi: Adam
Publisher & Distributors, 1994), hlm. 6.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Yasin Dutton, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Asal Mula Hukum Islam;</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alquran,
Muwatta’,dan Praktik Madinah</i>, terj. M. Maufur (Yogyakarta: Islamika, 2003),
hlm. 353.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ibid., hlm. 92.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Abdullah menyatakan Malik
mengkaji hadis berdasarkan latar belakang tradisi Madinah, sedangkan
orang-orang yang tidak sependapat dengannya( khususnya kelompok Irak-diwakili
oleh Abu Yusuf, as-Syaibani dan as-Syafi’i) mengkaji madinah berdasarkan latar
belakang Hadis.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Yasin Dutton, Asal <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mula Hukum Islam; Alquran, Muwatta’,dan
Praktik Madinah</i>, terj. M. Maufur (Yogyakarta: Islamika, 2003), hlm. 356</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Zuhri, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Studi Islam dalam Tafsir Sosial, Tela’ah Sosial Gagasan KeIslaman
Fazlur Rahman dan Mohammed Arkoun</i> (Yogyakarta: Bidang Akademik UIN SUKA,
2008), hlm..280. Aphoristik adalah “ a short wise phrase”.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ibid., hlm.280-281</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ibid.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Fazlur Rahman, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Islamic Methodology in History</i> ( Delhi: Adam Publisher &
Distributors, 1994), hlm. 32.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M. Alfatih Suryadilaga, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Implementasi Pendekatan
Integrasi-Interkoneksi dalam Kajian Living Hadis, dalam Islamic Studies;
paradigm Integrasi-interkoneksi</i> (sebuah Antologi) ( Yogyakarta: Suka Press,
2007), hlm. 170.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">As’ad Abd al-Gani Sayyid al-Kafrawi,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A’lam Tasyri’ al-Islami</i>, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mausuah Tasyri’ al-Islami</i> (Cairo:
Wizaratul Awqaf, 2009), hlm. 90.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ibid., hlm. 96-97.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Abd. Shabur Marzuq, kata pengantar
dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nazharat fi fiqh al-Faruq Umar bin
Khattab</i> (Cairo: Wizaratul Auqaf, 2009), hlm. iv</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Yusuf Muhammad Mahmud Qasim, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tarikh Tasyri; marahiluhu wa tadwinuhu</i>,
dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mausuat al-Tasyri’ al-Islami</i>
(Cairo: Wizaratul Auqaf, 2009), hlm. 194.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ibid, hlm. 214</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Abdul Rahman Aziz Abdul Mutthalib
Samrah, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Adab Ikhtilaf fil Fiqh al-Islami</i>,
dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mausuat al-Tasyri’ al-Islami</i>
(Cairo: Wizaratul Auqaf, 2009), hlm. 28.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">As’ad Abd al-Gani Sayyid al-Kafrawi,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A’lam Tasyri’ al-Islami</i>, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mausuah Tasyri’ al-Islami</i> (Cairo:
Wizaratul Awqaf, 2009), hlm. 110.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ibid., hlm. 115</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Yusuf Qardawi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kaifa nata’amal ma’a sunnah an-Nabawiyyah; ma’alim wa dhawabith</i>
(Cairo: bank at-Taqwa, tth) hlm. 135</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Muhammad Qasim al-Mansi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tagayyuru al-Zuruf wa Asaruhu fi Ikhtilafi
al-Ahkam fi as-Syariati al-Islamiyah</i> (cairo: Dar Salam, 2010) hlm. 168</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Phiilip K Hitti, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">History of The Arabs</i>, terj. R. Cecep
Lukiman Yasin dan Dedi Slamet Riyadi (Jakarta: Serambi, 2010), hlm. 316</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ibid., hlm. 512</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ibid., hlm. 518-519</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“janganlah engkau mendebat mereka
dengan Alquran, karena ia sifatnya multi-dimensi, tetapi debatlah dengan
menggunakan hadis nabi”</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Fazlur Rahman, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Islamic Methodology in History</i> ( Delhi: Adam Publisher &
Distributors, 1994), hlm. 62</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ibid., hlm. 63.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.35pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Phiilip K Hitti, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">History of The Arabs</i>, terj. R. Cecep
Lukiman Yasin dan Dedi Slamet Riyadi (Jakarta: Serambi, 2010), hlm. 311</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15459359199860346996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5462140917247044952.post-17087867451681233542012-11-18T07:34:00.003-08:002012-11-18T07:34:23.681-08:00Epistomologi Tafsir Teoritis<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Prolog</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Quran <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diturunkan di tengah-tengah komunitas Arab
pada abad 6 M merupakan fenomena yang layak diteliti. Kegelisahan-kegelisahan
umat muslim kontemporer dari pelbagai penjuru kembali merujuk kepada Al-Quran
sebagai pedoman hidup umat islam. kecenderungan kebahasaan para gramatikus Arab
dan non Arab mencoba mendekati Al-Quran dengan pendekatan kebahasaan dengan
pelbagai perangkat interpretasi. Pesona keindahan bahasa Al-Quran menyihir para
pengkaji Al-Quran dalam berteorisasi ria yang kemudian melahirkan teori-teori
bahasa dan sastra. Al-Quran ibarat sebuah berlian yang menyilaukan mata para
pengkaji Al-Quran dan terkesima dengan keindahannya. Dari Al-Quran, para
pengkaji merumuskan teori dan metodologi yang kemudian mengalami perkembangan
pesat dan secara gradual, dikukuhkan sebagai disiplin ilmu. Tak heran jika
Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid secara berani mengatakan bahwa “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">peradaban Arab adalah peradaban teks</i>” dan Amin al-Khuli menegaskan
bahwa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Quran adalah kitab sastra Arab terbesar dan teragung</i>” yang
lantas didekati dengan pendekatan ilmu-ilmu kemanusiaan seperti bahasa, sastra
dan psikologi dsb.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tafsir Sastra yang marak dikenal pada
abad 20 dan dianggap sebagai hasil perkenalan akut dan hasil adopsi dengan disiplin
ilmu kritik sastra barat tidak dapat diterima seutuhnya, tetapi wacana tafsir
sastra yang menggema di abad kontemporer memiliki landasan teoritis dan
konstruk epistomologi pada masa klasik dan hasil akumulasi dari pergumulan
ilmu-ilmu modern. Tokoh-tokoh kenamaan sekaliber Ibn Abbas, al-Farra’, Abu
Ubaidah, al-Jurjani, Abd al-Jabbar, al-jahiz dan al-Baqillani dan tokoh-tokoh
lainnya memiliki pemikiran yang melampaui batas-batas zamannya. Kehadiran Muhammad
‘Abduh dan Taha Husain kemudian memuluskan jalan bagi Amin al-Khuli dan
penerus-penerusnya dengan mereformulasi dan menetapkan prinsip-prinsip
metodologis dalam seni interpretasi yang dalam pembacaan kontemporer dikenal
dengan Hermeneutika. Nashr Hamid abu Zaid mencoba mendialektikan antara teks
dan realitas dengan teori makna dan maghza yang berubah-rubah yang didasari
dengan semangat objektivitas penafsiran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jejak Historis Tafsir Teoritis </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Melacak jejak sejarah benih-benih tafsir
teoritis dapat dijumpai pada masa kenabian. Pemikiran ini menurut Dr.M.Nur
Khalis Setiawan berdasarkan atas beberapa data yang menunjukkan bahwa Nabi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Muhammad SAW telah memberikan beberapa
interpretasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang erat kaitannya dengan terminologi
disiplin sastra atab yang berkembang belakangan, meski penafsiran Nabi tidak terlalu
banyak dijadikan para pengamat tafsir sebagai tafsir periode awal dalam sejarah
penafsiran Al-Quran. Nampak jelas ketika Nabi menafsirkan surah al- Baqarah
ayat 187 : “ makan minumlah engkau hingga terang bagimu benang putih dari
benang hitam yaitu fajar “.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dengan
mengatakan “ yang dimaksud dengan benang hitam adalah gelapnya malam dan benang
putih adalah terangnya siang.” Peralihan makna frasa dari benang hitam dan
putih ke benang yang lain,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yakni
gelapnya malam dan terangnya siang, merupakan perubahan makna dari makna asli
ke makana majazi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Meski secara kuantitas tidak terlalu banyak menunjukkan model penafsiran
susastera, interpretasi Nabi benar-benar telah mendapatkan legitimasi historis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Salah satu generasi penerus yang
melakukan penafsiran seperti yang dilakukan Nabi adalah Abdullah Ibn Abbas
(w.68/687) putra dari paman Nabi dan putra dari kakek (tertua) dari keluarga
besar Abbasiah. Para pengkaji tafsir menyebutnya sebagai “bapak tafsir” karna
otoritasnya dalam disiplin ilmu bak lautan tak bertepi dan dijuluki dengan
gelar “ Tarjuman Al-Quran” yang telah diberkahi oleh rasulullah sendiri.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
Demikian pula karya-karya tafsir yang bermunculan setelah itu, tidak bisa
dilepaskan dari pengaruh serta kretifitas Ibn Abbas. Sehingga
interpretasi-interpretasi yang dilakukan Ibn Abbas bisa dijadikan sebagai awal
mula penafsiran susastra dengan bukti data-data historis yang kuat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Menelisik lebih jauh sosok Ibn Abbas ditemukan bahwa Ibn Abbas tekun bergaul
dengan penyair klasik, sebab mereka adalah kalangan yang dipandang mempunyai
kesiapan lebih karena pergumulan mereka dengan bahasa dalam bidang tafsir.
Berkenaan dengan lafazh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">haraj </i>dalam
surat al-Haj ayat 78 dia menjelaskan prinsip berikut ini : “ apabila kamu
merasa asing dengan sesuatu dalam Al-Quran maka lihatlah dalam syair, karena
syair adalah murni bahasa Arab. Data sejarah mengisahkan bahwa Nafi’ bin
al-Azraq bertanya kepada Ibn Abbas tentang sejumlah kosa kata Al-Quran. Nafi’
meminta kepada Ibn Abbas supaya mencari makna-makna tersebut dengan menggunakan
syair klasik. Dalam jawaban Ibn Abbas kepada pertanyaan Nafi’ bin al-Azraq
terdapat tafsiran sekitar dua tatus kalimat dengan munggunakan bukti atau dalil
dari syair klasik. Ini adalah sebuah pengakuan dari para ahli bahasa masa
belakangan kepada bapak tafsir yang menggagas metode linguistic dalam tafsir Al-Quran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penafsiran dengan metode linguistik
kemudian dilanjutkan oleh murid-murid Ibn Abbas diantaranya adalah : Mujahid,
Ikrimah, said bun jabir, Qatadah,dan al-Dhahhak.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Murid yang paling menonjol dalam penafsiran dengan pendekatan kebahasaan adalah
Mujahid. Interpretasi-interpretasi yang dilakukannya sangat kental dengan
penafsiran metaforis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>maka
tak heran jika Mujahid dikategorikan sebagai salah satu dari benih-benih
penafsiran rasionalis dalam Islam.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
generasi setalah Mujahid yang ambil bagian dalam mengembangkan “ stadium
embrional” tafsir sastra adalah Ibn Juraij, Maqatil ibn Sulaiman, Sufyan
al-Tsauri, Abu Ubaidah al-Mutsanna’ dan Yahya ibn Ziyad al-Farra’.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Para sarjana tersebut dalam karya-karyanya, secara implisitmenegaskan bahwa Al-Quran
adalah sebuah teks. Penyimpulan seperti ini diperoleh dari analisis holistic
terhadap buah tangan mereka. Sebuah kenyataan yang tak terbantahkan akan
perlakuan mereka terhadap Al-Quran adalah penekanan bahwa Al-Quran adalah teks
berbahasa Arab, sehingga ilmu bahasa Arab merupakan perangkat pertama dan
nisacaya dalam memahami teks Al-Quran.mereka bersepakat bahwa dalam wilayah
kebahasaan terdapat dua aspek dan tingkatan yang saling terkait dan
berkelindan. Dua hal tersebut adalah apa yang ada dalam disiplin bahasa
kontemporer dengan “ syntagma “ (tarkib) sebagai bagian integral dari
pembentukan dan bangunan sebuah kalimat, serta “ paradigm” (dalalah), sebagai
elemen pembangun lainnya dalam bahasa.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Membincang lebih lanjut “stadium
embrional “<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>setalah generasi Mujahid,
nampaknya penafsiran yang paling kental denga pendaran linguistiknya adalah Abd
al-Malik ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Juraij. Ibn Juraij termasuk dalam sederet pengkaji
Al-Quran klasik yang mengedepankan prinsip :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bagian Al-Quran menjelaskan bagian yang lain ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Quran yufassiru ba’duhu ba’dhan</i>). Disamping itu ia juga menaruh
perhatian kepada artu penting aspek-aspek Mubhamat Al-Quran, mengingat gaya
bertutut Al-Quran memang demikian adanya. Ibn Jurai berkeyakinan bahwa konteks
sebuah ayat dalam Al-Quran memiliki peran yang sangat penting. “ kesadaran “
akan konteks dari sebuah teks sebagai perangkat adalah niscaya dalm memahami
teks keagamaan yang dalam kacamata semantic modern lazim disebut dengan “makna
dasar”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan “makna relasional” .
kesadaran akan dua aspek makna tersebut dalam khazanah islam klasik, salah
satunya dikembangkan oleh ibn Juraij. Demikian juga Ibn Juraij menaruh
perhatian pada gaya tutur stilistika Al-Quran yang beragam dan membicarakan
pengualangan kata atau kalimat (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Tikrar</i>)
serta tertarik menyibukkan diri dengan gramatikal ayat-ayat Al-Quran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Para sarjana klasik dengan pelbagai
karyanya yang telah disebutkan diatas diklasifikasikan sebagai penafsiran
sebelum masa kodifikasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">asru tadwin</i> ) dan sarjana klasik pertama
yang menulis pada masa kodifikasi adalah Abu Ubaidah dengan magnum
opus-nya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“majaz Al-Quran”. Di tangan Abu
Ubaidah pertama kali mendefenisikan pengertian majaz. Abu Ubaidah ketika
dihadapkan dengan teks Al-Quran, ia berusaha mengklasifikasikan dan menunjukkan
pengertian denotatif dan konotatif sebuah lafadz teks dan menjelaskan aspek
metaforis dan perumpamaan dalam Al-Quran. Generasi setelah yang melanjutkan
tongkat estafet penafsiran Al-Quran dengan pendekatan kebahasaan adalah
al-Farra’ dengan karangannya “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ma’ani Al-Quran</i>”
metode al-farra’ dalam kitabnya hampir menyamai metode Abu Ubaidah,namun nuansa
gramatika bahasa Arab nampaknya sangat kental menyesaki karangannya. Yang
kemudian disusul oleh al-Jahidz dengan “Nadzm Al-Quran”-nya , Ibn Qutaibah
dengan “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ta’wil Muyskilu Al-Quran</i>”-nya
yang dilandasi dengan semangat pembelaan terhadap aspek kemukjizatan Al-Quran.
Jika al-Jahidz adalah juru bicara Mu’tazilah maka Ibnu Qutaibah merupakan juru
bicara Ahlu Sunnah wa al-Jama’ah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada abad ke-4 H, dogma I’jaz Al-Quran
mendapat perhatian penuh dari para teolog dan penafsir Al-Quran.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hal itu dapat dibuktikan dengan menjamurnya
karangan sarjana muslim klasik yang memusatkan penelitiannya terhadap aspek
kemukjizatan dalam Al-Quran. Relasi antara I’jaz Al-Quran dengan aspek
kebahasaan Al-Quran tidak bisa dipisahkan satu sama lainnya. Ibnu Qutaibah
berpendapat bahwa pembahasan serta diskusi mengenai ajaran dan keyakinan
tentang i’jâz al-Qur’ân yang muncul belakangan, tidak bisa dilepaskan dari dua
aspek bahasa, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lafzhi</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ma’nawi</i>. Lafzhi berarti leksikal dan
makna struktural, sementara ma’nawi adalah teori makna.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
Pada abad ini muncul sarjana muslim seperti al-Rummani dengan “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-nukat fi I’jaz Al-Quran</i>” ,
al-Khatthabi dengan “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bayan I’jaz Al-Quran</i>”
, Abu al-Hasan Abd al-Jabbaral-Hamdani dengan kitabnya “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Mughni fi Abwabi al-Tauhid wa al-Adl</i>” dan Abu Bakr al-Baqillani
dengan magnumopusnya “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I’jaz Al-Quran</i>
“.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada abad selanjutnya yaitu pada abad ke
-5, diterbitkan “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dala’il al-Ijaz</i>”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang sangat fenomenal yang ditulis oleh Abd
al-Qahir al-Jurjani dan kitan “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Risalat
al-Syafiah fi I’jaz Al-Quran</i>”. Dan pada abad ke 6 H al-Zamakhsyari seolah
megumpulkan teori-teori terdahulu dalam tafsirnya “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Kassyaf</i>” yang bernuansa kebahasaan. Dan disusul oleh Fakhruddin
al-Razi dengan “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nihayat al-Ijaz fi Dirayat
al-I’jaz</i>”. Pada abad ke-7 H, Abu al-Asba’ al-Mashri menulis “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Badi’ Al-Quran”</i>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dan pada abad-abad selanjutnya mucul sederetan nama seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Imam Yahya bin Hamzah al-Alawi degan kitab “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Tharaz</i>” , Umar al-Biqa’I dengan kitab
yang diberi judul “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nadzmu al-Durar fi
tanasub al-ayat wa al-suwar</i>” dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Jalaluddin al-Suyuti pemilik “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tanasuk
al-durar fi tanasub al-suwar</i>”. Sampai pada masa kontemporer para sarjana
semisal Muhammad Rajab Bayyumi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan
Hufnaa Muhammad Syaraf memberikan perhatian lebih pada corak penafsiran dengan
pendekatan kebahasaan. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Epistomologi Tafsir Teoritis</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk meneliti lebih jauh konstruk
epistomologi tafsir teoritis dengan menggunakan pendekatan kebahasaan dan
sastra maka penulis terlebih dahulu memaparkan defenisi epistomologi itu
sendiri. Epistomologi adalah suatu disiplin ilmu yang bersifat evaluative,
normative, dan kritis. Evaluatif berarti bersifat menilai, ia menilai suatu
keyakinan, sikap, pernyataan pendapatm teori pengetahuan dapat dibenarkan,
dijamin kebenarannya, atau memiliki dasar yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan
secara nalar. Normatif berarti menentukan tolak ukur, dan dalam hal ini tolak
ukur kenalaran adalah kebenaran pengetahuan. Sedangkan kritis berarti banyak
mempertanyakan dan menguji kenalaran cara maupun hasil kegiatan manusia
mengetahui.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dalam hal ini penulis mencoba mengklasifikasikan tafsir teoritis ke dalam tiga
fase penafsiran karena menurut asumsi penulis untuk menghadirkan tiga poin
penting dari epistomolgi dibutuhkan pemetaan yang jelas. Begitu pula ,tafsir
teoritis dengan menggunakan pendekatan bahasa dan sastra memiliki karakteristik
dan perkembangan yang signifikan serta tujuan penafsiran yang berbeda. Ketga
kategori tersebut yaitu (1) epistomologi tafsir kebahasaan pada masa klasik (2)
epistomologi tafsir kesusasteraan masa modern (3) epistomologi tafsir
kesusasteraan pada masa kontemporer.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Epistomologi Tafsir Kebahasaan Masa Klasik</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Secara kategoris , Jhon Wansbrough
memetakan karya-karya tafsir yang muncul pada era klasik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menjadi lima jenis. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pertama</i> : tafsir naratif, yakni tafsir yang penjelasannya disertai
ulasan disekitar konteks turunnya ayat, contoh tafsir model ini adalah tafsir
karya Sulaiman ibn Maqatil. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kedua</i> :
tafsir legal, yaitu tafsir yang sangat kental dengan nuansa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hukumnya . tafsir karya sulaiman ini juga
merupakan cfontoh yang baik bagi model tafsir jenis ini. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ketiga</i> : tafsir tekstual, yaitu tafsir yang lebih focus pada uraian
tentang aspek-aspek leksikon dalam ragam bacaan ayat Al-Quran. Contohnya adalah
tafsir Ma’ani Al-Quran karya al-Farra’. Tafsir ini lebih berusaha menjelaskan
berbagai problem gramtika dan tekstual Al-Quran. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Keempat</i> : tafsir retorik : yaitu tafsir yang lebih menonjolkan
uraian tentang retorika dan sastra Al-Quran, seperti tafsir Majaz Al-Quran
karya Abu Ubaidah. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kelima</i> : tafsir
alegoris, yaitu tafsir yang mengungkap makna simbolik Al-Quran. Tafsir sufistik
karya at-Tustari , merupakan contoh yang baik bagi jenis tafsir alegoris.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari klasifikasi Jhon Wonsbrough dapat
dikatakan bahwa yang termasuk dalam tafsir teoritis adalah jenis ketiga dan
keempat, yaitu Tafsir Tekstual dan Tafsir Retorik.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sumber Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al-Quran
yang diturunkan dengan bahasa Arab sebagai media komunikasi tuhan dengan
manusia mendapatkan perhatian dari kaum muslim Arab pada masa itu. Bapak
tafsir, Ibn Abbas dengan kecerdasan dan wawasan bahasa Arab yang mumpuni
mencoba meneliti kosa kata Al-Quran dengan merujuk pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sya’ir</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jahiliah</i> untuk
mendapatkan makna asli. Sehingga dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Risalah</i>
karya Syafi’I sebagaimana dikutip Ignaz Goldziher<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berhasil merampungkan sekitar dua rastus kosa
kata dan menemukan arti etimologis-nya. Penjelasan dua ratus kosa kata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gharib</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dalam Al-Quran tidak serta merta berdasarkan Syai’r jahili semata namun
sumber dari hadis Nabi dan penelitian filologis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kibar</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sahabat </i>dimanfaatkan
oleh Ibn Abbas dalam merumuskan dan menjelaskan arti kosa kata yang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gharib</i> (asing) atas permintaan Nafi’ bin
al- Azraq. Demikian pula Ibn Abbas menukil dari filolog buku-buku pra-islam
yaitu Abu al-Jald Mukahdraman dan wawasan dari Ka’ab al-Ahbar dan Abdullah bin
Salam, muallaf dari agama Yahudi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perluasan kekuasaan islam pada masa awal
islam yang meliputi bangsa Arab maupun non-Arab mengakibatkan pengetahuan akan
bahasa Arab menjelma menjadi sebuah kebutuhan dan niscaya. Al-Quran yang
merupakan sumber primer kaum muslim<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan
bahasa Arab sebagai bahasa Al-Quran menjadikan keduanya ibarat dua sisi mata koin
yang tak terpisahkan. Sehingga tidak mengherankan ketika kamus Al-Quran
menjamur pada dinasti Umawiyyah dan Abbasiah sebagai buku pedoman bangsa Arab
dan non-Arab dalam memahami Al-Quran. Begitu pula Konsep I’jaz Al-Quran
memotivasi para sarjana klasik memberi penjelasan hakikat kemukjizatan Al-Quran
sehingga upaya yang mereka kerahkan dapat melahirkan sekian teori-teori bahasa
dan sastra yang kemudian berimplikasi kuat terhadap perkembangan ilmu balaghah
dan dikukuhkan sebagai disiplin ilmu yang independen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Metodologi penafsiran dengan pendekatan
kebahasaan baik oleh ulama mutaqaddimin maupun muta’akhirin secara umum
bersifat deduktif-analitik. Deduktif berarti menafsirkan teks Al-Quran dengan
berupaya merincikan makna asli (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">exact
meaning</i>) kosa kata Al-Quran dengan merujuk pada pemakaian bahasa bangsa Arab
pada masa Al-Quran diturunkan dengan pendekatan filologi terhadap <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">syi’ir jahiliah</i> dan bahasa Arab kuno.
Analitik berarti menafsirkan Al-Quran dengan cara atomistik, parsial dan
terpisah-pisah sesuai dengan urutan ayat Al-Quran dalam mushaf utsmani. Pada
perkembangannya corak penafsiran kebahasaan jenis ini menyesaki Al-Quran dengan
kaidah-kaidah kebahasan dari segi gramatikalnya sehingga oleh Muhammad ‘Abduh
dikritik dengan mengatakan bahwa analisis I’rab Al-Quran pada penafsiran
kebahasaan islam klasik tidak layak disebut sebagai tafsir tetapi sebagai ajang
latihan disiplin ilmu gramatikal Arab terhadap Al-Quran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada perkembangan selanjutnya, para
gramatikus yang bergelut dengan penafsiran Al-Quran merumuskan beberapa kaidah
dengan pendekatan kebahasaan sebagai berikut : (1) redaksi yang bersifat umum
mengandung pengertian umum yang sepadan (2) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">alif-lam</i>
pada kata sifat dan ism al-jins menunjuk seluruh pengertian yang tercakup
didalamnya (3) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">an-nakirah</i> dalam
konteks an-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nahy</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">an-nafy, as-syarah</i> atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-istifham</i>
menunjuk pada pengertian umum.(4) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Mudhaf</i>
(kata kepunyaan) juga menunjuk pada pengertian umum sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ism al-jam’I</i> (5) ism yang disebutkan
secara tersendiri menunjuk pada pengertian sefcara umum. (6) peniadaan objek
kalimat yang menunjuk pada pengertian umum yang sepadan. (7) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jawab as-Syart</i> yang tidak disebutkan
dalam ayat menunjukkan penting atau dahsyatnya hal yang dibicarakan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">penafsiran retoris masa klasik merupakan
benih perkembangan tafsir sastra pada masa kontemporer. Konsep majaz yang
digagas oleh Abu Ubaidillah berangkat dari perkenalan akut para sarjana klasik
dalam memhami doktrin I’jaz Al-Quran dari aspek retorika dan keindahan
bahasanya. Yang kemudian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melahirkan
teori Metafora (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Isti’arah</i>), seni
perbandingan ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tasybih</i>), parabel (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Matsal</i>) dan metonisme (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kinayah</i>) yang merupakan bentuk-bentuk
Majaz. Dan kemudian teori konstruksi teks (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nadzm</i>)
yang dirintis oleh al-Jahidz dan dilanjutkan oleh al-Jurjani dalam “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dala’il al-Ijaz</i>” nya dan diaplikasikan
secara praksis terhadap teks Alqran oleh al-Zamakhsyari dalam “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Kassyaf</i>” dan Said Nursi dalam “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Isyarat al-I’jaz fi madzanni al-Ijaz</i>”
sehingga bisa disimpulkan bahwa teori Majaz dan Nadzm merupakan elemen-elemen
formatif tafsir teoritis sebagaimana Nur Khalis Setiawan kisahkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Majaz yang diartikan sebagai lawan dari
haqiqah, <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a>sebagaimana
dipahami oleh Al-Jahidz yang kemudian dikembangkan Van Ess dengan pengertian
sebagai : sesuatu yang melampaui batas-batas leksikal<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a>
mengindikasikan bahwa penafsiran progresif dan non-tekstual dapat ditemukan
pada penafsiran sarjana islam klasik terlebih pada literautur Mu’tazilah. Dari
penjabaran diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa metodologi tafsir retoris menggunakan
teori-teori sastra klasik dalam menyibak keindahan bahasa Al-Quran meskipun
secara umum masih menggunakan metode deduktif-analitik dari penafsiran yang
mereka suguhkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Validitas Penafisran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam ilmu semantik kontemporer makna
dapat diklasifikasikan dengan makna dasar ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Grundbedutung</i>)
dan makna relasional (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">relational
Bedeutung</i>). Makna dasar yang dimaksud disini adalah kandungan kontekstual
dari kosa kata yang akan tetap melekat pada kata tersebut, meskipun kata
tersebut dipisahkan dari konteks pembicaraan kalimat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sementara makna relasional adalah makna
konotatif, yang dalam prakteknya, sangat bergantung kepada konteks sekaligus
relasi dengan kosa kata lainnya dalam kalimat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a> Menyoal
validitas penafsiran teoritis dengan pendekatan kebahasaan dalam Al-Quran
sejatinya keabsahan sebuah penafsiran jika penafsiran tersebut sesuai dengan
makna asli (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">exact meaning</i>) atau makna
dasar bahasa Arab ketika Al-Quran diturunkan. Begitu pula validitas penafsiran
teoritis dengan pendekatan sastra apabila sebuah penafsiran sesuai atau adanya
keterkaitan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">aspek relasional</i>) dengan
makna dasar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adapun kaidah-kaidah dengan pendekatan
kebahasaan yang dirumuskan oleh para sarjana klasik mendapat legitimasi dari
otoritas ahli bahasa dan para penafsir dengan menyatakan bahwa standar
validitas penafsiran juga harus sesuai dengan kaidah-kaidah kebahasaan yang
telah diformasikan pada masa klasik agar terhindar dari penafsiran liar yang
tidak terikat dengan batas-batas leksial teks Al-Quran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam kajian epistomologi, dikenal tiga
teori kebenaran yang kerap dijadikan sebagai acuan kebenaran, yaitu (1) teori
kebenaran korespondensi (2) teori kebenaran koherensi, dan (3) teori kebenaran
pragmatik. Kembali pada validitas penafsiran teoritis klasik sejatinya menganut
teori kebenaran korespondensi. Teori korespondensi adalah teori kebenaran yang
menyatakan bahwa suatu pernyataan itu benar kalau isi pengetahuan yang
terkandung dalm pernyataan tersebut berkorespondensi (sesuai) dengan objek yang
dirujuk oleh pernyataan tersebut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a>
Berangkat dari teori tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa validitas sebuah
penafsiran apabila berkorespondensi dengan makna dasar bahasa Arab.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.4.
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Karakteristik dan Tujuan Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Karakteristik penafsiran teoritis klasik
diantaranya adalah (1) minimnya budaya kritis (2) penafsiran yang dilakukan
umumnya lebih menekankan pendekatan pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al</i>-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ma’na</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ijmali</i> ( pengertian kosa kata secara global)(3) posisi teks sebagai
subjek dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mufassir</i> sebagai objek.
Tujuan penafsiran relatif pada tataran sekedar memahami makna dan belum sampai
ke dataran <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Maghza. </i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a>Sehingga
bisa disimpulkan bahwa penafsiran teoritis masa klasik dijadikan sebgai sebuah
medium untuk memahami makna Al-Quran, terlebih bagi mereka yang tidak terbiasa
dengan lidah Arab.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Epistomologi Tafsir Kesusasteraan Masa Modern</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sumber Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Muhammad ‘Abduh yang juga merupakan
representator penafsir modern dengan corak adab-ijtima’I ( corak sastra dan
sosial), Muhammad ‘Abduh menegaskan bahwa sebaik-baik sumber penafsiran dalam
memahami term Al-Quran adalah kembali kepada Al-Quran itu sendiri dengan bahasa
Arab ketika diturunkan dan mengkritik upaya memahami makna teks dengan merujuk pada
term agama-agama samawi yang memiliki jarak waktu yang berabad-abad.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a>
Disamping itu sumber penafsiran lainnya adalah perangkat-perangkat interpretasi
tradisional <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">( ilm al-ma’ani</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-bayan</i> atau lebih dikenal dengan
Stilistika ) untuk mebuka makna teks.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a>dan
menjadikan akal sebagai otoritas mendasar dalam interpretasi Al-Quran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ilmu tentang kondisi-kondisi manusia yang juga dikenal dengan sosiologi dan
pendekatan historis terhadap ruang lingkup Al-Quran diturunkan mendapat
perhatian oleh Muhammad ‘Abduh.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a> sehingga
dengan bahasa Nash Hamid, Muhammad ‘Abduh telah menyatukan apa yang berasal
dari tradisi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">turats</i>) dengan
ilmu-ilmu modern dalam upayanya memberikan respon terhadap tantangan yang
dilontarkan pada nalar muslim yang menganggap Al-Quran sebagai rujukan
utamanya. Oleh karena itu tindak interpretasi yang dilakukan oleh ‘‘Abduh
bertumpu pada otoritas bahasa dan otoritas pengetahuan modern <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a>di
dalam suatu bangunan metodologis yang cermat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang sedemikian besar sejalan dengan langkah-langkah metode yang akan
dijelaskan pada pada metode penafsiran kesusasteraan masa modern. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari hasil penelitian J.J.G. Jansen
aliran penafsiran ala Mesir pada masa modern mengatakan bahwa corak penafsiran
di Mesir sejak munculnya Muhammad ‘Abduh dapat diklasifikan pada tiga bagian
(1) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">philological</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">exegesis</i> : penafsiran literal terhadap teks (2) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Practical</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Exegesis</i> : signifikansi teks Al-Quran terhadap perbuatan manusia,
dan (3) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Scientific</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Exegesis</i> : signifikansi teks Al-Quran
terhadap ilmu pengetahuan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menelisik tafsir Muhammad ‘Abduh dapat
dikatakan bahwa dari ketiga aspek ini ditemukan dalam penafsirannya lebih
kental dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">philological exegesis</i>
sebagai sarana untuk mencapai petunjuk Al-Quran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Metode bahasa yang sastra yang
dirumuskan oleh Muhammad ‘Abduh’ untuk mendapatkan Hidayah sebagai tujuan
penafsiran diformulasikan ke dalam langkah-langkah berikut<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a> :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. memahami data-data kosakata yang ada
dalm Al-Quran menurut makna umumnya sebgaimana yang berlaku ketika diturunkan.
Memahami kosakata-kosakata tersebut sedemikian rupa sehingga mufassir teresebut
dapat mewujudkan hal itu melalui pemakaian-pemakaian ahli bahasa, tidak cukup
mengikuti pendapat dan pemahaman si penafsir, sebab banyak kosakata yang
dipergunakan pada saat diturunkan dengan berbagai makna, kemudian makna-makna
itu lebih dominan daripada yang lainnya dalam perkembangan selanjutnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam langkah ini tampak jelas bahwa Muhammad
‘Abduh menolak proses memaksakan makna yang berasal dari masa kini terhadap
masa lalu sebagai akibat tidak diperhatikannya makna kosakata yang dipergunakan
pada saat diturunkan. Pola pemaksaan ini menjadi umum saat ini dan tampak jelas
dalam banyak buku tafsi r kontemporer. Barangkali yang paling mencolok dan
nyata adalah tafsir yang disebut dengan tafsir ‘ilmy terhadap Al-Quran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. setelah memahami makna dari
kosakata-kosakata dalam konteks pemakaian kebahasaannya, langkah berikutnya
adalah memahami stilistika. Dalam hal ini diperlukan ilmu I’rab dan ilmu
stilistika (Ma’ani dan al-Bayan ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. langkah ketiga dalam metode ini
adalah “ ilmu mengenai kondisi-kondisi manusia.” Sebab orang yang meneliti
kitab ini (Al-Quran) mesti mempertimbangkan kondisi-kondisi manusia dengan
perbagai perkembangan mereka, faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan kondisi mereka
berbeda-beda ; ada yang kuat dan lemah, ada yang maju dan terbelakang, ada yang
menguasai pengetahuan dan ada yang diliputi kebodohan, ada yang beriman dan ada
yang kafir. Di samping itu, ia juga harus mengetahui situasi dari maju
mundurnya dunia secara global. Dalam hal ini dibutuhkan berbagai disiplin, yang
terpenting adalah sejarah dengan segala jenisnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. langkah keempat dapat dianggap
sebagai kelanjutan dari langkah ketiga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>;
ada yang kuat dan lemah, ada yang maju dan terbelakang, ada yang menguasai
pengetahuan dan ada yang diliputi kebodohan, ada yang beriman dan ada yang
kafir. Di samping itu, ia juga harus mengetahui situasi dari maju mundurnya
dunia secara global. Dalam hal ini dibutuhkan berbagai disiplin, yang
terpenting adalah sejarah dengan segala jenisnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. langkah keempat dapat dianggap
sebagai kelanjutan dari langkah ketiga atau derivasi darinya, sebab pengetahuan
mengenai kondisi-kondisi manusia termasuk di dalamnya adalah kondisi yang
melekat pada masyarakat Arab dan lainnya pada era keNabian. Bagaimana mungkin
sang mufassir dapat memahami dengan semestinya kebiasaan-kebiasaan mereka yang
dinilai negative oleh ayat-ayat Al-Quran, atau yang mendekati negative jika ia
tidak mengetahui kondisi-kondisi mereka dan apa saja yang ada pada mereka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5. langkah kelima jga dapat dianggap
sebagai rangkaian dari langkah keempat. Pengetahuan tentang kondisi masyarakat Arab
dan laiinya ada era keNabian termasuk pula di sini “ pengetahuan mengenai
perjalanan hidup Nabi SAW. dan sahabat-sahabtnya, serta pengetahuan dan
tindakan-tindakan yang berkaitan dengan duniai dan ukhrawi yang mereka
jalankan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Langkah-langkah yang dirumuskan oleh ‘‘Abduh
sebagai metode tafsir, menurut Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid berkaitan erat dengan dua
otoritas yang berdampingan: bahasa dalam konteks sejarah karena bahasa berlaku
pada era turunya wahyu, dan dunia, bahasa berfungsi sebagai hukum yang
menggerakkan dunia baik secara alamiah maupun sosial dalam proses
kesejarahannya. Teks di sini dalam pemahaman Muhammad ‘Abduh secara implicit,
melalui langkah-langkah metodologisnya, merupakan struktur bahasa yang bermakna
dalam konteks sosial-historis, tidak terlapas, pada saat yang sama, dari
kemampuannya memproduksi makna di luar bingkai konteks tersebut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Validitas Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari pemetaan metodologis Muhammad ‘Abduh
oleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid kedalam dua
otoritas yang saling terkait, yaitu teks dan dunia. Maka dapat disimpulkan
bahwa Muhammad ‘Abduh menganut teori kebenaran Korespondensi yaitu adanya
kesesuaian hasil penafsiran dengan makna asli Al-Quran ketika diturunkan dan
teori pragmatis. Teori pragmatis penafsiran mengatakan bahwa sebuah penafsiran
dikatakan benar apabila ia secara praksis mempu memberikan solusi praksis bagi
problem sosial yang muncul. Dengan kata lain, penafsiran itu tidak diukur
dengan teori<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau penafsiran lain,
tetapi diukur sejauh mana ia dapat memberikan solusi atas problem yang dihadapi
manusia sekarang ini. berangkat dari semangat tujuan Al-Quran sebagai petunjuk
kepada manusia membuat Muhammad ‘Abduh menyajikan tafsirnya sesuai dengan
kebutuhan zaman (need of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the times/
hajat al-ashr).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Karakteristik dan Tujuan Penafsiran</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tafsir Muhammad ‘Abduh mengkritisi
penafsiran dengan menggunakan dan memusatkan suatu pendekatan dan mengabaikan
pendekatan-pendekatan lainnya. Hal itu Nampak jelas dari kritikan penafsiran yang
disesaki dengan data-data I’rab Al-Quran yang kemudian mengaburkan petunjuk Al-Quran
yang diimani kaum muslim sebagai pedoman primer.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a>
Corak penafsiran Muhammad ‘Abduh seringkali disebut dengan tafsir sosial yang
bernuansa sastrawi. Sebagaimana disinggung diatas bahwa tujuan penafsiran Muhammad
‘Abduh adalah sebagai kitab petunjuk yang darinya manusia mendapatkan hidayah.
Dari sisi lain sarana yang mengantarkan pada tujuan asas Al-Quran adalah metode
bahasa yang sastra.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Epistomologi Penafsiran Kesusasteraan Masa
Kontemporer</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sumber Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sumber penafsiran kesusasteraan masa
kontemporer dihasilkan dari teks Al-Quran sendiri. Amin al-Khuli menegaskan
bahwa analisis kebahasaan kosa kata Al-Quran dapat diklasifikasikan dan disibak
makna asalnya dari dua poin yaitu dari sisi etimologis dan dari pengertian atau
term Al-Quran itu sendiri.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a>
Begitu pula upaya Al-Khuli dalam menafsirkan Al-Quran menempatkan dan
memberikan derajat lebih tinggi kepada akal atas sebuah teks.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a>dengan
memberikan peluang besar terhadap teori-teori sastra dan filsafat bahasa modern
yang kemudian difilterisasi dan diaplikasikan dalam menafsirkan Al-Quran. Dalam
hal ini al-Khuli memberikan perhatian besar terhadap literature klasik dan
modern dalam merumuskan konstruk metodologinya dalam penafsiran sastra Al-Quran.
Sumber penafisran murid-murid al-Khuli semisal Ahmad Khalafullah dan Ai’syah
bintu Syati’ menjadi makmum atas guru-gurunya yang kemudian dikembangkan oleh
Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid yang menjadikan realitas sebagai sumber penafsiran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3.2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Amin al-Khuli merupakan pelopor wacana
tafsir sastra Al-Quran pada abad dua puluh.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Keseriusan al-Khuli dalam mengkaji Al-Quran tidak bisa dilepaskan dari
kajian-kajiannya terhadap bahasa dan sastra Arab. Sebagai bukti dari statemen
ini adalah banyaknya tulisan penting yang berbicara tentang bahasa sastra dan
kritik sastra dalam karnya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fi adab
al-Mishri</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fannal-Qawl</i>. Interaksi
al-Khuli dengan Al-Quran dalam memahami maknanya, mencoba menganalisis Al-Quran
dan mendudukkan sebagai sebuah teks Arab teragung dan terbesar yang pernah ada.
Kemudian dianalisis secara tematis. Kajian al-Khuli terhadap Al-Quran mengedepankan
dua prinsip metodologis yaitu : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">studi
sekitar Al-Quran</b> (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dirasah ma haula Al-Quran</i>)
dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">studi tentang teks itu sendiri</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dirasah
fi Al-Quran nafsih). <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kajian pertama</b></i>
diarahkan kepada investigasi latar belakang Al-Quran, dimulai dari proses
pewahyuan, perkembangan dan sirkulasinya dalam masyarakat Arab sebagai obyek
wahyu, beserta kodifikasi dan variasi cara baca : sebagai sebuah kajian yang
kemudian lebih dikenal dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘ Ulumul
Quran.</i> Kajian ini juga difokuskan pada aspek sosio-historis Al-Quran
termasuk didalamnya situasi intelektual, Kultural, dan geografis masyarakat Arab
abad ke tujuh ketika Al-Quran diturunkan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a>
Kajian ini secara umum berujung pada : (1) kajian teks, filologis, dan
penjelasan tentang sejarah perkembangannya. (2) penjelasan mengenai latar
belakang tempat Al-Quran muncul, sumber darimana ia lahir, bagaimana
perkembangan makna-maknanya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a>
Selanjutnya <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kajian kedua</i></b> pada studi tentang teks Al-Quran dari berbagai
segi. (1) Ia mengawali dengan investigasi terhadap kosa kata inividua Al-Quran
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mufradat</i>, semenjak pertama
diwahyukan, perkembangan, serta pemakaiannyadalam Al-Quran, agar kata-kata
tersebut dapat dipahami secara totalitas (2) kemudian diikuti dengan perhatian
sepenuhnya terhadap kata-kata majemuk (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">murakkabah</i>),
yang tentunya analisis tersebut didasarkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pada pengetahuan tentang gramatik dan balaghah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menarik untuk dielaborasi lebih lanjut
pemikiran Amin al-Khuli dalam tafsir Al-Quran, al-Khuli mencoba mengaitkan
balaghah dan ilmu jiwa sehingga memungkinkan adanya kemukjizatan Al-Quran
secara psikologis. Al-Khuli mengakui adanya kebutuhan untuk mengetahui tafsir
psikologis terhadap Al-Quran. Tafsir ini didasarkan pada pengetahuan yang
komprehensif dan sejauh mungkin terhadap rahasia-rahasia gerak-gerak jiwa
manusia sebagaimana yang diketahui kajian ilmu ini. Tafsir Psikologis Al-Quran
menurut al-Kuhli adalah tafsir Al-Quran yang didasarkan pada upaya menangkap
hal-hal yang dipergunakan oleh Al-Quran, yaitu gejala-gejala jiwa, dan
hukum-hukum spritualitas. Sehingga penjelasan Al-Quran dapat diketahui<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>apakah dalam rangka berargumentasi,
memberikan petunjuk, mencoba meyakinkan atau mendebat, membangkitkan atau
mengancam.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Proyek Metodologi yang dikembangkan al-Khuli
memiliki kemiripan dengan proyek hermenutika Schleiermacher, kendati tidak
ditemukan dalam karyanya deretan nama filosof dan sastrawan barat, tapi ada
dugaan kuat al-Khuli telah berkenalan dengan pemikiran Schleiermacher ketia ia
menetap di eropa yaitu di italia dan Jerman selama 4 tahun. Begitu pula al-Khuli
menguasai dua bahasa tersebut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[44]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ahmad Khalafullah, sarjana konvensional
yang menganggap teks-teks kisah sebagai bagian dari teks ambigu ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mutasyabihat</i>) merupakan elaborasi dari
metode <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">adabi</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">maudhu’i</i> yang ditawarkan oleh al-Khuli. Bukti dari statemen ini
adalah pengakuan Khalaf sendiri dalam pendahuluan, disamping cara kerja yang
ditempuh yang sama persis dengan yang dikehendaki al-Khuli. Cara kerja yang
dtempuh Khalafullah diantaranya adalah mengumpulkan teks-teks yang berbicara
tentang kisah, kemudian mengurutkan sesuai kronologi turunnya (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tartib al-nuzul</i>) dan disusun dengan
member pemaknaan terhadap teks tersebut melalui jalur <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">adabi</i> (susastera).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[45]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Selain Khalafullah yang mengadopsi
metode al-Khuli. Bintu Syati’ yang memiliki nama lengkap Aisha Abdurrahman (w
2000) yang bertindak sebagai murid juga istri setia al-Khuli menerapkan prinsip
metodologis al-Khuli dalam memahami Al-Quran dalam tafsirnya “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-tafsir al-bayani li Al-Quran al-Karim</i>”
yaitu dengan membiarkan Al-Quran berbicara tentang dirinya, karena, dalam teks Al-Quran,
teks salin menjelaskan satu sama lain. Pembebasan terhadap Al-Quran ini bukan
berarti memahami teks tanpa menggunakan perangkat, akan tetapi, setelah
pertautan antara suatu teks dengan teks lainnya diketahui, maka cara yang
kemudian dikedepankan adalah pelacakan makna yang dikehendaki teks dengan
analisis linguistik dan sastra dengan medan-medan semantik yang jelas. Dalam
pengantar tafsir Bintu Syati’ setidaknya memberikan 2 elemen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan langkah teoritis penting dalam metode
tafsir yang ditawarkannya. (1) penelitian terhadap makna leksikal kosa kata Al-Quran
yang kemudian di jadikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai sarana
untuk mengetahui makna yang dikehendaki dalam konteks pembicaraan ayat. (2)
perlibatan semua ayat yang berbicara tentang satu topik tertentu yang sama.
Langkah kedua ini merupakan bentuk pemberian “ kesempatan” agar Al-Quran berbicara
mengenai dirinya sendiri.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[46]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sarjana ketiga yang mengikuti sekaligus
menopang metdoe susastra adalah Syukri Ayyad. Ia menulis buku berjudul <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Din wa al-Hisab : Dirasah Qur’aniyyah</i>.
Sembari menggunakan metode analisis susastera yang dikembangkan oleh al-Khuli,
Ayyad berpendapat bahwa persoalan eskatologis yang ada dalam Al-Quran merupakan
symbol keagamaan dalam kemasan susastra yang hendaknya dipahami hidayahnya.prinsip
metedologis Ayyad dalam tafsirnya adalah (1) investigasi terhadap makna literal
kosa kata Al-Quran dengan perhatian khusus pada asal kata, perkembangan, serta
pemakaiannyadalam masyarakat pada saat Al-Quran diturunkan. (2) meneliti gaya
tutur Al-Quran melalui stilistik dan mikro struktur dalam kalimat. Sedangkan
yang (3) adalah meneliti aspek sosial dan cultural Arab, terutama saat teks
diturunkan. Ketiga langkah tersebut dalam penelitian Ayyad, menghasilkan
kesiimpulan bahwa eskatologi Al-Quran bisa dipilah menjadi tiga model (1)
penghadapan langsung (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-tawjih</i>) (2)
ilustratif (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-tashwir</i>) (3)
menggunakan situasi dan kondisi yang berlawanan, seperti surga versus neraka.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[47]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid merupakan generasi al-Khuli
yang produktif dan bahkan gigih mengembangkan metode kesusasteraan dalam kajian
Al-Quran. Abu Zaid mengawali dengan penetapan hubungan atau ralasi antara teks
dan interpretasi. Keduanya ibarat dua sisi mata koin yang tidak bisa
dipisahkan. Dengan demikian, teori interpretasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tidak bisa dipisahkan dari teori teks.dalam diskursus interpretasi klasik,
keduanya dipisahkan, mengingat teks diyakini sebagai kepastian religious yang
tidak membutuhkan interpretasi atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ta’wil</i>,
sementara yang kedua, yakni <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ta’wil</i>,
dianggap sebagai teks dalam pengertian aslinya dengan menolak teori tradisional
tentangnya sebagai teks tertutup, sebaliknya, menjadikannya sebagai teks
terbuka yang menuntut adanya interpretasi.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ta’wil</i>
merupakan sisi lain dari teks” statemen abu Zaid ini berada pada level
epistomologis, seperti diungkapkan Abu Zaid di beberapa kesempatan : “ teks
memiliki eksistensi, bebas dari interpretasi dan komentari”. Statemen ini
selayaknya dipahami bahwa teks menggiring kepada aktivitas interpretasi untuk
menemukan dunianya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[48]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Abu zaid banyak berbicara tentang
“interpretasi objektif” meski dalam kenyataannya sangat sulit, yang ia sebut
dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ta’wil</i> sebagai pembanding
interpretasi ideologis atau yang ia sebut dengan talwin. Diskusi tentang
interpretasi obyektif sebagai cita-cita , sejatinya tidak bisa dipisahkan dari
dua mazhab besar teori interpretasi, yakni hermeneutik. Yang pertama adalah
mazhab obyektif yang diusulkan oleh beberapa sarjana seperti Friedrich
Schleiermacher, Wilhelm Dilthey, Emilio Betti, dan ED. Hirsch. Sedangkan yang
kedua adalah mazhab subyektif yang dipengaruhi oleh pemikiran-pemikran Martin
Heidegger dan Hans Georg Gadamer.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[49]</span></span></span></span></a>pemetaan
hermeneutika dapa pula diklasifikasikan sebagai hermenutical theory yang berisi
aturan metodologis untuk sampai kepada pemahaman yang diinginkan pengarang
(author0 dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hermeneutical philosophy</i>
yang lebih mencermati dimensi filosofis fenomenologis pemahaman. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[50]</span></span></span></span></a>Abu
Zaid menggabungkan dua model hermeneutika<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ini, meski terlihat pengaruh mazhab obyektif lebih besar ketimbang
subyektif. Berkaitan dengan takwil sebagai pembacaan kreatif atas teks diharapkan
mampu melahirkan pemahaman obyektif, Abu Zaid memisahkan antara “makna” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-ma’na</i>) dengan “signifikansi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Maghza</i>). Pemisahan keduanya tidak
pula bisa dipisahkan dari pemikiran Hirsch, yang pernah mengatakan “ bukan
makna yang berubah tapi signifikansinya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[51]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari penjabaran tokoh-tokoh kontemporer
yang mencoba mendekati Al-Quran dengan metode sastra dapat disimpulkan bahwa
prinsip metodologis lebih bersifat interdispliner, mulai dari tematik, hermeneutik,
hingga linguistik dengan pendekatan sosiologis, antropologis, psikologis,
historis, semantik dan disiplin keilmuan masing-masing <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mufassir</i>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[52]</span></span></span></span></a>
Teori hermeneutika yang mereka kembangkan adalah hermeneutika teoritis yang
berisi cara untuk memahami. Dalam teori hermeneutika ini merupakan kajian
penuntun bagi sebuah pemahaman yang akurat dan proporsional. Bagaimanakah
pemahaman yang komprehensif itu? Itulah pertanyaan utama dari hermeneutika
teoritis. Tentu saja sebagaimana asumsi awal bahwa perbedaan konteks
mempengaruhi perbedaan pemahaman, maka hermeneutika dalam kelompok pertama ini
merekomendasikan pemahaman konteks sebagai salah satu aspek yang harus
dipertimbangkan untuk memperoleh pemahaman yang komprehensif. Selain
pertanyaan-pertanyaan seputar makna teks seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bagaimana makna teks secara morfologis,
leksikologis dan sintaksis, perlu pula pertanyaan-pertanyaan seperti dari siapa
teks itu berasal? Untuk tujuan apa. Dalam kondisi apa dan bagaimana kondisi
pengarangya ketika teks tersebut disusun? Dan lain sebagainya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[53]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3.3.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Validitas Penafsiran</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terkait dengan validitas penafsiran,
tafsir teoritis masa kontemporer menganut tiga teori kebenaran yaitu teori
koherensi, teori korespondensi, dan teori pragmatisme. Pertama : teori
koherensi. Teori ini mengatakan bahwa sebuah penafsiran dianggap benar apabila
ia sesuai dengan proporsi-proporsi sebelumnya dan konsisten menerapkan
metodologi yang dibangun oleh setiap penafsir.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[54]</span></span></span></span></a>
Menelisik prinsip metodologis dan aplikasi metode dalam tataran praksis oleh
Amin al-Khuli beserta murid-muridnya, sangat boleh dikatakan bahwa mereka
konsisten menerapkan metode sastra atau tafsir sastra dalam mendekati Al-Quran
yang mampu memberikan kontribusi yang signifikan dalam menghadapi
kegelisahan-kegilsahan kaum muslim dewasa ini. kedua : teori korespondensi :
seperti yang telah dijelaskan defenisinya diatas bahwa sebuah penafsiran
dikatakan benar apabila ia berkorespondensi, sesuai dan cocok dengan fakta
ilmiah di lapangan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[55]</span></span></span></span></a>para
penafsir sastra Al-Quran menganut teori ini lantaran mereka sangat mengindahkan
ojektivitas penafsiran yang diukur oleh adanya kesesuaian antara hasil
penafsiran dengan makna dasar ketika Al-Quran diturunkan dengan menggunakan
pendekatan historis dan filologi. Ketiga : teori Pragmatisme : teori ini
mengatakan bahwa sebuah penafsiran dikatakan benar apabila ia secara praktis
mampu memberikan solusi prkasis bagi problem sosial yang muncul.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[56]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mengevaluasi tujuan penafsiran Tokoh-tokoh tafsir sastra kontemporer adalah
al-bayan (pengantar sastra) sebagai pembaharuan terhadap teori interpretasi
para sarjana klasik yang kerap dikacaukan dengan pengkaburan makna dasar teks
oleh tafsir afirmatif. Tujuan penafsiran Amin al-Khuli mencoba memurnikan nalar
bayani dengan pendekatan teori-teori sastra modern.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Karakteristik dan Tujuan Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Karakteristik dasar dari penafsiran
sastra kontemporer bersifat kritis. Amin al-Khuli menyatakan bahwa awal
pembaharuan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah membunuh pemahaman
lama ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">awwal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>al-tajdid qatl<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>al-qadim fahman</i>), transformatif, solutif
dan non ideologis<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[57]</span></span></span></span></a>. Jika
Tujuan dari interpretasi Muhammad ‘‘Abduh adalah semangat mendapat petunjuk
dari Al-Quran maka tujuan paling awal dan mendasarbagi proses bagi Amin al-Khuli
adalh “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Bayan</i>” sebab tujuan inilah
yang : darinya muncul berbagai tujuan lainnya dan yang mendasari berbagai
tujuan tersebut ( dan di<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>antaranya
adalah tujuan mendapatkan hidayah menurut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Muhammad ‘‘Abduh). tujuan ini harus dipenuhi terlebih dahulu sebelum
berupaya mewujudkan tujuan manapun lainnya, apakah itu tujuan lain tersebut
bersifat ilmiah atau praktis, keagamaan dan duniawi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Epilog</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam khazanah ilmu tafsir ditemukan dua
term yang sangat akrab bagi pengkaji tafsir, yakni : Tafsir dan Ta’wil. Istilah
tafsir lebih<i> </i>dikenal sebagai cara untuk mengurai bahasa, konteks dan
pesan-pesan moral yang terkandung dalam teks atau <i>nash </i>kitab suci.
Sedangkan Ta’wil lebih pada penemuan makna dari teks yang bersifat metaforis.
Ta’wil dapat dikategorikan menjadi dua bagian yaitu : Pertama : ta’wil atau
penafsiran yang melewati batas-batas leksikal dan adanya keterkaitan dengan
makna dasar. Penafsiran jenis ini kerap digunakan dalam tafsir retoris dan
sastra Al-Quran. Kedua : ta’wil atau penafsiran yang melampaui batas-batas
leksikal tanpa ada keterhubungan dari segi bahasa dengan makna dasar. Metode
ta’wil jenis ini dapat dijumpai dalam tafsir sufistik.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Metode tafsir dan ta’wil jenis pertama
dikategeorikan dalam nalar bayani. Sedangkan metode Ta’wil jenis kedua
dikategorikan sebagai metode nalar Irfani. Aplikasi sebuah nalar dalam tahap
hegemoni dan mendominasi mengakibatkan fanatisme-reduksionis dan otoritas
tertinggi yang menjadi tujuan penafsiran. Pendekatan <i>at-Ta’wil al-‘Ilmi</i>
yang merupakan tawaran solutif Amin Abdullah terhadap kegelisahan intelektual
dengan menjadikan pendekatan al-Ta’wil al-Ilmi sebagai model tafsir alternatif
terhadap teks menggunakan jalur lingkar hermeneutis yang mendialogkan secara
sungguh-sungguh antara paradigma epistemologi <i>Bayani</i>, paradigma
epistemologi <i>Burhani</i> dan paradigma epistemologi <i>‘Irfani</i> dalam
satu gerak putar yang saling mengontrol, mengkritik, memperbaiki dan
menyempurnakan kekurangan yang melekat pada masing-masing paradigma, khususnya
jika masing-masing paradigma berdiri sendiri-sendiri, terpisah antara yang satu
dan lainnya. Pesan kemanusian dan keadilan yang melekat dalam al-Qur’an yang
sering disebut dengan istilah <i>rahmatan li al-alamin</i> (universal) hanya
dapat dipahami dengan baik jika para penafsir kitab suci kontemporer memahami
adanya tiga paradigma epistemologi pemikiran keislaman dan mampu mendialogkan
secara kritis-dinamis-proporsional baik secara pribadi maupun kelompok sehingga
ekslusivitas pemikiran (<i>ideas; thought</i>) dan kelembagaan sosial-keagamaan
(<i>institution</i>) dapat dihindari sedapat mungkin dan kerjasama atau <i>cooperation</i>
antar berbagai kelompok sosial keagamaan menjadi niscaya tanpa harus mendahulukan
<i>prejudice-prejudice</i> kultural, sosial maupun keagamaan. Hanya dengan
demikian, barangkali apa yang disebut transformasi sosial dan humanisasi
ilmu-ilmu keislaman lewat penafsiran dan pemaknaan pesan-pesan kitab suci yang
bersifat emansipatoris dapat teraktualisasikan baik secara teori maupun
praksis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[58]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Dr. Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.129-130</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.132</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ignaz Goldziher, Mazhab tafsir, terj.M. Alaika Salamullah dkk.
(Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2010) hlm. 88-89</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Dr. Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.133</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ignaz Goldziher, Mazhab tafsir, terj.M. Alaika Salamullah dkk.
(Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2010) hlm.94-95</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fuad Sazchein, Tarikh al-Turats al-Arabi, (Riyadh : jamiah Imam
Muhammad bin Sa’ud al-Islamiyyah press, 1991) hlm. 65</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Dr. Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.137</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fuad Sazchein, Tarikh al-Turats al-Arabi, (Riyadh : jamiah Imam
Muhammad bin Sa’ud al-Islamiyyah press, 1991) hlm. 65</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> . Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.138-139</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> ibid</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid. hlm. 143-146</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahd bin Abd al-Rahman bin Sulaiman al-Rumi<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Ittijahat al-Tafsir fi al-Qarni al-Rabi’ asyara</i>, (Riyadh :
al-Risalah, 1997)hlm. 873-874</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibn Qutaibah, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ta’wîl Musykil
al-Qur’an</i> (Kairo: tp., 1326), hlm. 10</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahd bin Abd al-Rahman bin Sulaiman al-Rumi<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Ittijahat al-Tafsir fi al-Qarni al-Rabi’ asyara</i>, (Riyadh :
al-Risalah, 1997)hlm.874</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> ibid</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm. 875</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">J.Sudarminta, Epistomologi Dasar, Pengantar Filsafat Pengetahuan
(Yogyakarta : kanisius, 2002) hlm. 18-19</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm.44</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Fuat Sazgin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tarikh al-Turats
al-Arabi</i>, (Riyadh : jamiah Imam Muhammad bin Sa’ud al-Islamiyyah press,
1991) hlm. 65</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Muhammad ‘Abduh, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-A’mal
al-Kamilah lil imam al-syaikh Muhammad ‘Abduh</i>, tahq. Muhammad Imarah (Cairo
: Dar al-Syuruq, 2009) hlm.11</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Drs. H. Ahmad Izzan,Mag, Metodologi Ilmu Tafsir (Bandung : Tafakur,
2011) hlm.127-144</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.180</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.184</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm. 166</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> J.Sudarminta, Epistomologi Dasar, Pengantar Filsafat Pengetahuan
(Yogyakarta : kanisius, 2002) hlm. 18-19</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm. 45</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Muhammad ‘Abduh, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-A’mal
al-Kamilah lil imam al-syaikh Muhammad ‘Abduh</i>, tahq. Muhammad Imarah (Cairo
: Dar al-Syuruq, 2009) hlm.9</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta :
Adab press,2004) hlm.130</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.133</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Muhammad ‘Abduh, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-A’mal
al-Kamilah lil imam al-syaikh Muhammad ‘Abduh</i>, tahq. Muhammad Imarah (Cairo
: Dar al-Syuruq, 2009) hlm.10-11</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta :
Adab press,2004) hlm. 314</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> J.J.G. Jansen, The Interpretation of The Quran in Modern Egypt
(Leiden : E.J Brill, 1980) hlm. 96</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta :
Adab press,2004) hlm.127-129</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.129-130</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> J.J.G. Jansen, The Interpretation of The Quran in Modern Egypt
(Leiden : E.J Brill, 1980) hlm.30</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Muhammad ‘Abduh, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-A’mal
al-Kamilah lil imam al-syaikh Muhammad ‘Abduh</i>, tahq. Muhammad Imarah (Cairo
: Dar al-Syuruq, 2009) hlm.11</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta :
Adab press,2004) hlm127</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahd bin Abd al-Rahman bin Sulaiman al-Rumi<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Ittijahat al-Tafsir fi al-Qarni al-Rabi’ asyara</i>, (Riyadh :
al-Risalah, 1997)hlm.893</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ahmad Muhammad Salim, al-Islam al-Aqlani, tajdid al-fikri ad-Dini
‘inda Amin al-Khuli (cairo : maktabah Usrah, 2009) hlm.114</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> M. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, ( Yogyakarta
: elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.12</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 357.75pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Amin al-Khuli, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta : Adab
press,2004) hlm71<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> M. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.14</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Amin al-Khuli, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta : Adab
press,2004) hlm77-78</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ahmad Muhammad Salim, al-Islam al-Aqlani, tajdid al-fikri ad-Dini
‘inda Amin al-Khuli (cairo : maktabah Usrah, 2009) hlm.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> M. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm. 32</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 46.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[46]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.36-37</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm. 40-41</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn48" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.42-43</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn49" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm. 45-46</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn50" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahruddin Faiz, Hermeneutika Al-Quran, tema-tema controversial
(Yogyakarta :ELsaq,2011) hlm. 7</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn51" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> M. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.46</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn52" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm. 84</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn53" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahruddin Faiz, Hermeneutika Al-Quran, tema-tema controversial
(Yogyakarta :ELsaq,2011) hlm. 8</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn54" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[54]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm. 83</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn55" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[55]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn56" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[56]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn57" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[57]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm. 84</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn58" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[58]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Amin Abdullah, prolog dalam Dekonstruksi Pemahaman Teks Kitab Suci
Agama ( Yogyakarta : Pustaka Rihlah, 2008) hlm. 1-2</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15459359199860346996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5462140917247044952.post-15015292720931218262012-11-18T07:34:00.001-08:002012-11-18T07:34:09.346-08:00Epistomologi Tafsir Teoritis<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Prolog</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Quran <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diturunkan di tengah-tengah komunitas Arab
pada abad 6 M merupakan fenomena yang layak diteliti. Kegelisahan-kegelisahan
umat muslim kontemporer dari pelbagai penjuru kembali merujuk kepada Al-Quran
sebagai pedoman hidup umat islam. kecenderungan kebahasaan para gramatikus Arab
dan non Arab mencoba mendekati Al-Quran dengan pendekatan kebahasaan dengan
pelbagai perangkat interpretasi. Pesona keindahan bahasa Al-Quran menyihir para
pengkaji Al-Quran dalam berteorisasi ria yang kemudian melahirkan teori-teori
bahasa dan sastra. Al-Quran ibarat sebuah berlian yang menyilaukan mata para
pengkaji Al-Quran dan terkesima dengan keindahannya. Dari Al-Quran, para
pengkaji merumuskan teori dan metodologi yang kemudian mengalami perkembangan
pesat dan secara gradual, dikukuhkan sebagai disiplin ilmu. Tak heran jika
Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid secara berani mengatakan bahwa “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">peradaban Arab adalah peradaban teks</i>” dan Amin al-Khuli menegaskan
bahwa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Quran adalah kitab sastra Arab terbesar dan teragung</i>” yang
lantas didekati dengan pendekatan ilmu-ilmu kemanusiaan seperti bahasa, sastra
dan psikologi dsb.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tafsir Sastra yang marak dikenal pada
abad 20 dan dianggap sebagai hasil perkenalan akut dan hasil adopsi dengan disiplin
ilmu kritik sastra barat tidak dapat diterima seutuhnya, tetapi wacana tafsir
sastra yang menggema di abad kontemporer memiliki landasan teoritis dan
konstruk epistomologi pada masa klasik dan hasil akumulasi dari pergumulan
ilmu-ilmu modern. Tokoh-tokoh kenamaan sekaliber Ibn Abbas, al-Farra’, Abu
Ubaidah, al-Jurjani, Abd al-Jabbar, al-jahiz dan al-Baqillani dan tokoh-tokoh
lainnya memiliki pemikiran yang melampaui batas-batas zamannya. Kehadiran Muhammad
‘Abduh dan Taha Husain kemudian memuluskan jalan bagi Amin al-Khuli dan
penerus-penerusnya dengan mereformulasi dan menetapkan prinsip-prinsip
metodologis dalam seni interpretasi yang dalam pembacaan kontemporer dikenal
dengan Hermeneutika. Nashr Hamid abu Zaid mencoba mendialektikan antara teks
dan realitas dengan teori makna dan maghza yang berubah-rubah yang didasari
dengan semangat objektivitas penafsiran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jejak Historis Tafsir Teoritis </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Melacak jejak sejarah benih-benih tafsir
teoritis dapat dijumpai pada masa kenabian. Pemikiran ini menurut Dr.M.Nur
Khalis Setiawan berdasarkan atas beberapa data yang menunjukkan bahwa Nabi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Muhammad SAW telah memberikan beberapa
interpretasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang erat kaitannya dengan terminologi
disiplin sastra atab yang berkembang belakangan, meski penafsiran Nabi tidak terlalu
banyak dijadikan para pengamat tafsir sebagai tafsir periode awal dalam sejarah
penafsiran Al-Quran. Nampak jelas ketika Nabi menafsirkan surah al- Baqarah
ayat 187 : “ makan minumlah engkau hingga terang bagimu benang putih dari
benang hitam yaitu fajar “.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dengan
mengatakan “ yang dimaksud dengan benang hitam adalah gelapnya malam dan benang
putih adalah terangnya siang.” Peralihan makna frasa dari benang hitam dan
putih ke benang yang lain,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yakni
gelapnya malam dan terangnya siang, merupakan perubahan makna dari makna asli
ke makana majazi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Meski secara kuantitas tidak terlalu banyak menunjukkan model penafsiran
susastera, interpretasi Nabi benar-benar telah mendapatkan legitimasi historis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Salah satu generasi penerus yang
melakukan penafsiran seperti yang dilakukan Nabi adalah Abdullah Ibn Abbas
(w.68/687) putra dari paman Nabi dan putra dari kakek (tertua) dari keluarga
besar Abbasiah. Para pengkaji tafsir menyebutnya sebagai “bapak tafsir” karna
otoritasnya dalam disiplin ilmu bak lautan tak bertepi dan dijuluki dengan
gelar “ Tarjuman Al-Quran” yang telah diberkahi oleh rasulullah sendiri.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
Demikian pula karya-karya tafsir yang bermunculan setelah itu, tidak bisa
dilepaskan dari pengaruh serta kretifitas Ibn Abbas. Sehingga
interpretasi-interpretasi yang dilakukan Ibn Abbas bisa dijadikan sebagai awal
mula penafsiran susastra dengan bukti data-data historis yang kuat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Menelisik lebih jauh sosok Ibn Abbas ditemukan bahwa Ibn Abbas tekun bergaul
dengan penyair klasik, sebab mereka adalah kalangan yang dipandang mempunyai
kesiapan lebih karena pergumulan mereka dengan bahasa dalam bidang tafsir.
Berkenaan dengan lafazh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">haraj </i>dalam
surat al-Haj ayat 78 dia menjelaskan prinsip berikut ini : “ apabila kamu
merasa asing dengan sesuatu dalam Al-Quran maka lihatlah dalam syair, karena
syair adalah murni bahasa Arab. Data sejarah mengisahkan bahwa Nafi’ bin
al-Azraq bertanya kepada Ibn Abbas tentang sejumlah kosa kata Al-Quran. Nafi’
meminta kepada Ibn Abbas supaya mencari makna-makna tersebut dengan menggunakan
syair klasik. Dalam jawaban Ibn Abbas kepada pertanyaan Nafi’ bin al-Azraq
terdapat tafsiran sekitar dua tatus kalimat dengan munggunakan bukti atau dalil
dari syair klasik. Ini adalah sebuah pengakuan dari para ahli bahasa masa
belakangan kepada bapak tafsir yang menggagas metode linguistic dalam tafsir Al-Quran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penafsiran dengan metode linguistik
kemudian dilanjutkan oleh murid-murid Ibn Abbas diantaranya adalah : Mujahid,
Ikrimah, said bun jabir, Qatadah,dan al-Dhahhak.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Murid yang paling menonjol dalam penafsiran dengan pendekatan kebahasaan adalah
Mujahid. Interpretasi-interpretasi yang dilakukannya sangat kental dengan
penafsiran metaforis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>maka
tak heran jika Mujahid dikategorikan sebagai salah satu dari benih-benih
penafsiran rasionalis dalam Islam.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
generasi setalah Mujahid yang ambil bagian dalam mengembangkan “ stadium
embrional” tafsir sastra adalah Ibn Juraij, Maqatil ibn Sulaiman, Sufyan
al-Tsauri, Abu Ubaidah al-Mutsanna’ dan Yahya ibn Ziyad al-Farra’.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Para sarjana tersebut dalam karya-karyanya, secara implisitmenegaskan bahwa Al-Quran
adalah sebuah teks. Penyimpulan seperti ini diperoleh dari analisis holistic
terhadap buah tangan mereka. Sebuah kenyataan yang tak terbantahkan akan
perlakuan mereka terhadap Al-Quran adalah penekanan bahwa Al-Quran adalah teks
berbahasa Arab, sehingga ilmu bahasa Arab merupakan perangkat pertama dan
nisacaya dalam memahami teks Al-Quran.mereka bersepakat bahwa dalam wilayah
kebahasaan terdapat dua aspek dan tingkatan yang saling terkait dan
berkelindan. Dua hal tersebut adalah apa yang ada dalam disiplin bahasa
kontemporer dengan “ syntagma “ (tarkib) sebagai bagian integral dari
pembentukan dan bangunan sebuah kalimat, serta “ paradigm” (dalalah), sebagai
elemen pembangun lainnya dalam bahasa.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Membincang lebih lanjut “stadium
embrional “<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>setalah generasi Mujahid,
nampaknya penafsiran yang paling kental denga pendaran linguistiknya adalah Abd
al-Malik ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Juraij. Ibn Juraij termasuk dalam sederet pengkaji
Al-Quran klasik yang mengedepankan prinsip :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bagian Al-Quran menjelaskan bagian yang lain ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Quran yufassiru ba’duhu ba’dhan</i>). Disamping itu ia juga menaruh
perhatian kepada artu penting aspek-aspek Mubhamat Al-Quran, mengingat gaya
bertutut Al-Quran memang demikian adanya. Ibn Jurai berkeyakinan bahwa konteks
sebuah ayat dalam Al-Quran memiliki peran yang sangat penting. “ kesadaran “
akan konteks dari sebuah teks sebagai perangkat adalah niscaya dalm memahami
teks keagamaan yang dalam kacamata semantic modern lazim disebut dengan “makna
dasar”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan “makna relasional” .
kesadaran akan dua aspek makna tersebut dalam khazanah islam klasik, salah
satunya dikembangkan oleh ibn Juraij. Demikian juga Ibn Juraij menaruh
perhatian pada gaya tutur stilistika Al-Quran yang beragam dan membicarakan
pengualangan kata atau kalimat (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Tikrar</i>)
serta tertarik menyibukkan diri dengan gramatikal ayat-ayat Al-Quran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Para sarjana klasik dengan pelbagai
karyanya yang telah disebutkan diatas diklasifikasikan sebagai penafsiran
sebelum masa kodifikasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">asru tadwin</i> ) dan sarjana klasik pertama
yang menulis pada masa kodifikasi adalah Abu Ubaidah dengan magnum
opus-nya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“majaz Al-Quran”. Di tangan Abu
Ubaidah pertama kali mendefenisikan pengertian majaz. Abu Ubaidah ketika
dihadapkan dengan teks Al-Quran, ia berusaha mengklasifikasikan dan menunjukkan
pengertian denotatif dan konotatif sebuah lafadz teks dan menjelaskan aspek
metaforis dan perumpamaan dalam Al-Quran. Generasi setelah yang melanjutkan
tongkat estafet penafsiran Al-Quran dengan pendekatan kebahasaan adalah
al-Farra’ dengan karangannya “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ma’ani Al-Quran</i>”
metode al-farra’ dalam kitabnya hampir menyamai metode Abu Ubaidah,namun nuansa
gramatika bahasa Arab nampaknya sangat kental menyesaki karangannya. Yang
kemudian disusul oleh al-Jahidz dengan “Nadzm Al-Quran”-nya , Ibn Qutaibah
dengan “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ta’wil Muyskilu Al-Quran</i>”-nya
yang dilandasi dengan semangat pembelaan terhadap aspek kemukjizatan Al-Quran.
Jika al-Jahidz adalah juru bicara Mu’tazilah maka Ibnu Qutaibah merupakan juru
bicara Ahlu Sunnah wa al-Jama’ah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada abad ke-4 H, dogma I’jaz Al-Quran
mendapat perhatian penuh dari para teolog dan penafsir Al-Quran.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hal itu dapat dibuktikan dengan menjamurnya
karangan sarjana muslim klasik yang memusatkan penelitiannya terhadap aspek
kemukjizatan dalam Al-Quran. Relasi antara I’jaz Al-Quran dengan aspek
kebahasaan Al-Quran tidak bisa dipisahkan satu sama lainnya. Ibnu Qutaibah
berpendapat bahwa pembahasan serta diskusi mengenai ajaran dan keyakinan
tentang i’jâz al-Qur’ân yang muncul belakangan, tidak bisa dilepaskan dari dua
aspek bahasa, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lafzhi</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ma’nawi</i>. Lafzhi berarti leksikal dan
makna struktural, sementara ma’nawi adalah teori makna.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
Pada abad ini muncul sarjana muslim seperti al-Rummani dengan “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-nukat fi I’jaz Al-Quran</i>” ,
al-Khatthabi dengan “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bayan I’jaz Al-Quran</i>”
, Abu al-Hasan Abd al-Jabbaral-Hamdani dengan kitabnya “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Mughni fi Abwabi al-Tauhid wa al-Adl</i>” dan Abu Bakr al-Baqillani
dengan magnumopusnya “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I’jaz Al-Quran</i>
“.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada abad selanjutnya yaitu pada abad ke
-5, diterbitkan “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dala’il al-Ijaz</i>”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang sangat fenomenal yang ditulis oleh Abd
al-Qahir al-Jurjani dan kitan “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Risalat
al-Syafiah fi I’jaz Al-Quran</i>”. Dan pada abad ke 6 H al-Zamakhsyari seolah
megumpulkan teori-teori terdahulu dalam tafsirnya “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Kassyaf</i>” yang bernuansa kebahasaan. Dan disusul oleh Fakhruddin
al-Razi dengan “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nihayat al-Ijaz fi Dirayat
al-I’jaz</i>”. Pada abad ke-7 H, Abu al-Asba’ al-Mashri menulis “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Badi’ Al-Quran”</i>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dan pada abad-abad selanjutnya mucul sederetan nama seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Imam Yahya bin Hamzah al-Alawi degan kitab “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Tharaz</i>” , Umar al-Biqa’I dengan kitab
yang diberi judul “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nadzmu al-Durar fi
tanasub al-ayat wa al-suwar</i>” dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Jalaluddin al-Suyuti pemilik “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tanasuk
al-durar fi tanasub al-suwar</i>”. Sampai pada masa kontemporer para sarjana
semisal Muhammad Rajab Bayyumi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan
Hufnaa Muhammad Syaraf memberikan perhatian lebih pada corak penafsiran dengan
pendekatan kebahasaan. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Epistomologi Tafsir Teoritis</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk meneliti lebih jauh konstruk
epistomologi tafsir teoritis dengan menggunakan pendekatan kebahasaan dan
sastra maka penulis terlebih dahulu memaparkan defenisi epistomologi itu
sendiri. Epistomologi adalah suatu disiplin ilmu yang bersifat evaluative,
normative, dan kritis. Evaluatif berarti bersifat menilai, ia menilai suatu
keyakinan, sikap, pernyataan pendapatm teori pengetahuan dapat dibenarkan,
dijamin kebenarannya, atau memiliki dasar yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan
secara nalar. Normatif berarti menentukan tolak ukur, dan dalam hal ini tolak
ukur kenalaran adalah kebenaran pengetahuan. Sedangkan kritis berarti banyak
mempertanyakan dan menguji kenalaran cara maupun hasil kegiatan manusia
mengetahui.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dalam hal ini penulis mencoba mengklasifikasikan tafsir teoritis ke dalam tiga
fase penafsiran karena menurut asumsi penulis untuk menghadirkan tiga poin
penting dari epistomolgi dibutuhkan pemetaan yang jelas. Begitu pula ,tafsir
teoritis dengan menggunakan pendekatan bahasa dan sastra memiliki karakteristik
dan perkembangan yang signifikan serta tujuan penafsiran yang berbeda. Ketga
kategori tersebut yaitu (1) epistomologi tafsir kebahasaan pada masa klasik (2)
epistomologi tafsir kesusasteraan masa modern (3) epistomologi tafsir
kesusasteraan pada masa kontemporer.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Epistomologi Tafsir Kebahasaan Masa Klasik</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Secara kategoris , Jhon Wansbrough
memetakan karya-karya tafsir yang muncul pada era klasik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menjadi lima jenis. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pertama</i> : tafsir naratif, yakni tafsir yang penjelasannya disertai
ulasan disekitar konteks turunnya ayat, contoh tafsir model ini adalah tafsir
karya Sulaiman ibn Maqatil. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kedua</i> :
tafsir legal, yaitu tafsir yang sangat kental dengan nuansa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hukumnya . tafsir karya sulaiman ini juga
merupakan cfontoh yang baik bagi model tafsir jenis ini. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ketiga</i> : tafsir tekstual, yaitu tafsir yang lebih focus pada uraian
tentang aspek-aspek leksikon dalam ragam bacaan ayat Al-Quran. Contohnya adalah
tafsir Ma’ani Al-Quran karya al-Farra’. Tafsir ini lebih berusaha menjelaskan
berbagai problem gramtika dan tekstual Al-Quran. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Keempat</i> : tafsir retorik : yaitu tafsir yang lebih menonjolkan
uraian tentang retorika dan sastra Al-Quran, seperti tafsir Majaz Al-Quran
karya Abu Ubaidah. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kelima</i> : tafsir
alegoris, yaitu tafsir yang mengungkap makna simbolik Al-Quran. Tafsir sufistik
karya at-Tustari , merupakan contoh yang baik bagi jenis tafsir alegoris.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari klasifikasi Jhon Wonsbrough dapat
dikatakan bahwa yang termasuk dalam tafsir teoritis adalah jenis ketiga dan
keempat, yaitu Tafsir Tekstual dan Tafsir Retorik.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sumber Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al-Quran
yang diturunkan dengan bahasa Arab sebagai media komunikasi tuhan dengan
manusia mendapatkan perhatian dari kaum muslim Arab pada masa itu. Bapak
tafsir, Ibn Abbas dengan kecerdasan dan wawasan bahasa Arab yang mumpuni
mencoba meneliti kosa kata Al-Quran dengan merujuk pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sya’ir</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jahiliah</i> untuk
mendapatkan makna asli. Sehingga dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Risalah</i>
karya Syafi’I sebagaimana dikutip Ignaz Goldziher<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berhasil merampungkan sekitar dua rastus kosa
kata dan menemukan arti etimologis-nya. Penjelasan dua ratus kosa kata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gharib</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dalam Al-Quran tidak serta merta berdasarkan Syai’r jahili semata namun
sumber dari hadis Nabi dan penelitian filologis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kibar</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sahabat </i>dimanfaatkan
oleh Ibn Abbas dalam merumuskan dan menjelaskan arti kosa kata yang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gharib</i> (asing) atas permintaan Nafi’ bin
al- Azraq. Demikian pula Ibn Abbas menukil dari filolog buku-buku pra-islam
yaitu Abu al-Jald Mukahdraman dan wawasan dari Ka’ab al-Ahbar dan Abdullah bin
Salam, muallaf dari agama Yahudi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perluasan kekuasaan islam pada masa awal
islam yang meliputi bangsa Arab maupun non-Arab mengakibatkan pengetahuan akan
bahasa Arab menjelma menjadi sebuah kebutuhan dan niscaya. Al-Quran yang
merupakan sumber primer kaum muslim<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan
bahasa Arab sebagai bahasa Al-Quran menjadikan keduanya ibarat dua sisi mata koin
yang tak terpisahkan. Sehingga tidak mengherankan ketika kamus Al-Quran
menjamur pada dinasti Umawiyyah dan Abbasiah sebagai buku pedoman bangsa Arab
dan non-Arab dalam memahami Al-Quran. Begitu pula Konsep I’jaz Al-Quran
memotivasi para sarjana klasik memberi penjelasan hakikat kemukjizatan Al-Quran
sehingga upaya yang mereka kerahkan dapat melahirkan sekian teori-teori bahasa
dan sastra yang kemudian berimplikasi kuat terhadap perkembangan ilmu balaghah
dan dikukuhkan sebagai disiplin ilmu yang independen.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Metodologi penafsiran dengan pendekatan
kebahasaan baik oleh ulama mutaqaddimin maupun muta’akhirin secara umum
bersifat deduktif-analitik. Deduktif berarti menafsirkan teks Al-Quran dengan
berupaya merincikan makna asli (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">exact
meaning</i>) kosa kata Al-Quran dengan merujuk pada pemakaian bahasa bangsa Arab
pada masa Al-Quran diturunkan dengan pendekatan filologi terhadap <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">syi’ir jahiliah</i> dan bahasa Arab kuno.
Analitik berarti menafsirkan Al-Quran dengan cara atomistik, parsial dan
terpisah-pisah sesuai dengan urutan ayat Al-Quran dalam mushaf utsmani. Pada
perkembangannya corak penafsiran kebahasaan jenis ini menyesaki Al-Quran dengan
kaidah-kaidah kebahasan dari segi gramatikalnya sehingga oleh Muhammad ‘Abduh
dikritik dengan mengatakan bahwa analisis I’rab Al-Quran pada penafsiran
kebahasaan islam klasik tidak layak disebut sebagai tafsir tetapi sebagai ajang
latihan disiplin ilmu gramatikal Arab terhadap Al-Quran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada perkembangan selanjutnya, para
gramatikus yang bergelut dengan penafsiran Al-Quran merumuskan beberapa kaidah
dengan pendekatan kebahasaan sebagai berikut : (1) redaksi yang bersifat umum
mengandung pengertian umum yang sepadan (2) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">alif-lam</i>
pada kata sifat dan ism al-jins menunjuk seluruh pengertian yang tercakup
didalamnya (3) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">an-nakirah</i> dalam
konteks an-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nahy</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">an-nafy, as-syarah</i> atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-istifham</i>
menunjuk pada pengertian umum.(4) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Mudhaf</i>
(kata kepunyaan) juga menunjuk pada pengertian umum sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ism al-jam’I</i> (5) ism yang disebutkan
secara tersendiri menunjuk pada pengertian sefcara umum. (6) peniadaan objek
kalimat yang menunjuk pada pengertian umum yang sepadan. (7) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jawab as-Syart</i> yang tidak disebutkan
dalam ayat menunjukkan penting atau dahsyatnya hal yang dibicarakan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">penafsiran retoris masa klasik merupakan
benih perkembangan tafsir sastra pada masa kontemporer. Konsep majaz yang
digagas oleh Abu Ubaidillah berangkat dari perkenalan akut para sarjana klasik
dalam memhami doktrin I’jaz Al-Quran dari aspek retorika dan keindahan
bahasanya. Yang kemudian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melahirkan
teori Metafora (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Isti’arah</i>), seni
perbandingan ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tasybih</i>), parabel (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Matsal</i>) dan metonisme (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kinayah</i>) yang merupakan bentuk-bentuk
Majaz. Dan kemudian teori konstruksi teks (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nadzm</i>)
yang dirintis oleh al-Jahidz dan dilanjutkan oleh al-Jurjani dalam “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dala’il al-Ijaz</i>” nya dan diaplikasikan
secara praksis terhadap teks Alqran oleh al-Zamakhsyari dalam “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Kassyaf</i>” dan Said Nursi dalam “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Isyarat al-I’jaz fi madzanni al-Ijaz</i>”
sehingga bisa disimpulkan bahwa teori Majaz dan Nadzm merupakan elemen-elemen
formatif tafsir teoritis sebagaimana Nur Khalis Setiawan kisahkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Majaz yang diartikan sebagai lawan dari
haqiqah, <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a>sebagaimana
dipahami oleh Al-Jahidz yang kemudian dikembangkan Van Ess dengan pengertian
sebagai : sesuatu yang melampaui batas-batas leksikal<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a>
mengindikasikan bahwa penafsiran progresif dan non-tekstual dapat ditemukan
pada penafsiran sarjana islam klasik terlebih pada literautur Mu’tazilah. Dari
penjabaran diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa metodologi tafsir retoris menggunakan
teori-teori sastra klasik dalam menyibak keindahan bahasa Al-Quran meskipun
secara umum masih menggunakan metode deduktif-analitik dari penafsiran yang
mereka suguhkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Validitas Penafisran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam ilmu semantik kontemporer makna
dapat diklasifikasikan dengan makna dasar ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Grundbedutung</i>)
dan makna relasional (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">relational
Bedeutung</i>). Makna dasar yang dimaksud disini adalah kandungan kontekstual
dari kosa kata yang akan tetap melekat pada kata tersebut, meskipun kata
tersebut dipisahkan dari konteks pembicaraan kalimat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sementara makna relasional adalah makna
konotatif, yang dalam prakteknya, sangat bergantung kepada konteks sekaligus
relasi dengan kosa kata lainnya dalam kalimat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a> Menyoal
validitas penafsiran teoritis dengan pendekatan kebahasaan dalam Al-Quran
sejatinya keabsahan sebuah penafsiran jika penafsiran tersebut sesuai dengan
makna asli (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">exact meaning</i>) atau makna
dasar bahasa Arab ketika Al-Quran diturunkan. Begitu pula validitas penafsiran
teoritis dengan pendekatan sastra apabila sebuah penafsiran sesuai atau adanya
keterkaitan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">aspek relasional</i>) dengan
makna dasar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adapun kaidah-kaidah dengan pendekatan
kebahasaan yang dirumuskan oleh para sarjana klasik mendapat legitimasi dari
otoritas ahli bahasa dan para penafsir dengan menyatakan bahwa standar
validitas penafsiran juga harus sesuai dengan kaidah-kaidah kebahasaan yang
telah diformasikan pada masa klasik agar terhindar dari penafsiran liar yang
tidak terikat dengan batas-batas leksial teks Al-Quran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam kajian epistomologi, dikenal tiga
teori kebenaran yang kerap dijadikan sebagai acuan kebenaran, yaitu (1) teori
kebenaran korespondensi (2) teori kebenaran koherensi, dan (3) teori kebenaran
pragmatik. Kembali pada validitas penafsiran teoritis klasik sejatinya menganut
teori kebenaran korespondensi. Teori korespondensi adalah teori kebenaran yang
menyatakan bahwa suatu pernyataan itu benar kalau isi pengetahuan yang
terkandung dalm pernyataan tersebut berkorespondensi (sesuai) dengan objek yang
dirujuk oleh pernyataan tersebut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a>
Berangkat dari teori tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa validitas sebuah
penafsiran apabila berkorespondensi dengan makna dasar bahasa Arab.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.4.
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Karakteristik dan Tujuan Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Karakteristik penafsiran teoritis klasik
diantaranya adalah (1) minimnya budaya kritis (2) penafsiran yang dilakukan
umumnya lebih menekankan pendekatan pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al</i>-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ma’na</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ijmali</i> ( pengertian kosa kata secara global)(3) posisi teks sebagai
subjek dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mufassir</i> sebagai objek.
Tujuan penafsiran relatif pada tataran sekedar memahami makna dan belum sampai
ke dataran <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Maghza. </i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a>Sehingga
bisa disimpulkan bahwa penafsiran teoritis masa klasik dijadikan sebgai sebuah
medium untuk memahami makna Al-Quran, terlebih bagi mereka yang tidak terbiasa
dengan lidah Arab.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Epistomologi Tafsir Kesusasteraan Masa Modern</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sumber Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Muhammad ‘Abduh yang juga merupakan
representator penafsir modern dengan corak adab-ijtima’I ( corak sastra dan
sosial), Muhammad ‘Abduh menegaskan bahwa sebaik-baik sumber penafsiran dalam
memahami term Al-Quran adalah kembali kepada Al-Quran itu sendiri dengan bahasa
Arab ketika diturunkan dan mengkritik upaya memahami makna teks dengan merujuk pada
term agama-agama samawi yang memiliki jarak waktu yang berabad-abad.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a>
Disamping itu sumber penafsiran lainnya adalah perangkat-perangkat interpretasi
tradisional <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">( ilm al-ma’ani</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-bayan</i> atau lebih dikenal dengan
Stilistika ) untuk mebuka makna teks.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a>dan
menjadikan akal sebagai otoritas mendasar dalam interpretasi Al-Quran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ilmu tentang kondisi-kondisi manusia yang juga dikenal dengan sosiologi dan
pendekatan historis terhadap ruang lingkup Al-Quran diturunkan mendapat
perhatian oleh Muhammad ‘Abduh.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a> sehingga
dengan bahasa Nash Hamid, Muhammad ‘Abduh telah menyatukan apa yang berasal
dari tradisi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">turats</i>) dengan
ilmu-ilmu modern dalam upayanya memberikan respon terhadap tantangan yang
dilontarkan pada nalar muslim yang menganggap Al-Quran sebagai rujukan
utamanya. Oleh karena itu tindak interpretasi yang dilakukan oleh ‘‘Abduh
bertumpu pada otoritas bahasa dan otoritas pengetahuan modern <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a>di
dalam suatu bangunan metodologis yang cermat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang sedemikian besar sejalan dengan langkah-langkah metode yang akan
dijelaskan pada pada metode penafsiran kesusasteraan masa modern. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari hasil penelitian J.J.G. Jansen
aliran penafsiran ala Mesir pada masa modern mengatakan bahwa corak penafsiran
di Mesir sejak munculnya Muhammad ‘Abduh dapat diklasifikan pada tiga bagian
(1) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">philological</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">exegesis</i> : penafsiran literal terhadap teks (2) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Practical</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Exegesis</i> : signifikansi teks Al-Quran terhadap perbuatan manusia,
dan (3) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Scientific</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Exegesis</i> : signifikansi teks Al-Quran
terhadap ilmu pengetahuan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menelisik tafsir Muhammad ‘Abduh dapat
dikatakan bahwa dari ketiga aspek ini ditemukan dalam penafsirannya lebih
kental dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">philological exegesis</i>
sebagai sarana untuk mencapai petunjuk Al-Quran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Metode bahasa yang sastra yang
dirumuskan oleh Muhammad ‘Abduh’ untuk mendapatkan Hidayah sebagai tujuan
penafsiran diformulasikan ke dalam langkah-langkah berikut<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a> :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. memahami data-data kosakata yang ada
dalm Al-Quran menurut makna umumnya sebgaimana yang berlaku ketika diturunkan.
Memahami kosakata-kosakata tersebut sedemikian rupa sehingga mufassir teresebut
dapat mewujudkan hal itu melalui pemakaian-pemakaian ahli bahasa, tidak cukup
mengikuti pendapat dan pemahaman si penafsir, sebab banyak kosakata yang
dipergunakan pada saat diturunkan dengan berbagai makna, kemudian makna-makna
itu lebih dominan daripada yang lainnya dalam perkembangan selanjutnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam langkah ini tampak jelas bahwa Muhammad
‘Abduh menolak proses memaksakan makna yang berasal dari masa kini terhadap
masa lalu sebagai akibat tidak diperhatikannya makna kosakata yang dipergunakan
pada saat diturunkan. Pola pemaksaan ini menjadi umum saat ini dan tampak jelas
dalam banyak buku tafsi r kontemporer. Barangkali yang paling mencolok dan
nyata adalah tafsir yang disebut dengan tafsir ‘ilmy terhadap Al-Quran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. setelah memahami makna dari
kosakata-kosakata dalam konteks pemakaian kebahasaannya, langkah berikutnya
adalah memahami stilistika. Dalam hal ini diperlukan ilmu I’rab dan ilmu
stilistika (Ma’ani dan al-Bayan ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. langkah ketiga dalam metode ini
adalah “ ilmu mengenai kondisi-kondisi manusia.” Sebab orang yang meneliti
kitab ini (Al-Quran) mesti mempertimbangkan kondisi-kondisi manusia dengan
perbagai perkembangan mereka, faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan kondisi mereka
berbeda-beda ; ada yang kuat dan lemah, ada yang maju dan terbelakang, ada yang
menguasai pengetahuan dan ada yang diliputi kebodohan, ada yang beriman dan ada
yang kafir. Di samping itu, ia juga harus mengetahui situasi dari maju
mundurnya dunia secara global. Dalam hal ini dibutuhkan berbagai disiplin, yang
terpenting adalah sejarah dengan segala jenisnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. langkah keempat dapat dianggap
sebagai kelanjutan dari langkah ketiga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>;
ada yang kuat dan lemah, ada yang maju dan terbelakang, ada yang menguasai
pengetahuan dan ada yang diliputi kebodohan, ada yang beriman dan ada yang
kafir. Di samping itu, ia juga harus mengetahui situasi dari maju mundurnya
dunia secara global. Dalam hal ini dibutuhkan berbagai disiplin, yang
terpenting adalah sejarah dengan segala jenisnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. langkah keempat dapat dianggap
sebagai kelanjutan dari langkah ketiga atau derivasi darinya, sebab pengetahuan
mengenai kondisi-kondisi manusia termasuk di dalamnya adalah kondisi yang
melekat pada masyarakat Arab dan lainnya pada era keNabian. Bagaimana mungkin
sang mufassir dapat memahami dengan semestinya kebiasaan-kebiasaan mereka yang
dinilai negative oleh ayat-ayat Al-Quran, atau yang mendekati negative jika ia
tidak mengetahui kondisi-kondisi mereka dan apa saja yang ada pada mereka.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5. langkah kelima jga dapat dianggap
sebagai rangkaian dari langkah keempat. Pengetahuan tentang kondisi masyarakat Arab
dan laiinya ada era keNabian termasuk pula di sini “ pengetahuan mengenai
perjalanan hidup Nabi SAW. dan sahabat-sahabtnya, serta pengetahuan dan
tindakan-tindakan yang berkaitan dengan duniai dan ukhrawi yang mereka
jalankan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Langkah-langkah yang dirumuskan oleh ‘‘Abduh
sebagai metode tafsir, menurut Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid berkaitan erat dengan dua
otoritas yang berdampingan: bahasa dalam konteks sejarah karena bahasa berlaku
pada era turunya wahyu, dan dunia, bahasa berfungsi sebagai hukum yang
menggerakkan dunia baik secara alamiah maupun sosial dalam proses
kesejarahannya. Teks di sini dalam pemahaman Muhammad ‘Abduh secara implicit,
melalui langkah-langkah metodologisnya, merupakan struktur bahasa yang bermakna
dalam konteks sosial-historis, tidak terlapas, pada saat yang sama, dari
kemampuannya memproduksi makna di luar bingkai konteks tersebut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Validitas Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari pemetaan metodologis Muhammad ‘Abduh
oleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid kedalam dua
otoritas yang saling terkait, yaitu teks dan dunia. Maka dapat disimpulkan
bahwa Muhammad ‘Abduh menganut teori kebenaran Korespondensi yaitu adanya
kesesuaian hasil penafsiran dengan makna asli Al-Quran ketika diturunkan dan
teori pragmatis. Teori pragmatis penafsiran mengatakan bahwa sebuah penafsiran
dikatakan benar apabila ia secara praksis mempu memberikan solusi praksis bagi
problem sosial yang muncul. Dengan kata lain, penafsiran itu tidak diukur
dengan teori<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau penafsiran lain,
tetapi diukur sejauh mana ia dapat memberikan solusi atas problem yang dihadapi
manusia sekarang ini. berangkat dari semangat tujuan Al-Quran sebagai petunjuk
kepada manusia membuat Muhammad ‘Abduh menyajikan tafsirnya sesuai dengan
kebutuhan zaman (need of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the times/
hajat al-ashr).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Karakteristik dan Tujuan Penafsiran</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tafsir Muhammad ‘Abduh mengkritisi
penafsiran dengan menggunakan dan memusatkan suatu pendekatan dan mengabaikan
pendekatan-pendekatan lainnya. Hal itu Nampak jelas dari kritikan penafsiran yang
disesaki dengan data-data I’rab Al-Quran yang kemudian mengaburkan petunjuk Al-Quran
yang diimani kaum muslim sebagai pedoman primer.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a>
Corak penafsiran Muhammad ‘Abduh seringkali disebut dengan tafsir sosial yang
bernuansa sastrawi. Sebagaimana disinggung diatas bahwa tujuan penafsiran Muhammad
‘Abduh adalah sebagai kitab petunjuk yang darinya manusia mendapatkan hidayah.
Dari sisi lain sarana yang mengantarkan pada tujuan asas Al-Quran adalah metode
bahasa yang sastra.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Epistomologi Penafsiran Kesusasteraan Masa
Kontemporer</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sumber Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sumber penafsiran kesusasteraan masa
kontemporer dihasilkan dari teks Al-Quran sendiri. Amin al-Khuli menegaskan
bahwa analisis kebahasaan kosa kata Al-Quran dapat diklasifikasikan dan disibak
makna asalnya dari dua poin yaitu dari sisi etimologis dan dari pengertian atau
term Al-Quran itu sendiri.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a>
Begitu pula upaya Al-Khuli dalam menafsirkan Al-Quran menempatkan dan
memberikan derajat lebih tinggi kepada akal atas sebuah teks.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a>dengan
memberikan peluang besar terhadap teori-teori sastra dan filsafat bahasa modern
yang kemudian difilterisasi dan diaplikasikan dalam menafsirkan Al-Quran. Dalam
hal ini al-Khuli memberikan perhatian besar terhadap literature klasik dan
modern dalam merumuskan konstruk metodologinya dalam penafsiran sastra Al-Quran.
Sumber penafisran murid-murid al-Khuli semisal Ahmad Khalafullah dan Ai’syah
bintu Syati’ menjadi makmum atas guru-gurunya yang kemudian dikembangkan oleh
Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid yang menjadikan realitas sebagai sumber penafsiran.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3.2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Amin al-Khuli merupakan pelopor wacana
tafsir sastra Al-Quran pada abad dua puluh.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Keseriusan al-Khuli dalam mengkaji Al-Quran tidak bisa dilepaskan dari
kajian-kajiannya terhadap bahasa dan sastra Arab. Sebagai bukti dari statemen
ini adalah banyaknya tulisan penting yang berbicara tentang bahasa sastra dan
kritik sastra dalam karnya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fi adab
al-Mishri</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fannal-Qawl</i>. Interaksi
al-Khuli dengan Al-Quran dalam memahami maknanya, mencoba menganalisis Al-Quran
dan mendudukkan sebagai sebuah teks Arab teragung dan terbesar yang pernah ada.
Kemudian dianalisis secara tematis. Kajian al-Khuli terhadap Al-Quran mengedepankan
dua prinsip metodologis yaitu : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">studi
sekitar Al-Quran</b> (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dirasah ma haula Al-Quran</i>)
dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">studi tentang teks itu sendiri</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dirasah
fi Al-Quran nafsih). <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kajian pertama</b></i>
diarahkan kepada investigasi latar belakang Al-Quran, dimulai dari proses
pewahyuan, perkembangan dan sirkulasinya dalam masyarakat Arab sebagai obyek
wahyu, beserta kodifikasi dan variasi cara baca : sebagai sebuah kajian yang
kemudian lebih dikenal dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘ Ulumul
Quran.</i> Kajian ini juga difokuskan pada aspek sosio-historis Al-Quran
termasuk didalamnya situasi intelektual, Kultural, dan geografis masyarakat Arab
abad ke tujuh ketika Al-Quran diturunkan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a>
Kajian ini secara umum berujung pada : (1) kajian teks, filologis, dan
penjelasan tentang sejarah perkembangannya. (2) penjelasan mengenai latar
belakang tempat Al-Quran muncul, sumber darimana ia lahir, bagaimana
perkembangan makna-maknanya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a>
Selanjutnya <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kajian kedua</i></b> pada studi tentang teks Al-Quran dari berbagai
segi. (1) Ia mengawali dengan investigasi terhadap kosa kata inividua Al-Quran
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mufradat</i>, semenjak pertama
diwahyukan, perkembangan, serta pemakaiannyadalam Al-Quran, agar kata-kata
tersebut dapat dipahami secara totalitas (2) kemudian diikuti dengan perhatian
sepenuhnya terhadap kata-kata majemuk (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">murakkabah</i>),
yang tentunya analisis tersebut didasarkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pada pengetahuan tentang gramatik dan balaghah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menarik untuk dielaborasi lebih lanjut
pemikiran Amin al-Khuli dalam tafsir Al-Quran, al-Khuli mencoba mengaitkan
balaghah dan ilmu jiwa sehingga memungkinkan adanya kemukjizatan Al-Quran
secara psikologis. Al-Khuli mengakui adanya kebutuhan untuk mengetahui tafsir
psikologis terhadap Al-Quran. Tafsir ini didasarkan pada pengetahuan yang
komprehensif dan sejauh mungkin terhadap rahasia-rahasia gerak-gerak jiwa
manusia sebagaimana yang diketahui kajian ilmu ini. Tafsir Psikologis Al-Quran
menurut al-Kuhli adalah tafsir Al-Quran yang didasarkan pada upaya menangkap
hal-hal yang dipergunakan oleh Al-Quran, yaitu gejala-gejala jiwa, dan
hukum-hukum spritualitas. Sehingga penjelasan Al-Quran dapat diketahui<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>apakah dalam rangka berargumentasi,
memberikan petunjuk, mencoba meyakinkan atau mendebat, membangkitkan atau
mengancam.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Proyek Metodologi yang dikembangkan al-Khuli
memiliki kemiripan dengan proyek hermenutika Schleiermacher, kendati tidak
ditemukan dalam karyanya deretan nama filosof dan sastrawan barat, tapi ada
dugaan kuat al-Khuli telah berkenalan dengan pemikiran Schleiermacher ketia ia
menetap di eropa yaitu di italia dan Jerman selama 4 tahun. Begitu pula al-Khuli
menguasai dua bahasa tersebut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[44]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ahmad Khalafullah, sarjana konvensional
yang menganggap teks-teks kisah sebagai bagian dari teks ambigu ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mutasyabihat</i>) merupakan elaborasi dari
metode <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">adabi</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">maudhu’i</i> yang ditawarkan oleh al-Khuli. Bukti dari statemen ini
adalah pengakuan Khalaf sendiri dalam pendahuluan, disamping cara kerja yang
ditempuh yang sama persis dengan yang dikehendaki al-Khuli. Cara kerja yang
dtempuh Khalafullah diantaranya adalah mengumpulkan teks-teks yang berbicara
tentang kisah, kemudian mengurutkan sesuai kronologi turunnya (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tartib al-nuzul</i>) dan disusun dengan
member pemaknaan terhadap teks tersebut melalui jalur <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">adabi</i> (susastera).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[45]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Selain Khalafullah yang mengadopsi
metode al-Khuli. Bintu Syati’ yang memiliki nama lengkap Aisha Abdurrahman (w
2000) yang bertindak sebagai murid juga istri setia al-Khuli menerapkan prinsip
metodologis al-Khuli dalam memahami Al-Quran dalam tafsirnya “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-tafsir al-bayani li Al-Quran al-Karim</i>”
yaitu dengan membiarkan Al-Quran berbicara tentang dirinya, karena, dalam teks Al-Quran,
teks salin menjelaskan satu sama lain. Pembebasan terhadap Al-Quran ini bukan
berarti memahami teks tanpa menggunakan perangkat, akan tetapi, setelah
pertautan antara suatu teks dengan teks lainnya diketahui, maka cara yang
kemudian dikedepankan adalah pelacakan makna yang dikehendaki teks dengan
analisis linguistik dan sastra dengan medan-medan semantik yang jelas. Dalam
pengantar tafsir Bintu Syati’ setidaknya memberikan 2 elemen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan langkah teoritis penting dalam metode
tafsir yang ditawarkannya. (1) penelitian terhadap makna leksikal kosa kata Al-Quran
yang kemudian di jadikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai sarana
untuk mengetahui makna yang dikehendaki dalam konteks pembicaraan ayat. (2)
perlibatan semua ayat yang berbicara tentang satu topik tertentu yang sama.
Langkah kedua ini merupakan bentuk pemberian “ kesempatan” agar Al-Quran berbicara
mengenai dirinya sendiri.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[46]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sarjana ketiga yang mengikuti sekaligus
menopang metdoe susastra adalah Syukri Ayyad. Ia menulis buku berjudul <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Din wa al-Hisab : Dirasah Qur’aniyyah</i>.
Sembari menggunakan metode analisis susastera yang dikembangkan oleh al-Khuli,
Ayyad berpendapat bahwa persoalan eskatologis yang ada dalam Al-Quran merupakan
symbol keagamaan dalam kemasan susastra yang hendaknya dipahami hidayahnya.prinsip
metedologis Ayyad dalam tafsirnya adalah (1) investigasi terhadap makna literal
kosa kata Al-Quran dengan perhatian khusus pada asal kata, perkembangan, serta
pemakaiannyadalam masyarakat pada saat Al-Quran diturunkan. (2) meneliti gaya
tutur Al-Quran melalui stilistik dan mikro struktur dalam kalimat. Sedangkan
yang (3) adalah meneliti aspek sosial dan cultural Arab, terutama saat teks
diturunkan. Ketiga langkah tersebut dalam penelitian Ayyad, menghasilkan
kesiimpulan bahwa eskatologi Al-Quran bisa dipilah menjadi tiga model (1)
penghadapan langsung (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-tawjih</i>) (2)
ilustratif (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-tashwir</i>) (3)
menggunakan situasi dan kondisi yang berlawanan, seperti surga versus neraka.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[47]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid merupakan generasi al-Khuli
yang produktif dan bahkan gigih mengembangkan metode kesusasteraan dalam kajian
Al-Quran. Abu Zaid mengawali dengan penetapan hubungan atau ralasi antara teks
dan interpretasi. Keduanya ibarat dua sisi mata koin yang tidak bisa
dipisahkan. Dengan demikian, teori interpretasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tidak bisa dipisahkan dari teori teks.dalam diskursus interpretasi klasik,
keduanya dipisahkan, mengingat teks diyakini sebagai kepastian religious yang
tidak membutuhkan interpretasi atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ta’wil</i>,
sementara yang kedua, yakni <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ta’wil</i>,
dianggap sebagai teks dalam pengertian aslinya dengan menolak teori tradisional
tentangnya sebagai teks tertutup, sebaliknya, menjadikannya sebagai teks
terbuka yang menuntut adanya interpretasi.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ta’wil</i>
merupakan sisi lain dari teks” statemen abu Zaid ini berada pada level
epistomologis, seperti diungkapkan Abu Zaid di beberapa kesempatan : “ teks
memiliki eksistensi, bebas dari interpretasi dan komentari”. Statemen ini
selayaknya dipahami bahwa teks menggiring kepada aktivitas interpretasi untuk
menemukan dunianya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[48]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Abu zaid banyak berbicara tentang
“interpretasi objektif” meski dalam kenyataannya sangat sulit, yang ia sebut
dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ta’wil</i> sebagai pembanding
interpretasi ideologis atau yang ia sebut dengan talwin. Diskusi tentang
interpretasi obyektif sebagai cita-cita , sejatinya tidak bisa dipisahkan dari
dua mazhab besar teori interpretasi, yakni hermeneutik. Yang pertama adalah
mazhab obyektif yang diusulkan oleh beberapa sarjana seperti Friedrich
Schleiermacher, Wilhelm Dilthey, Emilio Betti, dan ED. Hirsch. Sedangkan yang
kedua adalah mazhab subyektif yang dipengaruhi oleh pemikiran-pemikran Martin
Heidegger dan Hans Georg Gadamer.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[49]</span></span></span></span></a>pemetaan
hermeneutika dapa pula diklasifikasikan sebagai hermenutical theory yang berisi
aturan metodologis untuk sampai kepada pemahaman yang diinginkan pengarang
(author0 dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hermeneutical philosophy</i>
yang lebih mencermati dimensi filosofis fenomenologis pemahaman. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[50]</span></span></span></span></a>Abu
Zaid menggabungkan dua model hermeneutika<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ini, meski terlihat pengaruh mazhab obyektif lebih besar ketimbang
subyektif. Berkaitan dengan takwil sebagai pembacaan kreatif atas teks diharapkan
mampu melahirkan pemahaman obyektif, Abu Zaid memisahkan antara “makna” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-ma’na</i>) dengan “signifikansi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Maghza</i>). Pemisahan keduanya tidak
pula bisa dipisahkan dari pemikiran Hirsch, yang pernah mengatakan “ bukan
makna yang berubah tapi signifikansinya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[51]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari penjabaran tokoh-tokoh kontemporer
yang mencoba mendekati Al-Quran dengan metode sastra dapat disimpulkan bahwa
prinsip metodologis lebih bersifat interdispliner, mulai dari tematik, hermeneutik,
hingga linguistik dengan pendekatan sosiologis, antropologis, psikologis,
historis, semantik dan disiplin keilmuan masing-masing <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mufassir</i>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[52]</span></span></span></span></a>
Teori hermeneutika yang mereka kembangkan adalah hermeneutika teoritis yang
berisi cara untuk memahami. Dalam teori hermeneutika ini merupakan kajian
penuntun bagi sebuah pemahaman yang akurat dan proporsional. Bagaimanakah
pemahaman yang komprehensif itu? Itulah pertanyaan utama dari hermeneutika
teoritis. Tentu saja sebagaimana asumsi awal bahwa perbedaan konteks
mempengaruhi perbedaan pemahaman, maka hermeneutika dalam kelompok pertama ini
merekomendasikan pemahaman konteks sebagai salah satu aspek yang harus
dipertimbangkan untuk memperoleh pemahaman yang komprehensif. Selain
pertanyaan-pertanyaan seputar makna teks seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bagaimana makna teks secara morfologis,
leksikologis dan sintaksis, perlu pula pertanyaan-pertanyaan seperti dari siapa
teks itu berasal? Untuk tujuan apa. Dalam kondisi apa dan bagaimana kondisi
pengarangya ketika teks tersebut disusun? Dan lain sebagainya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[53]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3.3.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Validitas Penafsiran</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terkait dengan validitas penafsiran,
tafsir teoritis masa kontemporer menganut tiga teori kebenaran yaitu teori
koherensi, teori korespondensi, dan teori pragmatisme. Pertama : teori
koherensi. Teori ini mengatakan bahwa sebuah penafsiran dianggap benar apabila
ia sesuai dengan proporsi-proporsi sebelumnya dan konsisten menerapkan
metodologi yang dibangun oleh setiap penafsir.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[54]</span></span></span></span></a>
Menelisik prinsip metodologis dan aplikasi metode dalam tataran praksis oleh
Amin al-Khuli beserta murid-muridnya, sangat boleh dikatakan bahwa mereka
konsisten menerapkan metode sastra atau tafsir sastra dalam mendekati Al-Quran
yang mampu memberikan kontribusi yang signifikan dalam menghadapi
kegelisahan-kegilsahan kaum muslim dewasa ini. kedua : teori korespondensi :
seperti yang telah dijelaskan defenisinya diatas bahwa sebuah penafsiran
dikatakan benar apabila ia berkorespondensi, sesuai dan cocok dengan fakta
ilmiah di lapangan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[55]</span></span></span></span></a>para
penafsir sastra Al-Quran menganut teori ini lantaran mereka sangat mengindahkan
ojektivitas penafsiran yang diukur oleh adanya kesesuaian antara hasil
penafsiran dengan makna dasar ketika Al-Quran diturunkan dengan menggunakan
pendekatan historis dan filologi. Ketiga : teori Pragmatisme : teori ini
mengatakan bahwa sebuah penafsiran dikatakan benar apabila ia secara praktis
mampu memberikan solusi prkasis bagi problem sosial yang muncul.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[56]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mengevaluasi tujuan penafsiran Tokoh-tokoh tafsir sastra kontemporer adalah
al-bayan (pengantar sastra) sebagai pembaharuan terhadap teori interpretasi
para sarjana klasik yang kerap dikacaukan dengan pengkaburan makna dasar teks
oleh tafsir afirmatif. Tujuan penafsiran Amin al-Khuli mencoba memurnikan nalar
bayani dengan pendekatan teori-teori sastra modern.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Karakteristik dan Tujuan Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Karakteristik dasar dari penafsiran
sastra kontemporer bersifat kritis. Amin al-Khuli menyatakan bahwa awal
pembaharuan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah membunuh pemahaman
lama ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">awwal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>al-tajdid qatl<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>al-qadim fahman</i>), transformatif, solutif
dan non ideologis<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[57]</span></span></span></span></a>. Jika
Tujuan dari interpretasi Muhammad ‘‘Abduh adalah semangat mendapat petunjuk
dari Al-Quran maka tujuan paling awal dan mendasarbagi proses bagi Amin al-Khuli
adalh “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Bayan</i>” sebab tujuan inilah
yang : darinya muncul berbagai tujuan lainnya dan yang mendasari berbagai
tujuan tersebut ( dan di<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>antaranya
adalah tujuan mendapatkan hidayah menurut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Muhammad ‘‘Abduh). tujuan ini harus dipenuhi terlebih dahulu sebelum
berupaya mewujudkan tujuan manapun lainnya, apakah itu tujuan lain tersebut
bersifat ilmiah atau praktis, keagamaan dan duniawi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Epilog</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam khazanah ilmu tafsir ditemukan dua
term yang sangat akrab bagi pengkaji tafsir, yakni : Tafsir dan Ta’wil. Istilah
tafsir lebih<i> </i>dikenal sebagai cara untuk mengurai bahasa, konteks dan
pesan-pesan moral yang terkandung dalam teks atau <i>nash </i>kitab suci.
Sedangkan Ta’wil lebih pada penemuan makna dari teks yang bersifat metaforis.
Ta’wil dapat dikategorikan menjadi dua bagian yaitu : Pertama : ta’wil atau
penafsiran yang melewati batas-batas leksikal dan adanya keterkaitan dengan
makna dasar. Penafsiran jenis ini kerap digunakan dalam tafsir retoris dan
sastra Al-Quran. Kedua : ta’wil atau penafsiran yang melampaui batas-batas
leksikal tanpa ada keterhubungan dari segi bahasa dengan makna dasar. Metode
ta’wil jenis ini dapat dijumpai dalam tafsir sufistik.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Metode tafsir dan ta’wil jenis pertama
dikategeorikan dalam nalar bayani. Sedangkan metode Ta’wil jenis kedua
dikategorikan sebagai metode nalar Irfani. Aplikasi sebuah nalar dalam tahap
hegemoni dan mendominasi mengakibatkan fanatisme-reduksionis dan otoritas
tertinggi yang menjadi tujuan penafsiran. Pendekatan <i>at-Ta’wil al-‘Ilmi</i>
yang merupakan tawaran solutif Amin Abdullah terhadap kegelisahan intelektual
dengan menjadikan pendekatan al-Ta’wil al-Ilmi sebagai model tafsir alternatif
terhadap teks menggunakan jalur lingkar hermeneutis yang mendialogkan secara
sungguh-sungguh antara paradigma epistemologi <i>Bayani</i>, paradigma
epistemologi <i>Burhani</i> dan paradigma epistemologi <i>‘Irfani</i> dalam
satu gerak putar yang saling mengontrol, mengkritik, memperbaiki dan
menyempurnakan kekurangan yang melekat pada masing-masing paradigma, khususnya
jika masing-masing paradigma berdiri sendiri-sendiri, terpisah antara yang satu
dan lainnya. Pesan kemanusian dan keadilan yang melekat dalam al-Qur’an yang
sering disebut dengan istilah <i>rahmatan li al-alamin</i> (universal) hanya
dapat dipahami dengan baik jika para penafsir kitab suci kontemporer memahami
adanya tiga paradigma epistemologi pemikiran keislaman dan mampu mendialogkan
secara kritis-dinamis-proporsional baik secara pribadi maupun kelompok sehingga
ekslusivitas pemikiran (<i>ideas; thought</i>) dan kelembagaan sosial-keagamaan
(<i>institution</i>) dapat dihindari sedapat mungkin dan kerjasama atau <i>cooperation</i>
antar berbagai kelompok sosial keagamaan menjadi niscaya tanpa harus mendahulukan
<i>prejudice-prejudice</i> kultural, sosial maupun keagamaan. Hanya dengan
demikian, barangkali apa yang disebut transformasi sosial dan humanisasi
ilmu-ilmu keislaman lewat penafsiran dan pemaknaan pesan-pesan kitab suci yang
bersifat emansipatoris dapat teraktualisasikan baik secara teori maupun
praksis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[58]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Dr. Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.129-130</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.132</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ignaz Goldziher, Mazhab tafsir, terj.M. Alaika Salamullah dkk.
(Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2010) hlm. 88-89</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Dr. Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.133</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ignaz Goldziher, Mazhab tafsir, terj.M. Alaika Salamullah dkk.
(Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2010) hlm.94-95</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fuad Sazchein, Tarikh al-Turats al-Arabi, (Riyadh : jamiah Imam
Muhammad bin Sa’ud al-Islamiyyah press, 1991) hlm. 65</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Dr. Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.137</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fuad Sazchein, Tarikh al-Turats al-Arabi, (Riyadh : jamiah Imam
Muhammad bin Sa’ud al-Islamiyyah press, 1991) hlm. 65</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> . Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.138-139</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> ibid</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid. hlm. 143-146</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahd bin Abd al-Rahman bin Sulaiman al-Rumi<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Ittijahat al-Tafsir fi al-Qarni al-Rabi’ asyara</i>, (Riyadh :
al-Risalah, 1997)hlm. 873-874</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibn Qutaibah, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ta’wîl Musykil
al-Qur’an</i> (Kairo: tp., 1326), hlm. 10</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahd bin Abd al-Rahman bin Sulaiman al-Rumi<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Ittijahat al-Tafsir fi al-Qarni al-Rabi’ asyara</i>, (Riyadh :
al-Risalah, 1997)hlm.874</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> ibid</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm. 875</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">J.Sudarminta, Epistomologi Dasar, Pengantar Filsafat Pengetahuan
(Yogyakarta : kanisius, 2002) hlm. 18-19</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm.44</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Fuat Sazgin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tarikh al-Turats
al-Arabi</i>, (Riyadh : jamiah Imam Muhammad bin Sa’ud al-Islamiyyah press,
1991) hlm. 65</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Muhammad ‘Abduh, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-A’mal
al-Kamilah lil imam al-syaikh Muhammad ‘Abduh</i>, tahq. Muhammad Imarah (Cairo
: Dar al-Syuruq, 2009) hlm.11</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Drs. H. Ahmad Izzan,Mag, Metodologi Ilmu Tafsir (Bandung : Tafakur,
2011) hlm.127-144</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.180</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.184</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm. 166</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> J.Sudarminta, Epistomologi Dasar, Pengantar Filsafat Pengetahuan
(Yogyakarta : kanisius, 2002) hlm. 18-19</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm. 45</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Muhammad ‘Abduh, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-A’mal
al-Kamilah lil imam al-syaikh Muhammad ‘Abduh</i>, tahq. Muhammad Imarah (Cairo
: Dar al-Syuruq, 2009) hlm.9</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta :
Adab press,2004) hlm.130</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.133</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Muhammad ‘Abduh, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-A’mal
al-Kamilah lil imam al-syaikh Muhammad ‘Abduh</i>, tahq. Muhammad Imarah (Cairo
: Dar al-Syuruq, 2009) hlm.10-11</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta :
Adab press,2004) hlm. 314</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> J.J.G. Jansen, The Interpretation of The Quran in Modern Egypt
(Leiden : E.J Brill, 1980) hlm. 96</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta :
Adab press,2004) hlm.127-129</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.129-130</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> J.J.G. Jansen, The Interpretation of The Quran in Modern Egypt
(Leiden : E.J Brill, 1980) hlm.30</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Muhammad ‘Abduh, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-A’mal
al-Kamilah lil imam al-syaikh Muhammad ‘Abduh</i>, tahq. Muhammad Imarah (Cairo
: Dar al-Syuruq, 2009) hlm.11</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta :
Adab press,2004) hlm127</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahd bin Abd al-Rahman bin Sulaiman al-Rumi<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Ittijahat al-Tafsir fi al-Qarni al-Rabi’ asyara</i>, (Riyadh :
al-Risalah, 1997)hlm.893</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ahmad Muhammad Salim, al-Islam al-Aqlani, tajdid al-fikri ad-Dini
‘inda Amin al-Khuli (cairo : maktabah Usrah, 2009) hlm.114</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> M. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, ( Yogyakarta
: elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.12</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 357.75pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Amin al-Khuli, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta : Adab
press,2004) hlm71<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> M. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.14</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Amin al-Khuli, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta : Adab
press,2004) hlm77-78</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ahmad Muhammad Salim, al-Islam al-Aqlani, tajdid al-fikri ad-Dini
‘inda Amin al-Khuli (cairo : maktabah Usrah, 2009) hlm.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> M. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm. 32</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 46.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[46]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.36-37</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm. 40-41</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn48" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.42-43</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn49" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm. 45-46</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn50" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahruddin Faiz, Hermeneutika Al-Quran, tema-tema controversial
(Yogyakarta :ELsaq,2011) hlm. 7</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn51" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> M. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.46</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn52" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm. 84</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn53" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahruddin Faiz, Hermeneutika Al-Quran, tema-tema controversial
(Yogyakarta :ELsaq,2011) hlm. 8</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn54" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[54]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm. 83</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn55" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[55]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn56" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[56]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn57" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[57]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm. 84</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn58" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[58]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Amin Abdullah, prolog dalam Dekonstruksi Pemahaman Teks Kitab Suci
Agama ( Yogyakarta : Pustaka Rihlah, 2008) hlm. 1-2</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15459359199860346996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5462140917247044952.post-45464221244784369092012-11-18T07:32:00.001-08:002012-11-18T07:32:48.400-08:00Epistomologi Tafsir Teoritis<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Prolog</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Quran <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diturunkan di tengah-tengah komunitas Arab
pada abad 6 M merupakan fenomena yang layak diteliti. Kegelisahan-kegelisahan
umat muslim kontemporer dari pelbagai penjuru kembali merujuk kepada Al-Quran
sebagai pedoman hidup umat islam. kecenderungan kebahasaan para gramatikus Arab
dan non Arab mencoba mendekati Al-Quran dengan pendekatan kebahasaan dengan
pelbagai perangkat interpretasi. Pesona keindahan bahasa Al-Quran menyihir para
pengkaji Al-Quran dalam berteorisasi ria yang kemudian melahirkan teori-teori
bahasa dan sastra. Al-Quran ibarat sebuah berlian yang menyilaukan mata para
pengkaji Al-Quran dan terkesima dengan keindahannya. Dari Al-Quran, para
pengkaji merumuskan teori dan metodologi yang kemudian mengalami perkembangan
pesat dan secara gradual, dikukuhkan sebagai disiplin ilmu. Tak heran jika
Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid secara berani mengatakan bahwa “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">peradaban Arab adalah peradaban teks</i>” dan Amin al-Khuli menegaskan
bahwa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Quran adalah kitab sastra Arab terbesar dan teragung</i>” yang
lantas didekati dengan pendekatan ilmu-ilmu kemanusiaan seperti bahasa, sastra
dan psikologi dsb.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tafsir Sastra yang marak dikenal pada
abad 20 dan dianggap sebagai hasil perkenalan akut dan hasil adopsi dengan disiplin
ilmu kritik sastra barat tidak dapat diterima seutuhnya, tetapi wacana tafsir
sastra yang menggema di abad kontemporer memiliki landasan teoritis dan
konstruk epistomologi pada masa klasik dan hasil akumulasi dari pergumulan
ilmu-ilmu modern. Tokoh-tokoh kenamaan sekaliber Ibn Abbas, al-Farra’, Abu
Ubaidah, al-Jurjani, Abd al-Jabbar, al-jahiz dan al-Baqillani dan tokoh-tokoh
lainnya memiliki pemikiran yang melampaui batas-batas zamannya. Kehadiran Muhammad
‘Abduh dan Taha Husain kemudian memuluskan jalan bagi Amin al-Khuli dan
penerus-penerusnya dengan mereformulasi dan menetapkan prinsip-prinsip
metodologis dalam seni interpretasi yang dalam pembacaan kontemporer dikenal
dengan Hermeneutika. Nashr Hamid abu Zaid mencoba mendialektikan antara teks
dan realitas dengan teori makna dan maghza yang berubah-rubah yang didasari
dengan semangat objektivitas penafsiran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jejak Historis Tafsir Teoritis </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Melacak jejak sejarah benih-benih tafsir
teoritis dapat dijumpai pada masa kenabian. Pemikiran ini menurut Dr.M.Nur
Khalis Setiawan berdasarkan atas beberapa data yang menunjukkan bahwa Nabi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Muhammad SAW telah memberikan beberapa
interpretasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang erat kaitannya dengan terminologi
disiplin sastra atab yang berkembang belakangan, meski penafsiran Nabi tidak terlalu
banyak dijadikan para pengamat tafsir sebagai tafsir periode awal dalam sejarah
penafsiran Al-Quran. Nampak jelas ketika Nabi menafsirkan surah al- Baqarah
ayat 187 : “ makan minumlah engkau hingga terang bagimu benang putih dari
benang hitam yaitu fajar “.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dengan
mengatakan “ yang dimaksud dengan benang hitam adalah gelapnya malam dan benang
putih adalah terangnya siang.” Peralihan makna frasa dari benang hitam dan
putih ke benang yang lain,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yakni
gelapnya malam dan terangnya siang, merupakan perubahan makna dari makna asli
ke makana majazi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Meski secara kuantitas tidak terlalu banyak menunjukkan model penafsiran
susastera, interpretasi Nabi benar-benar telah mendapatkan legitimasi historis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Salah satu generasi penerus yang
melakukan penafsiran seperti yang dilakukan Nabi adalah Abdullah Ibn Abbas
(w.68/687) putra dari paman Nabi dan putra dari kakek (tertua) dari keluarga
besar Abbasiah. Para pengkaji tafsir menyebutnya sebagai “bapak tafsir” karna
otoritasnya dalam disiplin ilmu bak lautan tak bertepi dan dijuluki dengan
gelar “ Tarjuman Al-Quran” yang telah diberkahi oleh rasulullah sendiri.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
Demikian pula karya-karya tafsir yang bermunculan setelah itu, tidak bisa
dilepaskan dari pengaruh serta kretifitas Ibn Abbas. Sehingga
interpretasi-interpretasi yang dilakukan Ibn Abbas bisa dijadikan sebagai awal
mula penafsiran susastra dengan bukti data-data historis yang kuat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Menelisik lebih jauh sosok Ibn Abbas ditemukan bahwa Ibn Abbas tekun bergaul
dengan penyair klasik, sebab mereka adalah kalangan yang dipandang mempunyai
kesiapan lebih karena pergumulan mereka dengan bahasa dalam bidang tafsir.
Berkenaan dengan lafazh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">haraj </i>dalam
surat al-Haj ayat 78 dia menjelaskan prinsip berikut ini : “ apabila kamu
merasa asing dengan sesuatu dalam Al-Quran maka lihatlah dalam syair, karena
syair adalah murni bahasa Arab. Data sejarah mengisahkan bahwa Nafi’ bin
al-Azraq bertanya kepada Ibn Abbas tentang sejumlah kosa kata Al-Quran. Nafi’
meminta kepada Ibn Abbas supaya mencari makna-makna tersebut dengan menggunakan
syair klasik. Dalam jawaban Ibn Abbas kepada pertanyaan Nafi’ bin al-Azraq
terdapat tafsiran sekitar dua tatus kalimat dengan munggunakan bukti atau dalil
dari syair klasik. Ini adalah sebuah pengakuan dari para ahli bahasa masa
belakangan kepada bapak tafsir yang menggagas metode linguistic dalam tafsir Al-Quran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penafsiran dengan metode linguistik
kemudian dilanjutkan oleh murid-murid Ibn Abbas diantaranya adalah : Mujahid,
Ikrimah, said bun jabir, Qatadah,dan al-Dhahhak.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Murid yang paling menonjol dalam penafsiran dengan pendekatan kebahasaan adalah
Mujahid. Interpretasi-interpretasi yang dilakukannya sangat kental dengan
penafsiran metaforis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>maka
tak heran jika Mujahid dikategorikan sebagai salah satu dari benih-benih
penafsiran rasionalis dalam Islam.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
generasi setalah Mujahid yang ambil bagian dalam mengembangkan “ stadium
embrional” tafsir sastra adalah Ibn Juraij, Maqatil ibn Sulaiman, Sufyan
al-Tsauri, Abu Ubaidah al-Mutsanna’ dan Yahya ibn Ziyad al-Farra’.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Para sarjana tersebut dalam karya-karyanya, secara implisitmenegaskan bahwa Al-Quran
adalah sebuah teks. Penyimpulan seperti ini diperoleh dari analisis holistic
terhadap buah tangan mereka. Sebuah kenyataan yang tak terbantahkan akan
perlakuan mereka terhadap Al-Quran adalah penekanan bahwa Al-Quran adalah teks
berbahasa Arab, sehingga ilmu bahasa Arab merupakan perangkat pertama dan
nisacaya dalam memahami teks Al-Quran.mereka bersepakat bahwa dalam wilayah
kebahasaan terdapat dua aspek dan tingkatan yang saling terkait dan
berkelindan. Dua hal tersebut adalah apa yang ada dalam disiplin bahasa
kontemporer dengan “ syntagma “ (tarkib) sebagai bagian integral dari
pembentukan dan bangunan sebuah kalimat, serta “ paradigm” (dalalah), sebagai
elemen pembangun lainnya dalam bahasa.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Membincang lebih lanjut “stadium
embrional “<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>setalah generasi Mujahid,
nampaknya penafsiran yang paling kental denga pendaran linguistiknya adalah Abd
al-Malik ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Juraij. Ibn Juraij termasuk dalam sederet pengkaji
Al-Quran klasik yang mengedepankan prinsip :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bagian Al-Quran menjelaskan bagian yang lain ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Quran yufassiru ba’duhu ba’dhan</i>). Disamping itu ia juga menaruh
perhatian kepada artu penting aspek-aspek Mubhamat Al-Quran, mengingat gaya
bertutut Al-Quran memang demikian adanya. Ibn Jurai berkeyakinan bahwa konteks
sebuah ayat dalam Al-Quran memiliki peran yang sangat penting. “ kesadaran “
akan konteks dari sebuah teks sebagai perangkat adalah niscaya dalm memahami
teks keagamaan yang dalam kacamata semantic modern lazim disebut dengan “makna
dasar”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan “makna relasional” .
kesadaran akan dua aspek makna tersebut dalam khazanah islam klasik, salah
satunya dikembangkan oleh ibn Juraij. Demikian juga Ibn Juraij menaruh
perhatian pada gaya tutur stilistika Al-Quran yang beragam dan membicarakan
pengualangan kata atau kalimat (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Tikrar</i>)
serta tertarik menyibukkan diri dengan gramatikal ayat-ayat Al-Quran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Para sarjana klasik dengan pelbagai
karyanya yang telah disebutkan diatas diklasifikasikan sebagai penafsiran
sebelum masa kodifikasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">asru tadwin</i> ) dan sarjana klasik pertama
yang menulis pada masa kodifikasi adalah Abu Ubaidah dengan magnum
opus-nya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“majaz Al-Quran”. Di tangan Abu
Ubaidah pertama kali mendefenisikan pengertian majaz. Abu Ubaidah ketika
dihadapkan dengan teks Al-Quran, ia berusaha mengklasifikasikan dan menunjukkan
pengertian denotatif dan konotatif sebuah lafadz teks dan menjelaskan aspek
metaforis dan perumpamaan dalam Al-Quran. Generasi setelah yang melanjutkan
tongkat estafet penafsiran Al-Quran dengan pendekatan kebahasaan adalah
al-Farra’ dengan karangannya “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ma’ani Al-Quran</i>”
metode al-farra’ dalam kitabnya hampir menyamai metode Abu Ubaidah,namun nuansa
gramatika bahasa Arab nampaknya sangat kental menyesaki karangannya. Yang
kemudian disusul oleh al-Jahidz dengan “Nadzm Al-Quran”-nya , Ibn Qutaibah
dengan “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ta’wil Muyskilu Al-Quran</i>”-nya
yang dilandasi dengan semangat pembelaan terhadap aspek kemukjizatan Al-Quran.
Jika al-Jahidz adalah juru bicara Mu’tazilah maka Ibnu Qutaibah merupakan juru
bicara Ahlu Sunnah wa al-Jama’ah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada abad ke-4 H, dogma I’jaz Al-Quran
mendapat perhatian penuh dari para teolog dan penafsir Al-Quran.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hal itu dapat dibuktikan dengan menjamurnya
karangan sarjana muslim klasik yang memusatkan penelitiannya terhadap aspek
kemukjizatan dalam Al-Quran. Relasi antara I’jaz Al-Quran dengan aspek
kebahasaan Al-Quran tidak bisa dipisahkan satu sama lainnya. Ibnu Qutaibah
berpendapat bahwa pembahasan serta diskusi mengenai ajaran dan keyakinan
tentang i’jâz al-Qur’ân yang muncul belakangan, tidak bisa dilepaskan dari dua
aspek bahasa, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lafzhi</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ma’nawi</i>. Lafzhi berarti leksikal dan
makna struktural, sementara ma’nawi adalah teori makna.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
Pada abad ini muncul sarjana muslim seperti al-Rummani dengan “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-nukat fi I’jaz Al-Quran</i>” ,
al-Khatthabi dengan “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bayan I’jaz Al-Quran</i>”
, Abu al-Hasan Abd al-Jabbaral-Hamdani dengan kitabnya “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Mughni fi Abwabi al-Tauhid wa al-Adl</i>” dan Abu Bakr al-Baqillani
dengan magnumopusnya “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I’jaz Al-Quran</i>
“.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada abad selanjutnya yaitu pada abad ke
-5, diterbitkan “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dala’il al-Ijaz</i>”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang sangat fenomenal yang ditulis oleh Abd
al-Qahir al-Jurjani dan kitan “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Risalat
al-Syafiah fi I’jaz Al-Quran</i>”. Dan pada abad ke 6 H al-Zamakhsyari seolah
megumpulkan teori-teori terdahulu dalam tafsirnya “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Kassyaf</i>” yang bernuansa kebahasaan. Dan disusul oleh Fakhruddin
al-Razi dengan “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nihayat al-Ijaz fi Dirayat
al-I’jaz</i>”. Pada abad ke-7 H, Abu al-Asba’ al-Mashri menulis “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Badi’ Al-Quran”</i>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dan pada abad-abad selanjutnya mucul sederetan nama seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Imam Yahya bin Hamzah al-Alawi degan kitab “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Tharaz</i>” , Umar al-Biqa’I dengan kitab
yang diberi judul “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nadzmu al-Durar fi
tanasub al-ayat wa al-suwar</i>” dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Jalaluddin al-Suyuti pemilik “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tanasuk
al-durar fi tanasub al-suwar</i>”. Sampai pada masa kontemporer para sarjana
semisal Muhammad Rajab Bayyumi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan
Hufnaa Muhammad Syaraf memberikan perhatian lebih pada corak penafsiran dengan
pendekatan kebahasaan. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Epistomologi Tafsir Teoritis</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk meneliti lebih jauh konstruk
epistomologi tafsir teoritis dengan menggunakan pendekatan kebahasaan dan
sastra maka penulis terlebih dahulu memaparkan defenisi epistomologi itu
sendiri. Epistomologi adalah suatu disiplin ilmu yang bersifat evaluative,
normative, dan kritis. Evaluatif berarti bersifat menilai, ia menilai suatu
keyakinan, sikap, pernyataan pendapatm teori pengetahuan dapat dibenarkan,
dijamin kebenarannya, atau memiliki dasar yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan
secara nalar. Normatif berarti menentukan tolak ukur, dan dalam hal ini tolak
ukur kenalaran adalah kebenaran pengetahuan. Sedangkan kritis berarti banyak
mempertanyakan dan menguji kenalaran cara maupun hasil kegiatan manusia
mengetahui.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dalam hal ini penulis mencoba mengklasifikasikan tafsir teoritis ke dalam tiga
fase penafsiran karena menurut asumsi penulis untuk menghadirkan tiga poin
penting dari epistomolgi dibutuhkan pemetaan yang jelas. Begitu pula ,tafsir
teoritis dengan menggunakan pendekatan bahasa dan sastra memiliki karakteristik
dan perkembangan yang signifikan serta tujuan penafsiran yang berbeda. Ketga
kategori tersebut yaitu (1) epistomologi tafsir kebahasaan pada masa klasik (2)
epistomologi tafsir kesusasteraan masa modern (3) epistomologi tafsir
kesusasteraan pada masa kontemporer.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Epistomologi Tafsir Kebahasaan Masa Klasik</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Secara kategoris , Jhon Wansbrough
memetakan karya-karya tafsir yang muncul pada era klasik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menjadi lima jenis. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pertama</i> : tafsir naratif, yakni tafsir yang penjelasannya disertai
ulasan disekitar konteks turunnya ayat, contoh tafsir model ini adalah tafsir
karya Sulaiman ibn Maqatil. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kedua</i> :
tafsir legal, yaitu tafsir yang sangat kental dengan nuansa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hukumnya . tafsir karya sulaiman ini juga
merupakan cfontoh yang baik bagi model tafsir jenis ini. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ketiga</i> : tafsir tekstual, yaitu tafsir yang lebih focus pada uraian
tentang aspek-aspek leksikon dalam ragam bacaan ayat Al-Quran. Contohnya adalah
tafsir Ma’ani Al-Quran karya al-Farra’. Tafsir ini lebih berusaha menjelaskan
berbagai problem gramtika dan tekstual Al-Quran. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Keempat</i> : tafsir retorik : yaitu tafsir yang lebih menonjolkan
uraian tentang retorika dan sastra Al-Quran, seperti tafsir Majaz Al-Quran
karya Abu Ubaidah. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kelima</i> : tafsir
alegoris, yaitu tafsir yang mengungkap makna simbolik Al-Quran. Tafsir sufistik
karya at-Tustari , merupakan contoh yang baik bagi jenis tafsir alegoris.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari klasifikasi Jhon Wonsbrough dapat
dikatakan bahwa yang termasuk dalam tafsir teoritis adalah jenis ketiga dan
keempat, yaitu Tafsir Tekstual dan Tafsir Retorik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sumber Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al-Quran
yang diturunkan dengan bahasa Arab sebagai media komunikasi tuhan dengan
manusia mendapatkan perhatian dari kaum muslim Arab pada masa itu. Bapak
tafsir, Ibn Abbas dengan kecerdasan dan wawasan bahasa Arab yang mumpuni
mencoba meneliti kosa kata Al-Quran dengan merujuk pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sya’ir</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jahiliah</i> untuk
mendapatkan makna asli. Sehingga dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Risalah</i>
karya Syafi’I sebagaimana dikutip Ignaz Goldziher<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berhasil merampungkan sekitar dua rastus kosa
kata dan menemukan arti etimologis-nya. Penjelasan dua ratus kosa kata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gharib</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dalam Al-Quran tidak serta merta berdasarkan Syai’r jahili semata namun
sumber dari hadis Nabi dan penelitian filologis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kibar</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sahabat </i>dimanfaatkan
oleh Ibn Abbas dalam merumuskan dan menjelaskan arti kosa kata yang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gharib</i> (asing) atas permintaan Nafi’ bin
al- Azraq. Demikian pula Ibn Abbas menukil dari filolog buku-buku pra-islam
yaitu Abu al-Jald Mukahdraman dan wawasan dari Ka’ab al-Ahbar dan Abdullah bin
Salam, muallaf dari agama Yahudi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perluasan kekuasaan islam pada masa awal
islam yang meliputi bangsa Arab maupun non-Arab mengakibatkan pengetahuan akan
bahasa Arab menjelma menjadi sebuah kebutuhan dan niscaya. Al-Quran yang
merupakan sumber primer kaum muslim<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan
bahasa Arab sebagai bahasa Al-Quran menjadikan keduanya ibarat dua sisi mata koin
yang tak terpisahkan. Sehingga tidak mengherankan ketika kamus Al-Quran
menjamur pada dinasti Umawiyyah dan Abbasiah sebagai buku pedoman bangsa Arab
dan non-Arab dalam memahami Al-Quran. Begitu pula Konsep I’jaz Al-Quran
memotivasi para sarjana klasik memberi penjelasan hakikat kemukjizatan Al-Quran
sehingga upaya yang mereka kerahkan dapat melahirkan sekian teori-teori bahasa
dan sastra yang kemudian berimplikasi kuat terhadap perkembangan ilmu balaghah
dan dikukuhkan sebagai disiplin ilmu yang independen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Metodologi penafsiran dengan pendekatan
kebahasaan baik oleh ulama mutaqaddimin maupun muta’akhirin secara umum
bersifat deduktif-analitik. Deduktif berarti menafsirkan teks Al-Quran dengan
berupaya merincikan makna asli (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">exact
meaning</i>) kosa kata Al-Quran dengan merujuk pada pemakaian bahasa bangsa Arab
pada masa Al-Quran diturunkan dengan pendekatan filologi terhadap <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">syi’ir jahiliah</i> dan bahasa Arab kuno.
Analitik berarti menafsirkan Al-Quran dengan cara atomistik, parsial dan
terpisah-pisah sesuai dengan urutan ayat Al-Quran dalam mushaf utsmani. Pada
perkembangannya corak penafsiran kebahasaan jenis ini menyesaki Al-Quran dengan
kaidah-kaidah kebahasan dari segi gramatikalnya sehingga oleh Muhammad ‘Abduh
dikritik dengan mengatakan bahwa analisis I’rab Al-Quran pada penafsiran
kebahasaan islam klasik tidak layak disebut sebagai tafsir tetapi sebagai ajang
latihan disiplin ilmu gramatikal Arab terhadap Al-Quran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada perkembangan selanjutnya, para
gramatikus yang bergelut dengan penafsiran Al-Quran merumuskan beberapa kaidah
dengan pendekatan kebahasaan sebagai berikut : (1) redaksi yang bersifat umum
mengandung pengertian umum yang sepadan (2) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">alif-lam</i>
pada kata sifat dan ism al-jins menunjuk seluruh pengertian yang tercakup
didalamnya (3) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">an-nakirah</i> dalam
konteks an-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nahy</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">an-nafy, as-syarah</i> atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-istifham</i>
menunjuk pada pengertian umum.(4) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Mudhaf</i>
(kata kepunyaan) juga menunjuk pada pengertian umum sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ism al-jam’I</i> (5) ism yang disebutkan
secara tersendiri menunjuk pada pengertian sefcara umum. (6) peniadaan objek
kalimat yang menunjuk pada pengertian umum yang sepadan. (7) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jawab as-Syart</i> yang tidak disebutkan
dalam ayat menunjukkan penting atau dahsyatnya hal yang dibicarakan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">penafsiran retoris masa klasik merupakan
benih perkembangan tafsir sastra pada masa kontemporer. Konsep majaz yang
digagas oleh Abu Ubaidillah berangkat dari perkenalan akut para sarjana klasik
dalam memhami doktrin I’jaz Al-Quran dari aspek retorika dan keindahan
bahasanya. Yang kemudian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melahirkan
teori Metafora (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Isti’arah</i>), seni
perbandingan ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tasybih</i>), parabel (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Matsal</i>) dan metonisme (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kinayah</i>) yang merupakan bentuk-bentuk
Majaz. Dan kemudian teori konstruksi teks (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nadzm</i>)
yang dirintis oleh al-Jahidz dan dilanjutkan oleh al-Jurjani dalam “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dala’il al-Ijaz</i>” nya dan diaplikasikan
secara praksis terhadap teks Alqran oleh al-Zamakhsyari dalam “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Kassyaf</i>” dan Said Nursi dalam “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Isyarat al-I’jaz fi madzanni al-Ijaz</i>”
sehingga bisa disimpulkan bahwa teori Majaz dan Nadzm merupakan elemen-elemen
formatif tafsir teoritis sebagaimana Nur Khalis Setiawan kisahkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Majaz yang diartikan sebagai lawan dari
haqiqah, <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a>sebagaimana
dipahami oleh Al-Jahidz yang kemudian dikembangkan Van Ess dengan pengertian
sebagai : sesuatu yang melampaui batas-batas leksikal<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a>
mengindikasikan bahwa penafsiran progresif dan non-tekstual dapat ditemukan
pada penafsiran sarjana islam klasik terlebih pada literautur Mu’tazilah. Dari
penjabaran diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa metodologi tafsir retoris menggunakan
teori-teori sastra klasik dalam menyibak keindahan bahasa Al-Quran meskipun
secara umum masih menggunakan metode deduktif-analitik dari penafsiran yang
mereka suguhkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Validitas Penafisran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam ilmu semantik kontemporer makna
dapat diklasifikasikan dengan makna dasar ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Grundbedutung</i>)
dan makna relasional (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">relational
Bedeutung</i>). Makna dasar yang dimaksud disini adalah kandungan kontekstual
dari kosa kata yang akan tetap melekat pada kata tersebut, meskipun kata
tersebut dipisahkan dari konteks pembicaraan kalimat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sementara makna relasional adalah makna
konotatif, yang dalam prakteknya, sangat bergantung kepada konteks sekaligus
relasi dengan kosa kata lainnya dalam kalimat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a> Menyoal
validitas penafsiran teoritis dengan pendekatan kebahasaan dalam Al-Quran
sejatinya keabsahan sebuah penafsiran jika penafsiran tersebut sesuai dengan
makna asli (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">exact meaning</i>) atau makna
dasar bahasa Arab ketika Al-Quran diturunkan. Begitu pula validitas penafsiran
teoritis dengan pendekatan sastra apabila sebuah penafsiran sesuai atau adanya
keterkaitan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">aspek relasional</i>) dengan
makna dasar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adapun kaidah-kaidah dengan pendekatan
kebahasaan yang dirumuskan oleh para sarjana klasik mendapat legitimasi dari
otoritas ahli bahasa dan para penafsir dengan menyatakan bahwa standar
validitas penafsiran juga harus sesuai dengan kaidah-kaidah kebahasaan yang
telah diformasikan pada masa klasik agar terhindar dari penafsiran liar yang
tidak terikat dengan batas-batas leksial teks Al-Quran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam kajian epistomologi, dikenal tiga
teori kebenaran yang kerap dijadikan sebagai acuan kebenaran, yaitu (1) teori
kebenaran korespondensi (2) teori kebenaran koherensi, dan (3) teori kebenaran
pragmatik. Kembali pada validitas penafsiran teoritis klasik sejatinya menganut
teori kebenaran korespondensi. Teori korespondensi adalah teori kebenaran yang
menyatakan bahwa suatu pernyataan itu benar kalau isi pengetahuan yang
terkandung dalm pernyataan tersebut berkorespondensi (sesuai) dengan objek yang
dirujuk oleh pernyataan tersebut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a>
Berangkat dari teori tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa validitas sebuah
penafsiran apabila berkorespondensi dengan makna dasar bahasa Arab.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.4.
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Karakteristik dan Tujuan Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Karakteristik penafsiran teoritis klasik
diantaranya adalah (1) minimnya budaya kritis (2) penafsiran yang dilakukan
umumnya lebih menekankan pendekatan pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al</i>-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ma’na</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ijmali</i> ( pengertian kosa kata secara global)(3) posisi teks sebagai
subjek dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mufassir</i> sebagai objek.
Tujuan penafsiran relatif pada tataran sekedar memahami makna dan belum sampai
ke dataran <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Maghza. </i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a>Sehingga
bisa disimpulkan bahwa penafsiran teoritis masa klasik dijadikan sebgai sebuah
medium untuk memahami makna Al-Quran, terlebih bagi mereka yang tidak terbiasa
dengan lidah Arab.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Epistomologi Tafsir Kesusasteraan Masa Modern</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sumber Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Muhammad ‘Abduh yang juga merupakan
representator penafsir modern dengan corak adab-ijtima’I ( corak sastra dan
sosial), Muhammad ‘Abduh menegaskan bahwa sebaik-baik sumber penafsiran dalam
memahami term Al-Quran adalah kembali kepada Al-Quran itu sendiri dengan bahasa
Arab ketika diturunkan dan mengkritik upaya memahami makna teks dengan merujuk pada
term agama-agama samawi yang memiliki jarak waktu yang berabad-abad.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a>
Disamping itu sumber penafsiran lainnya adalah perangkat-perangkat interpretasi
tradisional <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">( ilm al-ma’ani</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-bayan</i> atau lebih dikenal dengan
Stilistika ) untuk mebuka makna teks.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a>dan
menjadikan akal sebagai otoritas mendasar dalam interpretasi Al-Quran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ilmu tentang kondisi-kondisi manusia yang juga dikenal dengan sosiologi dan
pendekatan historis terhadap ruang lingkup Al-Quran diturunkan mendapat
perhatian oleh Muhammad ‘Abduh.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a> sehingga
dengan bahasa Nash Hamid, Muhammad ‘Abduh telah menyatukan apa yang berasal
dari tradisi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">turats</i>) dengan
ilmu-ilmu modern dalam upayanya memberikan respon terhadap tantangan yang
dilontarkan pada nalar muslim yang menganggap Al-Quran sebagai rujukan
utamanya. Oleh karena itu tindak interpretasi yang dilakukan oleh ‘‘Abduh
bertumpu pada otoritas bahasa dan otoritas pengetahuan modern <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a>di
dalam suatu bangunan metodologis yang cermat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang sedemikian besar sejalan dengan langkah-langkah metode yang akan
dijelaskan pada pada metode penafsiran kesusasteraan masa modern. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari hasil penelitian J.J.G. Jansen
aliran penafsiran ala Mesir pada masa modern mengatakan bahwa corak penafsiran
di Mesir sejak munculnya Muhammad ‘Abduh dapat diklasifikan pada tiga bagian
(1) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">philological</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">exegesis</i> : penafsiran literal terhadap teks (2) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Practical</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Exegesis</i> : signifikansi teks Al-Quran terhadap perbuatan manusia,
dan (3) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Scientific</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Exegesis</i> : signifikansi teks Al-Quran
terhadap ilmu pengetahuan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menelisik tafsir Muhammad ‘Abduh dapat
dikatakan bahwa dari ketiga aspek ini ditemukan dalam penafsirannya lebih
kental dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">philological exegesis</i>
sebagai sarana untuk mencapai petunjuk Al-Quran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Metode bahasa yang sastra yang
dirumuskan oleh Muhammad ‘Abduh’ untuk mendapatkan Hidayah sebagai tujuan
penafsiran diformulasikan ke dalam langkah-langkah berikut<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a> :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. memahami data-data kosakata yang ada
dalm Al-Quran menurut makna umumnya sebgaimana yang berlaku ketika diturunkan.
Memahami kosakata-kosakata tersebut sedemikian rupa sehingga mufassir teresebut
dapat mewujudkan hal itu melalui pemakaian-pemakaian ahli bahasa, tidak cukup
mengikuti pendapat dan pemahaman si penafsir, sebab banyak kosakata yang
dipergunakan pada saat diturunkan dengan berbagai makna, kemudian makna-makna
itu lebih dominan daripada yang lainnya dalam perkembangan selanjutnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam langkah ini tampak jelas bahwa Muhammad
‘Abduh menolak proses memaksakan makna yang berasal dari masa kini terhadap
masa lalu sebagai akibat tidak diperhatikannya makna kosakata yang dipergunakan
pada saat diturunkan. Pola pemaksaan ini menjadi umum saat ini dan tampak jelas
dalam banyak buku tafsi r kontemporer. Barangkali yang paling mencolok dan
nyata adalah tafsir yang disebut dengan tafsir ‘ilmy terhadap Al-Quran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. setelah memahami makna dari
kosakata-kosakata dalam konteks pemakaian kebahasaannya, langkah berikutnya
adalah memahami stilistika. Dalam hal ini diperlukan ilmu I’rab dan ilmu
stilistika (Ma’ani dan al-Bayan ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. langkah ketiga dalam metode ini
adalah “ ilmu mengenai kondisi-kondisi manusia.” Sebab orang yang meneliti
kitab ini (Al-Quran) mesti mempertimbangkan kondisi-kondisi manusia dengan
perbagai perkembangan mereka, faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan kondisi mereka
berbeda-beda ; ada yang kuat dan lemah, ada yang maju dan terbelakang, ada yang
menguasai pengetahuan dan ada yang diliputi kebodohan, ada yang beriman dan ada
yang kafir. Di samping itu, ia juga harus mengetahui situasi dari maju
mundurnya dunia secara global. Dalam hal ini dibutuhkan berbagai disiplin, yang
terpenting adalah sejarah dengan segala jenisnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. langkah keempat dapat dianggap
sebagai kelanjutan dari langkah ketiga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>;
ada yang kuat dan lemah, ada yang maju dan terbelakang, ada yang menguasai
pengetahuan dan ada yang diliputi kebodohan, ada yang beriman dan ada yang
kafir. Di samping itu, ia juga harus mengetahui situasi dari maju mundurnya
dunia secara global. Dalam hal ini dibutuhkan berbagai disiplin, yang
terpenting adalah sejarah dengan segala jenisnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. langkah keempat dapat dianggap
sebagai kelanjutan dari langkah ketiga atau derivasi darinya, sebab pengetahuan
mengenai kondisi-kondisi manusia termasuk di dalamnya adalah kondisi yang
melekat pada masyarakat Arab dan lainnya pada era keNabian. Bagaimana mungkin
sang mufassir dapat memahami dengan semestinya kebiasaan-kebiasaan mereka yang
dinilai negative oleh ayat-ayat Al-Quran, atau yang mendekati negative jika ia
tidak mengetahui kondisi-kondisi mereka dan apa saja yang ada pada mereka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5. langkah kelima jga dapat dianggap
sebagai rangkaian dari langkah keempat. Pengetahuan tentang kondisi masyarakat Arab
dan laiinya ada era keNabian termasuk pula di sini “ pengetahuan mengenai
perjalanan hidup Nabi SAW. dan sahabat-sahabtnya, serta pengetahuan dan
tindakan-tindakan yang berkaitan dengan duniai dan ukhrawi yang mereka
jalankan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Langkah-langkah yang dirumuskan oleh ‘‘Abduh
sebagai metode tafsir, menurut Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid berkaitan erat dengan dua
otoritas yang berdampingan: bahasa dalam konteks sejarah karena bahasa berlaku
pada era turunya wahyu, dan dunia, bahasa berfungsi sebagai hukum yang
menggerakkan dunia baik secara alamiah maupun sosial dalam proses
kesejarahannya. Teks di sini dalam pemahaman Muhammad ‘Abduh secara implicit,
melalui langkah-langkah metodologisnya, merupakan struktur bahasa yang bermakna
dalam konteks sosial-historis, tidak terlapas, pada saat yang sama, dari
kemampuannya memproduksi makna di luar bingkai konteks tersebut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Validitas Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari pemetaan metodologis Muhammad ‘Abduh
oleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid kedalam dua
otoritas yang saling terkait, yaitu teks dan dunia. Maka dapat disimpulkan
bahwa Muhammad ‘Abduh menganut teori kebenaran Korespondensi yaitu adanya
kesesuaian hasil penafsiran dengan makna asli Al-Quran ketika diturunkan dan
teori pragmatis. Teori pragmatis penafsiran mengatakan bahwa sebuah penafsiran
dikatakan benar apabila ia secara praksis mempu memberikan solusi praksis bagi
problem sosial yang muncul. Dengan kata lain, penafsiran itu tidak diukur
dengan teori<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau penafsiran lain,
tetapi diukur sejauh mana ia dapat memberikan solusi atas problem yang dihadapi
manusia sekarang ini. berangkat dari semangat tujuan Al-Quran sebagai petunjuk
kepada manusia membuat Muhammad ‘Abduh menyajikan tafsirnya sesuai dengan
kebutuhan zaman (need of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the times/
hajat al-ashr).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Karakteristik dan Tujuan Penafsiran</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tafsir Muhammad ‘Abduh mengkritisi
penafsiran dengan menggunakan dan memusatkan suatu pendekatan dan mengabaikan
pendekatan-pendekatan lainnya. Hal itu Nampak jelas dari kritikan penafsiran yang
disesaki dengan data-data I’rab Al-Quran yang kemudian mengaburkan petunjuk Al-Quran
yang diimani kaum muslim sebagai pedoman primer.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a>
Corak penafsiran Muhammad ‘Abduh seringkali disebut dengan tafsir sosial yang
bernuansa sastrawi. Sebagaimana disinggung diatas bahwa tujuan penafsiran Muhammad
‘Abduh adalah sebagai kitab petunjuk yang darinya manusia mendapatkan hidayah.
Dari sisi lain sarana yang mengantarkan pada tujuan asas Al-Quran adalah metode
bahasa yang sastra.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Epistomologi Penafsiran Kesusasteraan Masa
Kontemporer</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sumber Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sumber penafsiran kesusasteraan masa
kontemporer dihasilkan dari teks Al-Quran sendiri. Amin al-Khuli menegaskan
bahwa analisis kebahasaan kosa kata Al-Quran dapat diklasifikasikan dan disibak
makna asalnya dari dua poin yaitu dari sisi etimologis dan dari pengertian atau
term Al-Quran itu sendiri.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a>
Begitu pula upaya Al-Khuli dalam menafsirkan Al-Quran menempatkan dan
memberikan derajat lebih tinggi kepada akal atas sebuah teks.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a>dengan
memberikan peluang besar terhadap teori-teori sastra dan filsafat bahasa modern
yang kemudian difilterisasi dan diaplikasikan dalam menafsirkan Al-Quran. Dalam
hal ini al-Khuli memberikan perhatian besar terhadap literature klasik dan
modern dalam merumuskan konstruk metodologinya dalam penafsiran sastra Al-Quran.
Sumber penafisran murid-murid al-Khuli semisal Ahmad Khalafullah dan Ai’syah
bintu Syati’ menjadi makmum atas guru-gurunya yang kemudian dikembangkan oleh
Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid yang menjadikan realitas sebagai sumber penafsiran.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3.2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Amin al-Khuli merupakan pelopor wacana
tafsir sastra Al-Quran pada abad dua puluh.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Keseriusan al-Khuli dalam mengkaji Al-Quran tidak bisa dilepaskan dari
kajian-kajiannya terhadap bahasa dan sastra Arab. Sebagai bukti dari statemen
ini adalah banyaknya tulisan penting yang berbicara tentang bahasa sastra dan
kritik sastra dalam karnya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fi adab
al-Mishri</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fannal-Qawl</i>. Interaksi
al-Khuli dengan Al-Quran dalam memahami maknanya, mencoba menganalisis Al-Quran
dan mendudukkan sebagai sebuah teks Arab teragung dan terbesar yang pernah ada.
Kemudian dianalisis secara tematis. Kajian al-Khuli terhadap Al-Quran mengedepankan
dua prinsip metodologis yaitu : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">studi
sekitar Al-Quran</b> (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dirasah ma haula Al-Quran</i>)
dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">studi tentang teks itu sendiri</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dirasah
fi Al-Quran nafsih). <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kajian pertama</b></i>
diarahkan kepada investigasi latar belakang Al-Quran, dimulai dari proses
pewahyuan, perkembangan dan sirkulasinya dalam masyarakat Arab sebagai obyek
wahyu, beserta kodifikasi dan variasi cara baca : sebagai sebuah kajian yang
kemudian lebih dikenal dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘ Ulumul
Quran.</i> Kajian ini juga difokuskan pada aspek sosio-historis Al-Quran
termasuk didalamnya situasi intelektual, Kultural, dan geografis masyarakat Arab
abad ke tujuh ketika Al-Quran diturunkan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a>
Kajian ini secara umum berujung pada : (1) kajian teks, filologis, dan
penjelasan tentang sejarah perkembangannya. (2) penjelasan mengenai latar
belakang tempat Al-Quran muncul, sumber darimana ia lahir, bagaimana
perkembangan makna-maknanya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a>
Selanjutnya <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kajian kedua</i></b> pada studi tentang teks Al-Quran dari berbagai
segi. (1) Ia mengawali dengan investigasi terhadap kosa kata inividua Al-Quran
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mufradat</i>, semenjak pertama
diwahyukan, perkembangan, serta pemakaiannyadalam Al-Quran, agar kata-kata
tersebut dapat dipahami secara totalitas (2) kemudian diikuti dengan perhatian
sepenuhnya terhadap kata-kata majemuk (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">murakkabah</i>),
yang tentunya analisis tersebut didasarkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pada pengetahuan tentang gramatik dan balaghah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menarik untuk dielaborasi lebih lanjut
pemikiran Amin al-Khuli dalam tafsir Al-Quran, al-Khuli mencoba mengaitkan
balaghah dan ilmu jiwa sehingga memungkinkan adanya kemukjizatan Al-Quran
secara psikologis. Al-Khuli mengakui adanya kebutuhan untuk mengetahui tafsir
psikologis terhadap Al-Quran. Tafsir ini didasarkan pada pengetahuan yang
komprehensif dan sejauh mungkin terhadap rahasia-rahasia gerak-gerak jiwa
manusia sebagaimana yang diketahui kajian ilmu ini. Tafsir Psikologis Al-Quran
menurut al-Kuhli adalah tafsir Al-Quran yang didasarkan pada upaya menangkap
hal-hal yang dipergunakan oleh Al-Quran, yaitu gejala-gejala jiwa, dan
hukum-hukum spritualitas. Sehingga penjelasan Al-Quran dapat diketahui<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>apakah dalam rangka berargumentasi,
memberikan petunjuk, mencoba meyakinkan atau mendebat, membangkitkan atau
mengancam.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Proyek Metodologi yang dikembangkan al-Khuli
memiliki kemiripan dengan proyek hermenutika Schleiermacher, kendati tidak
ditemukan dalam karyanya deretan nama filosof dan sastrawan barat, tapi ada
dugaan kuat al-Khuli telah berkenalan dengan pemikiran Schleiermacher ketia ia
menetap di eropa yaitu di italia dan Jerman selama 4 tahun. Begitu pula al-Khuli
menguasai dua bahasa tersebut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[44]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ahmad Khalafullah, sarjana konvensional
yang menganggap teks-teks kisah sebagai bagian dari teks ambigu ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mutasyabihat</i>) merupakan elaborasi dari
metode <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">adabi</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">maudhu’i</i> yang ditawarkan oleh al-Khuli. Bukti dari statemen ini
adalah pengakuan Khalaf sendiri dalam pendahuluan, disamping cara kerja yang
ditempuh yang sama persis dengan yang dikehendaki al-Khuli. Cara kerja yang
dtempuh Khalafullah diantaranya adalah mengumpulkan teks-teks yang berbicara
tentang kisah, kemudian mengurutkan sesuai kronologi turunnya (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tartib al-nuzul</i>) dan disusun dengan
member pemaknaan terhadap teks tersebut melalui jalur <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">adabi</i> (susastera).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[45]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Selain Khalafullah yang mengadopsi
metode al-Khuli. Bintu Syati’ yang memiliki nama lengkap Aisha Abdurrahman (w
2000) yang bertindak sebagai murid juga istri setia al-Khuli menerapkan prinsip
metodologis al-Khuli dalam memahami Al-Quran dalam tafsirnya “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-tafsir al-bayani li Al-Quran al-Karim</i>”
yaitu dengan membiarkan Al-Quran berbicara tentang dirinya, karena, dalam teks Al-Quran,
teks salin menjelaskan satu sama lain. Pembebasan terhadap Al-Quran ini bukan
berarti memahami teks tanpa menggunakan perangkat, akan tetapi, setelah
pertautan antara suatu teks dengan teks lainnya diketahui, maka cara yang
kemudian dikedepankan adalah pelacakan makna yang dikehendaki teks dengan
analisis linguistik dan sastra dengan medan-medan semantik yang jelas. Dalam
pengantar tafsir Bintu Syati’ setidaknya memberikan 2 elemen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan langkah teoritis penting dalam metode
tafsir yang ditawarkannya. (1) penelitian terhadap makna leksikal kosa kata Al-Quran
yang kemudian di jadikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai sarana
untuk mengetahui makna yang dikehendaki dalam konteks pembicaraan ayat. (2)
perlibatan semua ayat yang berbicara tentang satu topik tertentu yang sama.
Langkah kedua ini merupakan bentuk pemberian “ kesempatan” agar Al-Quran berbicara
mengenai dirinya sendiri.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[46]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sarjana ketiga yang mengikuti sekaligus
menopang metdoe susastra adalah Syukri Ayyad. Ia menulis buku berjudul <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Din wa al-Hisab : Dirasah Qur’aniyyah</i>.
Sembari menggunakan metode analisis susastera yang dikembangkan oleh al-Khuli,
Ayyad berpendapat bahwa persoalan eskatologis yang ada dalam Al-Quran merupakan
symbol keagamaan dalam kemasan susastra yang hendaknya dipahami hidayahnya.prinsip
metedologis Ayyad dalam tafsirnya adalah (1) investigasi terhadap makna literal
kosa kata Al-Quran dengan perhatian khusus pada asal kata, perkembangan, serta
pemakaiannyadalam masyarakat pada saat Al-Quran diturunkan. (2) meneliti gaya
tutur Al-Quran melalui stilistik dan mikro struktur dalam kalimat. Sedangkan
yang (3) adalah meneliti aspek sosial dan cultural Arab, terutama saat teks
diturunkan. Ketiga langkah tersebut dalam penelitian Ayyad, menghasilkan
kesiimpulan bahwa eskatologi Al-Quran bisa dipilah menjadi tiga model (1)
penghadapan langsung (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-tawjih</i>) (2)
ilustratif (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-tashwir</i>) (3)
menggunakan situasi dan kondisi yang berlawanan, seperti surga versus neraka.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[47]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid merupakan generasi al-Khuli
yang produktif dan bahkan gigih mengembangkan metode kesusasteraan dalam kajian
Al-Quran. Abu Zaid mengawali dengan penetapan hubungan atau ralasi antara teks
dan interpretasi. Keduanya ibarat dua sisi mata koin yang tidak bisa
dipisahkan. Dengan demikian, teori interpretasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tidak bisa dipisahkan dari teori teks.dalam diskursus interpretasi klasik,
keduanya dipisahkan, mengingat teks diyakini sebagai kepastian religious yang
tidak membutuhkan interpretasi atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ta’wil</i>,
sementara yang kedua, yakni <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ta’wil</i>,
dianggap sebagai teks dalam pengertian aslinya dengan menolak teori tradisional
tentangnya sebagai teks tertutup, sebaliknya, menjadikannya sebagai teks
terbuka yang menuntut adanya interpretasi.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ta’wil</i>
merupakan sisi lain dari teks” statemen abu Zaid ini berada pada level
epistomologis, seperti diungkapkan Abu Zaid di beberapa kesempatan : “ teks
memiliki eksistensi, bebas dari interpretasi dan komentari”. Statemen ini
selayaknya dipahami bahwa teks menggiring kepada aktivitas interpretasi untuk
menemukan dunianya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[48]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Abu zaid banyak berbicara tentang
“interpretasi objektif” meski dalam kenyataannya sangat sulit, yang ia sebut
dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ta’wil</i> sebagai pembanding
interpretasi ideologis atau yang ia sebut dengan talwin. Diskusi tentang
interpretasi obyektif sebagai cita-cita , sejatinya tidak bisa dipisahkan dari
dua mazhab besar teori interpretasi, yakni hermeneutik. Yang pertama adalah
mazhab obyektif yang diusulkan oleh beberapa sarjana seperti Friedrich
Schleiermacher, Wilhelm Dilthey, Emilio Betti, dan ED. Hirsch. Sedangkan yang
kedua adalah mazhab subyektif yang dipengaruhi oleh pemikiran-pemikran Martin
Heidegger dan Hans Georg Gadamer.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[49]</span></span></span></span></a>pemetaan
hermeneutika dapa pula diklasifikasikan sebagai hermenutical theory yang berisi
aturan metodologis untuk sampai kepada pemahaman yang diinginkan pengarang
(author0 dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hermeneutical philosophy</i>
yang lebih mencermati dimensi filosofis fenomenologis pemahaman. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[50]</span></span></span></span></a>Abu
Zaid menggabungkan dua model hermeneutika<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ini, meski terlihat pengaruh mazhab obyektif lebih besar ketimbang
subyektif. Berkaitan dengan takwil sebagai pembacaan kreatif atas teks diharapkan
mampu melahirkan pemahaman obyektif, Abu Zaid memisahkan antara “makna” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-ma’na</i>) dengan “signifikansi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Maghza</i>). Pemisahan keduanya tidak
pula bisa dipisahkan dari pemikiran Hirsch, yang pernah mengatakan “ bukan
makna yang berubah tapi signifikansinya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[51]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari penjabaran tokoh-tokoh kontemporer
yang mencoba mendekati Al-Quran dengan metode sastra dapat disimpulkan bahwa
prinsip metodologis lebih bersifat interdispliner, mulai dari tematik, hermeneutik,
hingga linguistik dengan pendekatan sosiologis, antropologis, psikologis,
historis, semantik dan disiplin keilmuan masing-masing <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mufassir</i>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[52]</span></span></span></span></a>
Teori hermeneutika yang mereka kembangkan adalah hermeneutika teoritis yang
berisi cara untuk memahami. Dalam teori hermeneutika ini merupakan kajian
penuntun bagi sebuah pemahaman yang akurat dan proporsional. Bagaimanakah
pemahaman yang komprehensif itu? Itulah pertanyaan utama dari hermeneutika
teoritis. Tentu saja sebagaimana asumsi awal bahwa perbedaan konteks
mempengaruhi perbedaan pemahaman, maka hermeneutika dalam kelompok pertama ini
merekomendasikan pemahaman konteks sebagai salah satu aspek yang harus
dipertimbangkan untuk memperoleh pemahaman yang komprehensif. Selain
pertanyaan-pertanyaan seputar makna teks seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bagaimana makna teks secara morfologis,
leksikologis dan sintaksis, perlu pula pertanyaan-pertanyaan seperti dari siapa
teks itu berasal? Untuk tujuan apa. Dalam kondisi apa dan bagaimana kondisi
pengarangya ketika teks tersebut disusun? Dan lain sebagainya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[53]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3.3.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Validitas Penafsiran</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terkait dengan validitas penafsiran,
tafsir teoritis masa kontemporer menganut tiga teori kebenaran yaitu teori
koherensi, teori korespondensi, dan teori pragmatisme. Pertama : teori
koherensi. Teori ini mengatakan bahwa sebuah penafsiran dianggap benar apabila
ia sesuai dengan proporsi-proporsi sebelumnya dan konsisten menerapkan
metodologi yang dibangun oleh setiap penafsir.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[54]</span></span></span></span></a>
Menelisik prinsip metodologis dan aplikasi metode dalam tataran praksis oleh
Amin al-Khuli beserta murid-muridnya, sangat boleh dikatakan bahwa mereka
konsisten menerapkan metode sastra atau tafsir sastra dalam mendekati Al-Quran
yang mampu memberikan kontribusi yang signifikan dalam menghadapi
kegelisahan-kegilsahan kaum muslim dewasa ini. kedua : teori korespondensi :
seperti yang telah dijelaskan defenisinya diatas bahwa sebuah penafsiran
dikatakan benar apabila ia berkorespondensi, sesuai dan cocok dengan fakta
ilmiah di lapangan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[55]</span></span></span></span></a>para
penafsir sastra Al-Quran menganut teori ini lantaran mereka sangat mengindahkan
ojektivitas penafsiran yang diukur oleh adanya kesesuaian antara hasil
penafsiran dengan makna dasar ketika Al-Quran diturunkan dengan menggunakan
pendekatan historis dan filologi. Ketiga : teori Pragmatisme : teori ini
mengatakan bahwa sebuah penafsiran dikatakan benar apabila ia secara praktis
mampu memberikan solusi prkasis bagi problem sosial yang muncul.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[56]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mengevaluasi tujuan penafsiran Tokoh-tokoh tafsir sastra kontemporer adalah
al-bayan (pengantar sastra) sebagai pembaharuan terhadap teori interpretasi
para sarjana klasik yang kerap dikacaukan dengan pengkaburan makna dasar teks
oleh tafsir afirmatif. Tujuan penafsiran Amin al-Khuli mencoba memurnikan nalar
bayani dengan pendekatan teori-teori sastra modern.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Karakteristik dan Tujuan Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Karakteristik dasar dari penafsiran
sastra kontemporer bersifat kritis. Amin al-Khuli menyatakan bahwa awal
pembaharuan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah membunuh pemahaman
lama ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">awwal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>al-tajdid qatl<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>al-qadim fahman</i>), transformatif, solutif
dan non ideologis<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[57]</span></span></span></span></a>. Jika
Tujuan dari interpretasi Muhammad ‘‘Abduh adalah semangat mendapat petunjuk
dari Al-Quran maka tujuan paling awal dan mendasarbagi proses bagi Amin al-Khuli
adalh “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Bayan</i>” sebab tujuan inilah
yang : darinya muncul berbagai tujuan lainnya dan yang mendasari berbagai
tujuan tersebut ( dan di<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>antaranya
adalah tujuan mendapatkan hidayah menurut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Muhammad ‘‘Abduh). tujuan ini harus dipenuhi terlebih dahulu sebelum
berupaya mewujudkan tujuan manapun lainnya, apakah itu tujuan lain tersebut
bersifat ilmiah atau praktis, keagamaan dan duniawi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Epilog</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam khazanah ilmu tafsir ditemukan dua
term yang sangat akrab bagi pengkaji tafsir, yakni : Tafsir dan Ta’wil. Istilah
tafsir lebih<i> </i>dikenal sebagai cara untuk mengurai bahasa, konteks dan
pesan-pesan moral yang terkandung dalam teks atau <i>nash </i>kitab suci.
Sedangkan Ta’wil lebih pada penemuan makna dari teks yang bersifat metaforis.
Ta’wil dapat dikategorikan menjadi dua bagian yaitu : Pertama : ta’wil atau
penafsiran yang melewati batas-batas leksikal dan adanya keterkaitan dengan
makna dasar. Penafsiran jenis ini kerap digunakan dalam tafsir retoris dan
sastra Al-Quran. Kedua : ta’wil atau penafsiran yang melampaui batas-batas
leksikal tanpa ada keterhubungan dari segi bahasa dengan makna dasar. Metode
ta’wil jenis ini dapat dijumpai dalam tafsir sufistik.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Metode tafsir dan ta’wil jenis pertama
dikategeorikan dalam nalar bayani. Sedangkan metode Ta’wil jenis kedua
dikategorikan sebagai metode nalar Irfani. Aplikasi sebuah nalar dalam tahap
hegemoni dan mendominasi mengakibatkan fanatisme-reduksionis dan otoritas
tertinggi yang menjadi tujuan penafsiran. Pendekatan <i>at-Ta’wil al-‘Ilmi</i>
yang merupakan tawaran solutif Amin Abdullah terhadap kegelisahan intelektual
dengan menjadikan pendekatan al-Ta’wil al-Ilmi sebagai model tafsir alternatif
terhadap teks menggunakan jalur lingkar hermeneutis yang mendialogkan secara
sungguh-sungguh antara paradigma epistemologi <i>Bayani</i>, paradigma
epistemologi <i>Burhani</i> dan paradigma epistemologi <i>‘Irfani</i> dalam
satu gerak putar yang saling mengontrol, mengkritik, memperbaiki dan
menyempurnakan kekurangan yang melekat pada masing-masing paradigma, khususnya
jika masing-masing paradigma berdiri sendiri-sendiri, terpisah antara yang satu
dan lainnya. Pesan kemanusian dan keadilan yang melekat dalam al-Qur’an yang
sering disebut dengan istilah <i>rahmatan li al-alamin</i> (universal) hanya
dapat dipahami dengan baik jika para penafsir kitab suci kontemporer memahami
adanya tiga paradigma epistemologi pemikiran keislaman dan mampu mendialogkan
secara kritis-dinamis-proporsional baik secara pribadi maupun kelompok sehingga
ekslusivitas pemikiran (<i>ideas; thought</i>) dan kelembagaan sosial-keagamaan
(<i>institution</i>) dapat dihindari sedapat mungkin dan kerjasama atau <i>cooperation</i>
antar berbagai kelompok sosial keagamaan menjadi niscaya tanpa harus mendahulukan
<i>prejudice-prejudice</i> kultural, sosial maupun keagamaan. Hanya dengan
demikian, barangkali apa yang disebut transformasi sosial dan humanisasi
ilmu-ilmu keislaman lewat penafsiran dan pemaknaan pesan-pesan kitab suci yang
bersifat emansipatoris dapat teraktualisasikan baik secara teori maupun
praksis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[58]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Dr. Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.129-130</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.132</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ignaz Goldziher, Mazhab tafsir, terj.M. Alaika Salamullah dkk.
(Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2010) hlm. 88-89</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Dr. Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.133</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ignaz Goldziher, Mazhab tafsir, terj.M. Alaika Salamullah dkk.
(Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2010) hlm.94-95</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fuad Sazchein, Tarikh al-Turats al-Arabi, (Riyadh : jamiah Imam
Muhammad bin Sa’ud al-Islamiyyah press, 1991) hlm. 65</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Dr. Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.137</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fuad Sazchein, Tarikh al-Turats al-Arabi, (Riyadh : jamiah Imam
Muhammad bin Sa’ud al-Islamiyyah press, 1991) hlm. 65</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> . Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.138-139</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> ibid</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid. hlm. 143-146</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahd bin Abd al-Rahman bin Sulaiman al-Rumi<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Ittijahat al-Tafsir fi al-Qarni al-Rabi’ asyara</i>, (Riyadh :
al-Risalah, 1997)hlm. 873-874</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibn Qutaibah, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ta’wîl Musykil
al-Qur’an</i> (Kairo: tp., 1326), hlm. 10</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahd bin Abd al-Rahman bin Sulaiman al-Rumi<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Ittijahat al-Tafsir fi al-Qarni al-Rabi’ asyara</i>, (Riyadh :
al-Risalah, 1997)hlm.874</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> ibid</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm. 875</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">J.Sudarminta, Epistomologi Dasar, Pengantar Filsafat Pengetahuan
(Yogyakarta : kanisius, 2002) hlm. 18-19</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm.44</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Fuat Sazgin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tarikh al-Turats
al-Arabi</i>, (Riyadh : jamiah Imam Muhammad bin Sa’ud al-Islamiyyah press,
1991) hlm. 65</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Muhammad ‘Abduh, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-A’mal
al-Kamilah lil imam al-syaikh Muhammad ‘Abduh</i>, tahq. Muhammad Imarah (Cairo
: Dar al-Syuruq, 2009) hlm.11</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Drs. H. Ahmad Izzan,Mag, Metodologi Ilmu Tafsir (Bandung : Tafakur,
2011) hlm.127-144</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.180</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.184</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm. 166</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> J.Sudarminta, Epistomologi Dasar, Pengantar Filsafat Pengetahuan
(Yogyakarta : kanisius, 2002) hlm. 18-19</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm. 45</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Muhammad ‘Abduh, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-A’mal
al-Kamilah lil imam al-syaikh Muhammad ‘Abduh</i>, tahq. Muhammad Imarah (Cairo
: Dar al-Syuruq, 2009) hlm.9</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta :
Adab press,2004) hlm.130</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.133</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Muhammad ‘Abduh, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-A’mal
al-Kamilah lil imam al-syaikh Muhammad ‘Abduh</i>, tahq. Muhammad Imarah (Cairo
: Dar al-Syuruq, 2009) hlm.10-11</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta :
Adab press,2004) hlm. 314</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> J.J.G. Jansen, The Interpretation of The Quran in Modern Egypt
(Leiden : E.J Brill, 1980) hlm. 96</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta :
Adab press,2004) hlm.127-129</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.129-130</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> J.J.G. Jansen, The Interpretation of The Quran in Modern Egypt
(Leiden : E.J Brill, 1980) hlm.30</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Muhammad ‘Abduh, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-A’mal
al-Kamilah lil imam al-syaikh Muhammad ‘Abduh</i>, tahq. Muhammad Imarah (Cairo
: Dar al-Syuruq, 2009) hlm.11</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta :
Adab press,2004) hlm127</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahd bin Abd al-Rahman bin Sulaiman al-Rumi<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Ittijahat al-Tafsir fi al-Qarni al-Rabi’ asyara</i>, (Riyadh :
al-Risalah, 1997)hlm.893</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ahmad Muhammad Salim, al-Islam al-Aqlani, tajdid al-fikri ad-Dini
‘inda Amin al-Khuli (cairo : maktabah Usrah, 2009) hlm.114</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> M. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, ( Yogyakarta
: elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.12</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 357.75pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Amin al-Khuli, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta : Adab
press,2004) hlm71<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> M. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.14</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Amin al-Khuli, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta : Adab
press,2004) hlm77-78</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ahmad Muhammad Salim, al-Islam al-Aqlani, tajdid al-fikri ad-Dini
‘inda Amin al-Khuli (cairo : maktabah Usrah, 2009) hlm.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> M. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm. 32</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 46.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[46]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.36-37</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm. 40-41</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn48" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.42-43</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn49" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm. 45-46</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn50" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahruddin Faiz, Hermeneutika Al-Quran, tema-tema controversial
(Yogyakarta :ELsaq,2011) hlm. 7</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn51" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> M. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.46</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn52" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm. 84</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn53" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahruddin Faiz, Hermeneutika Al-Quran, tema-tema controversial
(Yogyakarta :ELsaq,2011) hlm. 8</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn54" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[54]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm. 83</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn55" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[55]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn56" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[56]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn57" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[57]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm. 84</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn58" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[58]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Amin Abdullah, prolog dalam Dekonstruksi Pemahaman Teks Kitab Suci
Agama ( Yogyakarta : Pustaka Rihlah, 2008) hlm. 1-2</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15459359199860346996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5462140917247044952.post-57516364337381443462012-11-18T07:28:00.007-08:002012-11-18T07:28:50.928-08:00Epistomologi Tafsir Teoritis<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Prolog</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Quran <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diturunkan di tengah-tengah komunitas Arab
pada abad 6 M merupakan fenomena yang layak diteliti. Kegelisahan-kegelisahan
umat muslim kontemporer dari pelbagai penjuru kembali merujuk kepada Al-Quran
sebagai pedoman hidup umat islam. kecenderungan kebahasaan para gramatikus Arab
dan non Arab mencoba mendekati Al-Quran dengan pendekatan kebahasaan dengan
pelbagai perangkat interpretasi. Pesona keindahan bahasa Al-Quran menyihir para
pengkaji Al-Quran dalam berteorisasi ria yang kemudian melahirkan teori-teori
bahasa dan sastra. Al-Quran ibarat sebuah berlian yang menyilaukan mata para
pengkaji Al-Quran dan terkesima dengan keindahannya. Dari Al-Quran, para
pengkaji merumuskan teori dan metodologi yang kemudian mengalami perkembangan
pesat dan secara gradual, dikukuhkan sebagai disiplin ilmu. Tak heran jika
Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid secara berani mengatakan bahwa “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">peradaban Arab adalah peradaban teks</i>” dan Amin al-Khuli menegaskan
bahwa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Quran adalah kitab sastra Arab terbesar dan teragung</i>” yang
lantas didekati dengan pendekatan ilmu-ilmu kemanusiaan seperti bahasa, sastra
dan psikologi dsb.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tafsir Sastra yang marak dikenal pada
abad 20 dan dianggap sebagai hasil perkenalan akut dan hasil adopsi dengan disiplin
ilmu kritik sastra barat tidak dapat diterima seutuhnya, tetapi wacana tafsir
sastra yang menggema di abad kontemporer memiliki landasan teoritis dan
konstruk epistomologi pada masa klasik dan hasil akumulasi dari pergumulan
ilmu-ilmu modern. Tokoh-tokoh kenamaan sekaliber Ibn Abbas, al-Farra’, Abu
Ubaidah, al-Jurjani, Abd al-Jabbar, al-jahiz dan al-Baqillani dan tokoh-tokoh
lainnya memiliki pemikiran yang melampaui batas-batas zamannya. Kehadiran Muhammad
‘Abduh dan Taha Husain kemudian memuluskan jalan bagi Amin al-Khuli dan
penerus-penerusnya dengan mereformulasi dan menetapkan prinsip-prinsip
metodologis dalam seni interpretasi yang dalam pembacaan kontemporer dikenal
dengan Hermeneutika. Nashr Hamid abu Zaid mencoba mendialektikan antara teks
dan realitas dengan teori makna dan maghza yang berubah-rubah yang didasari
dengan semangat objektivitas penafsiran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jejak Historis Tafsir Teoritis </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Melacak jejak sejarah benih-benih tafsir
teoritis dapat dijumpai pada masa kenabian. Pemikiran ini menurut Dr.M.Nur
Khalis Setiawan berdasarkan atas beberapa data yang menunjukkan bahwa Nabi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Muhammad SAW telah memberikan beberapa
interpretasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang erat kaitannya dengan terminologi
disiplin sastra atab yang berkembang belakangan, meski penafsiran Nabi tidak terlalu
banyak dijadikan para pengamat tafsir sebagai tafsir periode awal dalam sejarah
penafsiran Al-Quran. Nampak jelas ketika Nabi menafsirkan surah al- Baqarah
ayat 187 : “ makan minumlah engkau hingga terang bagimu benang putih dari
benang hitam yaitu fajar “.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dengan
mengatakan “ yang dimaksud dengan benang hitam adalah gelapnya malam dan benang
putih adalah terangnya siang.” Peralihan makna frasa dari benang hitam dan
putih ke benang yang lain,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yakni
gelapnya malam dan terangnya siang, merupakan perubahan makna dari makna asli
ke makana majazi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Meski secara kuantitas tidak terlalu banyak menunjukkan model penafsiran
susastera, interpretasi Nabi benar-benar telah mendapatkan legitimasi historis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Salah satu generasi penerus yang
melakukan penafsiran seperti yang dilakukan Nabi adalah Abdullah Ibn Abbas
(w.68/687) putra dari paman Nabi dan putra dari kakek (tertua) dari keluarga
besar Abbasiah. Para pengkaji tafsir menyebutnya sebagai “bapak tafsir” karna
otoritasnya dalam disiplin ilmu bak lautan tak bertepi dan dijuluki dengan
gelar “ Tarjuman Al-Quran” yang telah diberkahi oleh rasulullah sendiri.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
Demikian pula karya-karya tafsir yang bermunculan setelah itu, tidak bisa
dilepaskan dari pengaruh serta kretifitas Ibn Abbas. Sehingga
interpretasi-interpretasi yang dilakukan Ibn Abbas bisa dijadikan sebagai awal
mula penafsiran susastra dengan bukti data-data historis yang kuat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Menelisik lebih jauh sosok Ibn Abbas ditemukan bahwa Ibn Abbas tekun bergaul
dengan penyair klasik, sebab mereka adalah kalangan yang dipandang mempunyai
kesiapan lebih karena pergumulan mereka dengan bahasa dalam bidang tafsir.
Berkenaan dengan lafazh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">haraj </i>dalam
surat al-Haj ayat 78 dia menjelaskan prinsip berikut ini : “ apabila kamu
merasa asing dengan sesuatu dalam Al-Quran maka lihatlah dalam syair, karena
syair adalah murni bahasa Arab. Data sejarah mengisahkan bahwa Nafi’ bin
al-Azraq bertanya kepada Ibn Abbas tentang sejumlah kosa kata Al-Quran. Nafi’
meminta kepada Ibn Abbas supaya mencari makna-makna tersebut dengan menggunakan
syair klasik. Dalam jawaban Ibn Abbas kepada pertanyaan Nafi’ bin al-Azraq
terdapat tafsiran sekitar dua tatus kalimat dengan munggunakan bukti atau dalil
dari syair klasik. Ini adalah sebuah pengakuan dari para ahli bahasa masa
belakangan kepada bapak tafsir yang menggagas metode linguistic dalam tafsir Al-Quran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penafsiran dengan metode linguistik
kemudian dilanjutkan oleh murid-murid Ibn Abbas diantaranya adalah : Mujahid,
Ikrimah, said bun jabir, Qatadah,dan al-Dhahhak.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Murid yang paling menonjol dalam penafsiran dengan pendekatan kebahasaan adalah
Mujahid. Interpretasi-interpretasi yang dilakukannya sangat kental dengan
penafsiran metaforis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>maka
tak heran jika Mujahid dikategorikan sebagai salah satu dari benih-benih
penafsiran rasionalis dalam Islam.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
generasi setalah Mujahid yang ambil bagian dalam mengembangkan “ stadium
embrional” tafsir sastra adalah Ibn Juraij, Maqatil ibn Sulaiman, Sufyan
al-Tsauri, Abu Ubaidah al-Mutsanna’ dan Yahya ibn Ziyad al-Farra’.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Para sarjana tersebut dalam karya-karyanya, secara implisitmenegaskan bahwa Al-Quran
adalah sebuah teks. Penyimpulan seperti ini diperoleh dari analisis holistic
terhadap buah tangan mereka. Sebuah kenyataan yang tak terbantahkan akan
perlakuan mereka terhadap Al-Quran adalah penekanan bahwa Al-Quran adalah teks
berbahasa Arab, sehingga ilmu bahasa Arab merupakan perangkat pertama dan
nisacaya dalam memahami teks Al-Quran.mereka bersepakat bahwa dalam wilayah
kebahasaan terdapat dua aspek dan tingkatan yang saling terkait dan
berkelindan. Dua hal tersebut adalah apa yang ada dalam disiplin bahasa
kontemporer dengan “ syntagma “ (tarkib) sebagai bagian integral dari
pembentukan dan bangunan sebuah kalimat, serta “ paradigm” (dalalah), sebagai
elemen pembangun lainnya dalam bahasa.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Membincang lebih lanjut “stadium
embrional “<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>setalah generasi Mujahid,
nampaknya penafsiran yang paling kental denga pendaran linguistiknya adalah Abd
al-Malik ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Juraij. Ibn Juraij termasuk dalam sederet pengkaji
Al-Quran klasik yang mengedepankan prinsip :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bagian Al-Quran menjelaskan bagian yang lain ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Quran yufassiru ba’duhu ba’dhan</i>). Disamping itu ia juga menaruh
perhatian kepada artu penting aspek-aspek Mubhamat Al-Quran, mengingat gaya
bertutut Al-Quran memang demikian adanya. Ibn Jurai berkeyakinan bahwa konteks
sebuah ayat dalam Al-Quran memiliki peran yang sangat penting. “ kesadaran “
akan konteks dari sebuah teks sebagai perangkat adalah niscaya dalm memahami
teks keagamaan yang dalam kacamata semantic modern lazim disebut dengan “makna
dasar”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan “makna relasional” .
kesadaran akan dua aspek makna tersebut dalam khazanah islam klasik, salah
satunya dikembangkan oleh ibn Juraij. Demikian juga Ibn Juraij menaruh
perhatian pada gaya tutur stilistika Al-Quran yang beragam dan membicarakan
pengualangan kata atau kalimat (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Tikrar</i>)
serta tertarik menyibukkan diri dengan gramatikal ayat-ayat Al-Quran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Para sarjana klasik dengan pelbagai
karyanya yang telah disebutkan diatas diklasifikasikan sebagai penafsiran
sebelum masa kodifikasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">asru tadwin</i> ) dan sarjana klasik pertama
yang menulis pada masa kodifikasi adalah Abu Ubaidah dengan magnum
opus-nya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“majaz Al-Quran”. Di tangan Abu
Ubaidah pertama kali mendefenisikan pengertian majaz. Abu Ubaidah ketika
dihadapkan dengan teks Al-Quran, ia berusaha mengklasifikasikan dan menunjukkan
pengertian denotatif dan konotatif sebuah lafadz teks dan menjelaskan aspek
metaforis dan perumpamaan dalam Al-Quran. Generasi setelah yang melanjutkan
tongkat estafet penafsiran Al-Quran dengan pendekatan kebahasaan adalah
al-Farra’ dengan karangannya “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ma’ani Al-Quran</i>”
metode al-farra’ dalam kitabnya hampir menyamai metode Abu Ubaidah,namun nuansa
gramatika bahasa Arab nampaknya sangat kental menyesaki karangannya. Yang
kemudian disusul oleh al-Jahidz dengan “Nadzm Al-Quran”-nya , Ibn Qutaibah
dengan “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ta’wil Muyskilu Al-Quran</i>”-nya
yang dilandasi dengan semangat pembelaan terhadap aspek kemukjizatan Al-Quran.
Jika al-Jahidz adalah juru bicara Mu’tazilah maka Ibnu Qutaibah merupakan juru
bicara Ahlu Sunnah wa al-Jama’ah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada abad ke-4 H, dogma I’jaz Al-Quran
mendapat perhatian penuh dari para teolog dan penafsir Al-Quran.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hal itu dapat dibuktikan dengan menjamurnya
karangan sarjana muslim klasik yang memusatkan penelitiannya terhadap aspek
kemukjizatan dalam Al-Quran. Relasi antara I’jaz Al-Quran dengan aspek
kebahasaan Al-Quran tidak bisa dipisahkan satu sama lainnya. Ibnu Qutaibah
berpendapat bahwa pembahasan serta diskusi mengenai ajaran dan keyakinan
tentang i’jâz al-Qur’ân yang muncul belakangan, tidak bisa dilepaskan dari dua
aspek bahasa, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lafzhi</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ma’nawi</i>. Lafzhi berarti leksikal dan
makna struktural, sementara ma’nawi adalah teori makna.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
Pada abad ini muncul sarjana muslim seperti al-Rummani dengan “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-nukat fi I’jaz Al-Quran</i>” ,
al-Khatthabi dengan “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bayan I’jaz Al-Quran</i>”
, Abu al-Hasan Abd al-Jabbaral-Hamdani dengan kitabnya “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Mughni fi Abwabi al-Tauhid wa al-Adl</i>” dan Abu Bakr al-Baqillani
dengan magnumopusnya “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I’jaz Al-Quran</i>
“.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada abad selanjutnya yaitu pada abad ke
-5, diterbitkan “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dala’il al-Ijaz</i>”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang sangat fenomenal yang ditulis oleh Abd
al-Qahir al-Jurjani dan kitan “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Risalat
al-Syafiah fi I’jaz Al-Quran</i>”. Dan pada abad ke 6 H al-Zamakhsyari seolah
megumpulkan teori-teori terdahulu dalam tafsirnya “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Kassyaf</i>” yang bernuansa kebahasaan. Dan disusul oleh Fakhruddin
al-Razi dengan “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nihayat al-Ijaz fi Dirayat
al-I’jaz</i>”. Pada abad ke-7 H, Abu al-Asba’ al-Mashri menulis “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Badi’ Al-Quran”</i>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dan pada abad-abad selanjutnya mucul sederetan nama seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Imam Yahya bin Hamzah al-Alawi degan kitab “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Tharaz</i>” , Umar al-Biqa’I dengan kitab
yang diberi judul “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nadzmu al-Durar fi
tanasub al-ayat wa al-suwar</i>” dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Jalaluddin al-Suyuti pemilik “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tanasuk
al-durar fi tanasub al-suwar</i>”. Sampai pada masa kontemporer para sarjana
semisal Muhammad Rajab Bayyumi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan
Hufnaa Muhammad Syaraf memberikan perhatian lebih pada corak penafsiran dengan
pendekatan kebahasaan. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Epistomologi Tafsir Teoritis</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk meneliti lebih jauh konstruk
epistomologi tafsir teoritis dengan menggunakan pendekatan kebahasaan dan
sastra maka penulis terlebih dahulu memaparkan defenisi epistomologi itu
sendiri. Epistomologi adalah suatu disiplin ilmu yang bersifat evaluative,
normative, dan kritis. Evaluatif berarti bersifat menilai, ia menilai suatu
keyakinan, sikap, pernyataan pendapatm teori pengetahuan dapat dibenarkan,
dijamin kebenarannya, atau memiliki dasar yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan
secara nalar. Normatif berarti menentukan tolak ukur, dan dalam hal ini tolak
ukur kenalaran adalah kebenaran pengetahuan. Sedangkan kritis berarti banyak
mempertanyakan dan menguji kenalaran cara maupun hasil kegiatan manusia
mengetahui.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dalam hal ini penulis mencoba mengklasifikasikan tafsir teoritis ke dalam tiga
fase penafsiran karena menurut asumsi penulis untuk menghadirkan tiga poin
penting dari epistomolgi dibutuhkan pemetaan yang jelas. Begitu pula ,tafsir
teoritis dengan menggunakan pendekatan bahasa dan sastra memiliki karakteristik
dan perkembangan yang signifikan serta tujuan penafsiran yang berbeda. Ketga
kategori tersebut yaitu (1) epistomologi tafsir kebahasaan pada masa klasik (2)
epistomologi tafsir kesusasteraan masa modern (3) epistomologi tafsir
kesusasteraan pada masa kontemporer.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Epistomologi Tafsir Kebahasaan Masa Klasik</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Secara kategoris , Jhon Wansbrough
memetakan karya-karya tafsir yang muncul pada era klasik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menjadi lima jenis. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pertama</i> : tafsir naratif, yakni tafsir yang penjelasannya disertai
ulasan disekitar konteks turunnya ayat, contoh tafsir model ini adalah tafsir
karya Sulaiman ibn Maqatil. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kedua</i> :
tafsir legal, yaitu tafsir yang sangat kental dengan nuansa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hukumnya . tafsir karya sulaiman ini juga
merupakan cfontoh yang baik bagi model tafsir jenis ini. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ketiga</i> : tafsir tekstual, yaitu tafsir yang lebih focus pada uraian
tentang aspek-aspek leksikon dalam ragam bacaan ayat Al-Quran. Contohnya adalah
tafsir Ma’ani Al-Quran karya al-Farra’. Tafsir ini lebih berusaha menjelaskan
berbagai problem gramtika dan tekstual Al-Quran. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Keempat</i> : tafsir retorik : yaitu tafsir yang lebih menonjolkan
uraian tentang retorika dan sastra Al-Quran, seperti tafsir Majaz Al-Quran
karya Abu Ubaidah. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kelima</i> : tafsir
alegoris, yaitu tafsir yang mengungkap makna simbolik Al-Quran. Tafsir sufistik
karya at-Tustari , merupakan contoh yang baik bagi jenis tafsir alegoris.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari klasifikasi Jhon Wonsbrough dapat
dikatakan bahwa yang termasuk dalam tafsir teoritis adalah jenis ketiga dan
keempat, yaitu Tafsir Tekstual dan Tafsir Retorik.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sumber Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al-Quran
yang diturunkan dengan bahasa Arab sebagai media komunikasi tuhan dengan
manusia mendapatkan perhatian dari kaum muslim Arab pada masa itu. Bapak
tafsir, Ibn Abbas dengan kecerdasan dan wawasan bahasa Arab yang mumpuni
mencoba meneliti kosa kata Al-Quran dengan merujuk pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sya’ir</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jahiliah</i> untuk
mendapatkan makna asli. Sehingga dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Risalah</i>
karya Syafi’I sebagaimana dikutip Ignaz Goldziher<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berhasil merampungkan sekitar dua rastus kosa
kata dan menemukan arti etimologis-nya. Penjelasan dua ratus kosa kata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gharib</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dalam Al-Quran tidak serta merta berdasarkan Syai’r jahili semata namun
sumber dari hadis Nabi dan penelitian filologis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kibar</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sahabat </i>dimanfaatkan
oleh Ibn Abbas dalam merumuskan dan menjelaskan arti kosa kata yang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gharib</i> (asing) atas permintaan Nafi’ bin
al- Azraq. Demikian pula Ibn Abbas menukil dari filolog buku-buku pra-islam
yaitu Abu al-Jald Mukahdraman dan wawasan dari Ka’ab al-Ahbar dan Abdullah bin
Salam, muallaf dari agama Yahudi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perluasan kekuasaan islam pada masa awal
islam yang meliputi bangsa Arab maupun non-Arab mengakibatkan pengetahuan akan
bahasa Arab menjelma menjadi sebuah kebutuhan dan niscaya. Al-Quran yang
merupakan sumber primer kaum muslim<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan
bahasa Arab sebagai bahasa Al-Quran menjadikan keduanya ibarat dua sisi mata koin
yang tak terpisahkan. Sehingga tidak mengherankan ketika kamus Al-Quran
menjamur pada dinasti Umawiyyah dan Abbasiah sebagai buku pedoman bangsa Arab
dan non-Arab dalam memahami Al-Quran. Begitu pula Konsep I’jaz Al-Quran
memotivasi para sarjana klasik memberi penjelasan hakikat kemukjizatan Al-Quran
sehingga upaya yang mereka kerahkan dapat melahirkan sekian teori-teori bahasa
dan sastra yang kemudian berimplikasi kuat terhadap perkembangan ilmu balaghah
dan dikukuhkan sebagai disiplin ilmu yang independen.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Metodologi penafsiran dengan pendekatan
kebahasaan baik oleh ulama mutaqaddimin maupun muta’akhirin secara umum
bersifat deduktif-analitik. Deduktif berarti menafsirkan teks Al-Quran dengan
berupaya merincikan makna asli (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">exact
meaning</i>) kosa kata Al-Quran dengan merujuk pada pemakaian bahasa bangsa Arab
pada masa Al-Quran diturunkan dengan pendekatan filologi terhadap <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">syi’ir jahiliah</i> dan bahasa Arab kuno.
Analitik berarti menafsirkan Al-Quran dengan cara atomistik, parsial dan
terpisah-pisah sesuai dengan urutan ayat Al-Quran dalam mushaf utsmani. Pada
perkembangannya corak penafsiran kebahasaan jenis ini menyesaki Al-Quran dengan
kaidah-kaidah kebahasan dari segi gramatikalnya sehingga oleh Muhammad ‘Abduh
dikritik dengan mengatakan bahwa analisis I’rab Al-Quran pada penafsiran
kebahasaan islam klasik tidak layak disebut sebagai tafsir tetapi sebagai ajang
latihan disiplin ilmu gramatikal Arab terhadap Al-Quran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada perkembangan selanjutnya, para
gramatikus yang bergelut dengan penafsiran Al-Quran merumuskan beberapa kaidah
dengan pendekatan kebahasaan sebagai berikut : (1) redaksi yang bersifat umum
mengandung pengertian umum yang sepadan (2) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">alif-lam</i>
pada kata sifat dan ism al-jins menunjuk seluruh pengertian yang tercakup
didalamnya (3) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">an-nakirah</i> dalam
konteks an-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nahy</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">an-nafy, as-syarah</i> atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-istifham</i>
menunjuk pada pengertian umum.(4) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Mudhaf</i>
(kata kepunyaan) juga menunjuk pada pengertian umum sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ism al-jam’I</i> (5) ism yang disebutkan
secara tersendiri menunjuk pada pengertian sefcara umum. (6) peniadaan objek
kalimat yang menunjuk pada pengertian umum yang sepadan. (7) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jawab as-Syart</i> yang tidak disebutkan
dalam ayat menunjukkan penting atau dahsyatnya hal yang dibicarakan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">penafsiran retoris masa klasik merupakan
benih perkembangan tafsir sastra pada masa kontemporer. Konsep majaz yang
digagas oleh Abu Ubaidillah berangkat dari perkenalan akut para sarjana klasik
dalam memhami doktrin I’jaz Al-Quran dari aspek retorika dan keindahan
bahasanya. Yang kemudian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melahirkan
teori Metafora (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Isti’arah</i>), seni
perbandingan ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tasybih</i>), parabel (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Matsal</i>) dan metonisme (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kinayah</i>) yang merupakan bentuk-bentuk
Majaz. Dan kemudian teori konstruksi teks (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nadzm</i>)
yang dirintis oleh al-Jahidz dan dilanjutkan oleh al-Jurjani dalam “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dala’il al-Ijaz</i>” nya dan diaplikasikan
secara praksis terhadap teks Alqran oleh al-Zamakhsyari dalam “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Kassyaf</i>” dan Said Nursi dalam “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Isyarat al-I’jaz fi madzanni al-Ijaz</i>”
sehingga bisa disimpulkan bahwa teori Majaz dan Nadzm merupakan elemen-elemen
formatif tafsir teoritis sebagaimana Nur Khalis Setiawan kisahkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Majaz yang diartikan sebagai lawan dari
haqiqah, <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a>sebagaimana
dipahami oleh Al-Jahidz yang kemudian dikembangkan Van Ess dengan pengertian
sebagai : sesuatu yang melampaui batas-batas leksikal<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a>
mengindikasikan bahwa penafsiran progresif dan non-tekstual dapat ditemukan
pada penafsiran sarjana islam klasik terlebih pada literautur Mu’tazilah. Dari
penjabaran diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa metodologi tafsir retoris menggunakan
teori-teori sastra klasik dalam menyibak keindahan bahasa Al-Quran meskipun
secara umum masih menggunakan metode deduktif-analitik dari penafsiran yang
mereka suguhkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Validitas Penafisran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam ilmu semantik kontemporer makna
dapat diklasifikasikan dengan makna dasar ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Grundbedutung</i>)
dan makna relasional (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">relational
Bedeutung</i>). Makna dasar yang dimaksud disini adalah kandungan kontekstual
dari kosa kata yang akan tetap melekat pada kata tersebut, meskipun kata
tersebut dipisahkan dari konteks pembicaraan kalimat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sementara makna relasional adalah makna
konotatif, yang dalam prakteknya, sangat bergantung kepada konteks sekaligus
relasi dengan kosa kata lainnya dalam kalimat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a> Menyoal
validitas penafsiran teoritis dengan pendekatan kebahasaan dalam Al-Quran
sejatinya keabsahan sebuah penafsiran jika penafsiran tersebut sesuai dengan
makna asli (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">exact meaning</i>) atau makna
dasar bahasa Arab ketika Al-Quran diturunkan. Begitu pula validitas penafsiran
teoritis dengan pendekatan sastra apabila sebuah penafsiran sesuai atau adanya
keterkaitan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">aspek relasional</i>) dengan
makna dasar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adapun kaidah-kaidah dengan pendekatan
kebahasaan yang dirumuskan oleh para sarjana klasik mendapat legitimasi dari
otoritas ahli bahasa dan para penafsir dengan menyatakan bahwa standar
validitas penafsiran juga harus sesuai dengan kaidah-kaidah kebahasaan yang
telah diformasikan pada masa klasik agar terhindar dari penafsiran liar yang
tidak terikat dengan batas-batas leksial teks Al-Quran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam kajian epistomologi, dikenal tiga
teori kebenaran yang kerap dijadikan sebagai acuan kebenaran, yaitu (1) teori
kebenaran korespondensi (2) teori kebenaran koherensi, dan (3) teori kebenaran
pragmatik. Kembali pada validitas penafsiran teoritis klasik sejatinya menganut
teori kebenaran korespondensi. Teori korespondensi adalah teori kebenaran yang
menyatakan bahwa suatu pernyataan itu benar kalau isi pengetahuan yang
terkandung dalm pernyataan tersebut berkorespondensi (sesuai) dengan objek yang
dirujuk oleh pernyataan tersebut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a>
Berangkat dari teori tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa validitas sebuah
penafsiran apabila berkorespondensi dengan makna dasar bahasa Arab.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.4.
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Karakteristik dan Tujuan Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Karakteristik penafsiran teoritis klasik
diantaranya adalah (1) minimnya budaya kritis (2) penafsiran yang dilakukan
umumnya lebih menekankan pendekatan pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al</i>-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ma’na</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ijmali</i> ( pengertian kosa kata secara global)(3) posisi teks sebagai
subjek dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mufassir</i> sebagai objek.
Tujuan penafsiran relatif pada tataran sekedar memahami makna dan belum sampai
ke dataran <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Maghza. </i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a>Sehingga
bisa disimpulkan bahwa penafsiran teoritis masa klasik dijadikan sebgai sebuah
medium untuk memahami makna Al-Quran, terlebih bagi mereka yang tidak terbiasa
dengan lidah Arab.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Epistomologi Tafsir Kesusasteraan Masa Modern</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sumber Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Muhammad ‘Abduh yang juga merupakan
representator penafsir modern dengan corak adab-ijtima’I ( corak sastra dan
sosial), Muhammad ‘Abduh menegaskan bahwa sebaik-baik sumber penafsiran dalam
memahami term Al-Quran adalah kembali kepada Al-Quran itu sendiri dengan bahasa
Arab ketika diturunkan dan mengkritik upaya memahami makna teks dengan merujuk pada
term agama-agama samawi yang memiliki jarak waktu yang berabad-abad.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a>
Disamping itu sumber penafsiran lainnya adalah perangkat-perangkat interpretasi
tradisional <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">( ilm al-ma’ani</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-bayan</i> atau lebih dikenal dengan
Stilistika ) untuk mebuka makna teks.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a>dan
menjadikan akal sebagai otoritas mendasar dalam interpretasi Al-Quran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ilmu tentang kondisi-kondisi manusia yang juga dikenal dengan sosiologi dan
pendekatan historis terhadap ruang lingkup Al-Quran diturunkan mendapat
perhatian oleh Muhammad ‘Abduh.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a> sehingga
dengan bahasa Nash Hamid, Muhammad ‘Abduh telah menyatukan apa yang berasal
dari tradisi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">turats</i>) dengan
ilmu-ilmu modern dalam upayanya memberikan respon terhadap tantangan yang
dilontarkan pada nalar muslim yang menganggap Al-Quran sebagai rujukan
utamanya. Oleh karena itu tindak interpretasi yang dilakukan oleh ‘‘Abduh
bertumpu pada otoritas bahasa dan otoritas pengetahuan modern <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a>di
dalam suatu bangunan metodologis yang cermat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang sedemikian besar sejalan dengan langkah-langkah metode yang akan
dijelaskan pada pada metode penafsiran kesusasteraan masa modern. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari hasil penelitian J.J.G. Jansen
aliran penafsiran ala Mesir pada masa modern mengatakan bahwa corak penafsiran
di Mesir sejak munculnya Muhammad ‘Abduh dapat diklasifikan pada tiga bagian
(1) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">philological</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">exegesis</i> : penafsiran literal terhadap teks (2) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Practical</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Exegesis</i> : signifikansi teks Al-Quran terhadap perbuatan manusia,
dan (3) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Scientific</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Exegesis</i> : signifikansi teks Al-Quran
terhadap ilmu pengetahuan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menelisik tafsir Muhammad ‘Abduh dapat
dikatakan bahwa dari ketiga aspek ini ditemukan dalam penafsirannya lebih
kental dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">philological exegesis</i>
sebagai sarana untuk mencapai petunjuk Al-Quran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Metode bahasa yang sastra yang
dirumuskan oleh Muhammad ‘Abduh’ untuk mendapatkan Hidayah sebagai tujuan
penafsiran diformulasikan ke dalam langkah-langkah berikut<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a> :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. memahami data-data kosakata yang ada
dalm Al-Quran menurut makna umumnya sebgaimana yang berlaku ketika diturunkan.
Memahami kosakata-kosakata tersebut sedemikian rupa sehingga mufassir teresebut
dapat mewujudkan hal itu melalui pemakaian-pemakaian ahli bahasa, tidak cukup
mengikuti pendapat dan pemahaman si penafsir, sebab banyak kosakata yang
dipergunakan pada saat diturunkan dengan berbagai makna, kemudian makna-makna
itu lebih dominan daripada yang lainnya dalam perkembangan selanjutnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam langkah ini tampak jelas bahwa Muhammad
‘Abduh menolak proses memaksakan makna yang berasal dari masa kini terhadap
masa lalu sebagai akibat tidak diperhatikannya makna kosakata yang dipergunakan
pada saat diturunkan. Pola pemaksaan ini menjadi umum saat ini dan tampak jelas
dalam banyak buku tafsi r kontemporer. Barangkali yang paling mencolok dan
nyata adalah tafsir yang disebut dengan tafsir ‘ilmy terhadap Al-Quran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. setelah memahami makna dari
kosakata-kosakata dalam konteks pemakaian kebahasaannya, langkah berikutnya
adalah memahami stilistika. Dalam hal ini diperlukan ilmu I’rab dan ilmu
stilistika (Ma’ani dan al-Bayan ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. langkah ketiga dalam metode ini
adalah “ ilmu mengenai kondisi-kondisi manusia.” Sebab orang yang meneliti
kitab ini (Al-Quran) mesti mempertimbangkan kondisi-kondisi manusia dengan
perbagai perkembangan mereka, faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan kondisi mereka
berbeda-beda ; ada yang kuat dan lemah, ada yang maju dan terbelakang, ada yang
menguasai pengetahuan dan ada yang diliputi kebodohan, ada yang beriman dan ada
yang kafir. Di samping itu, ia juga harus mengetahui situasi dari maju
mundurnya dunia secara global. Dalam hal ini dibutuhkan berbagai disiplin, yang
terpenting adalah sejarah dengan segala jenisnya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. langkah keempat dapat dianggap
sebagai kelanjutan dari langkah ketiga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>;
ada yang kuat dan lemah, ada yang maju dan terbelakang, ada yang menguasai
pengetahuan dan ada yang diliputi kebodohan, ada yang beriman dan ada yang
kafir. Di samping itu, ia juga harus mengetahui situasi dari maju mundurnya
dunia secara global. Dalam hal ini dibutuhkan berbagai disiplin, yang
terpenting adalah sejarah dengan segala jenisnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. langkah keempat dapat dianggap
sebagai kelanjutan dari langkah ketiga atau derivasi darinya, sebab pengetahuan
mengenai kondisi-kondisi manusia termasuk di dalamnya adalah kondisi yang
melekat pada masyarakat Arab dan lainnya pada era keNabian. Bagaimana mungkin
sang mufassir dapat memahami dengan semestinya kebiasaan-kebiasaan mereka yang
dinilai negative oleh ayat-ayat Al-Quran, atau yang mendekati negative jika ia
tidak mengetahui kondisi-kondisi mereka dan apa saja yang ada pada mereka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5. langkah kelima jga dapat dianggap
sebagai rangkaian dari langkah keempat. Pengetahuan tentang kondisi masyarakat Arab
dan laiinya ada era keNabian termasuk pula di sini “ pengetahuan mengenai
perjalanan hidup Nabi SAW. dan sahabat-sahabtnya, serta pengetahuan dan
tindakan-tindakan yang berkaitan dengan duniai dan ukhrawi yang mereka
jalankan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Langkah-langkah yang dirumuskan oleh ‘‘Abduh
sebagai metode tafsir, menurut Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid berkaitan erat dengan dua
otoritas yang berdampingan: bahasa dalam konteks sejarah karena bahasa berlaku
pada era turunya wahyu, dan dunia, bahasa berfungsi sebagai hukum yang
menggerakkan dunia baik secara alamiah maupun sosial dalam proses
kesejarahannya. Teks di sini dalam pemahaman Muhammad ‘Abduh secara implicit,
melalui langkah-langkah metodologisnya, merupakan struktur bahasa yang bermakna
dalam konteks sosial-historis, tidak terlapas, pada saat yang sama, dari
kemampuannya memproduksi makna di luar bingkai konteks tersebut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Validitas Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari pemetaan metodologis Muhammad ‘Abduh
oleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid kedalam dua
otoritas yang saling terkait, yaitu teks dan dunia. Maka dapat disimpulkan
bahwa Muhammad ‘Abduh menganut teori kebenaran Korespondensi yaitu adanya
kesesuaian hasil penafsiran dengan makna asli Al-Quran ketika diturunkan dan
teori pragmatis. Teori pragmatis penafsiran mengatakan bahwa sebuah penafsiran
dikatakan benar apabila ia secara praksis mempu memberikan solusi praksis bagi
problem sosial yang muncul. Dengan kata lain, penafsiran itu tidak diukur
dengan teori<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau penafsiran lain,
tetapi diukur sejauh mana ia dapat memberikan solusi atas problem yang dihadapi
manusia sekarang ini. berangkat dari semangat tujuan Al-Quran sebagai petunjuk
kepada manusia membuat Muhammad ‘Abduh menyajikan tafsirnya sesuai dengan
kebutuhan zaman (need of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the times/
hajat al-ashr).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Karakteristik dan Tujuan Penafsiran</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tafsir Muhammad ‘Abduh mengkritisi
penafsiran dengan menggunakan dan memusatkan suatu pendekatan dan mengabaikan
pendekatan-pendekatan lainnya. Hal itu Nampak jelas dari kritikan penafsiran yang
disesaki dengan data-data I’rab Al-Quran yang kemudian mengaburkan petunjuk Al-Quran
yang diimani kaum muslim sebagai pedoman primer.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a>
Corak penafsiran Muhammad ‘Abduh seringkali disebut dengan tafsir sosial yang
bernuansa sastrawi. Sebagaimana disinggung diatas bahwa tujuan penafsiran Muhammad
‘Abduh adalah sebagai kitab petunjuk yang darinya manusia mendapatkan hidayah.
Dari sisi lain sarana yang mengantarkan pada tujuan asas Al-Quran adalah metode
bahasa yang sastra.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Epistomologi Penafsiran Kesusasteraan Masa
Kontemporer</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sumber Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sumber penafsiran kesusasteraan masa
kontemporer dihasilkan dari teks Al-Quran sendiri. Amin al-Khuli menegaskan
bahwa analisis kebahasaan kosa kata Al-Quran dapat diklasifikasikan dan disibak
makna asalnya dari dua poin yaitu dari sisi etimologis dan dari pengertian atau
term Al-Quran itu sendiri.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a>
Begitu pula upaya Al-Khuli dalam menafsirkan Al-Quran menempatkan dan
memberikan derajat lebih tinggi kepada akal atas sebuah teks.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a>dengan
memberikan peluang besar terhadap teori-teori sastra dan filsafat bahasa modern
yang kemudian difilterisasi dan diaplikasikan dalam menafsirkan Al-Quran. Dalam
hal ini al-Khuli memberikan perhatian besar terhadap literature klasik dan
modern dalam merumuskan konstruk metodologinya dalam penafsiran sastra Al-Quran.
Sumber penafisran murid-murid al-Khuli semisal Ahmad Khalafullah dan Ai’syah
bintu Syati’ menjadi makmum atas guru-gurunya yang kemudian dikembangkan oleh
Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid yang menjadikan realitas sebagai sumber penafsiran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3.2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Amin al-Khuli merupakan pelopor wacana
tafsir sastra Al-Quran pada abad dua puluh.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Keseriusan al-Khuli dalam mengkaji Al-Quran tidak bisa dilepaskan dari
kajian-kajiannya terhadap bahasa dan sastra Arab. Sebagai bukti dari statemen
ini adalah banyaknya tulisan penting yang berbicara tentang bahasa sastra dan
kritik sastra dalam karnya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fi adab
al-Mishri</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fannal-Qawl</i>. Interaksi
al-Khuli dengan Al-Quran dalam memahami maknanya, mencoba menganalisis Al-Quran
dan mendudukkan sebagai sebuah teks Arab teragung dan terbesar yang pernah ada.
Kemudian dianalisis secara tematis. Kajian al-Khuli terhadap Al-Quran mengedepankan
dua prinsip metodologis yaitu : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">studi
sekitar Al-Quran</b> (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dirasah ma haula Al-Quran</i>)
dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">studi tentang teks itu sendiri</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dirasah
fi Al-Quran nafsih). <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kajian pertama</b></i>
diarahkan kepada investigasi latar belakang Al-Quran, dimulai dari proses
pewahyuan, perkembangan dan sirkulasinya dalam masyarakat Arab sebagai obyek
wahyu, beserta kodifikasi dan variasi cara baca : sebagai sebuah kajian yang
kemudian lebih dikenal dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘ Ulumul
Quran.</i> Kajian ini juga difokuskan pada aspek sosio-historis Al-Quran
termasuk didalamnya situasi intelektual, Kultural, dan geografis masyarakat Arab
abad ke tujuh ketika Al-Quran diturunkan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a>
Kajian ini secara umum berujung pada : (1) kajian teks, filologis, dan
penjelasan tentang sejarah perkembangannya. (2) penjelasan mengenai latar
belakang tempat Al-Quran muncul, sumber darimana ia lahir, bagaimana
perkembangan makna-maknanya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a>
Selanjutnya <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kajian kedua</i></b> pada studi tentang teks Al-Quran dari berbagai
segi. (1) Ia mengawali dengan investigasi terhadap kosa kata inividua Al-Quran
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mufradat</i>, semenjak pertama
diwahyukan, perkembangan, serta pemakaiannyadalam Al-Quran, agar kata-kata
tersebut dapat dipahami secara totalitas (2) kemudian diikuti dengan perhatian
sepenuhnya terhadap kata-kata majemuk (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">murakkabah</i>),
yang tentunya analisis tersebut didasarkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pada pengetahuan tentang gramatik dan balaghah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menarik untuk dielaborasi lebih lanjut
pemikiran Amin al-Khuli dalam tafsir Al-Quran, al-Khuli mencoba mengaitkan
balaghah dan ilmu jiwa sehingga memungkinkan adanya kemukjizatan Al-Quran
secara psikologis. Al-Khuli mengakui adanya kebutuhan untuk mengetahui tafsir
psikologis terhadap Al-Quran. Tafsir ini didasarkan pada pengetahuan yang
komprehensif dan sejauh mungkin terhadap rahasia-rahasia gerak-gerak jiwa
manusia sebagaimana yang diketahui kajian ilmu ini. Tafsir Psikologis Al-Quran
menurut al-Kuhli adalah tafsir Al-Quran yang didasarkan pada upaya menangkap
hal-hal yang dipergunakan oleh Al-Quran, yaitu gejala-gejala jiwa, dan
hukum-hukum spritualitas. Sehingga penjelasan Al-Quran dapat diketahui<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>apakah dalam rangka berargumentasi,
memberikan petunjuk, mencoba meyakinkan atau mendebat, membangkitkan atau
mengancam.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Proyek Metodologi yang dikembangkan al-Khuli
memiliki kemiripan dengan proyek hermenutika Schleiermacher, kendati tidak
ditemukan dalam karyanya deretan nama filosof dan sastrawan barat, tapi ada
dugaan kuat al-Khuli telah berkenalan dengan pemikiran Schleiermacher ketia ia
menetap di eropa yaitu di italia dan Jerman selama 4 tahun. Begitu pula al-Khuli
menguasai dua bahasa tersebut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[44]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ahmad Khalafullah, sarjana konvensional
yang menganggap teks-teks kisah sebagai bagian dari teks ambigu ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mutasyabihat</i>) merupakan elaborasi dari
metode <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">adabi</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">maudhu’i</i> yang ditawarkan oleh al-Khuli. Bukti dari statemen ini
adalah pengakuan Khalaf sendiri dalam pendahuluan, disamping cara kerja yang
ditempuh yang sama persis dengan yang dikehendaki al-Khuli. Cara kerja yang
dtempuh Khalafullah diantaranya adalah mengumpulkan teks-teks yang berbicara
tentang kisah, kemudian mengurutkan sesuai kronologi turunnya (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tartib al-nuzul</i>) dan disusun dengan
member pemaknaan terhadap teks tersebut melalui jalur <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">adabi</i> (susastera).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[45]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Selain Khalafullah yang mengadopsi
metode al-Khuli. Bintu Syati’ yang memiliki nama lengkap Aisha Abdurrahman (w
2000) yang bertindak sebagai murid juga istri setia al-Khuli menerapkan prinsip
metodologis al-Khuli dalam memahami Al-Quran dalam tafsirnya “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-tafsir al-bayani li Al-Quran al-Karim</i>”
yaitu dengan membiarkan Al-Quran berbicara tentang dirinya, karena, dalam teks Al-Quran,
teks salin menjelaskan satu sama lain. Pembebasan terhadap Al-Quran ini bukan
berarti memahami teks tanpa menggunakan perangkat, akan tetapi, setelah
pertautan antara suatu teks dengan teks lainnya diketahui, maka cara yang
kemudian dikedepankan adalah pelacakan makna yang dikehendaki teks dengan
analisis linguistik dan sastra dengan medan-medan semantik yang jelas. Dalam
pengantar tafsir Bintu Syati’ setidaknya memberikan 2 elemen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan langkah teoritis penting dalam metode
tafsir yang ditawarkannya. (1) penelitian terhadap makna leksikal kosa kata Al-Quran
yang kemudian di jadikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai sarana
untuk mengetahui makna yang dikehendaki dalam konteks pembicaraan ayat. (2)
perlibatan semua ayat yang berbicara tentang satu topik tertentu yang sama.
Langkah kedua ini merupakan bentuk pemberian “ kesempatan” agar Al-Quran berbicara
mengenai dirinya sendiri.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[46]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sarjana ketiga yang mengikuti sekaligus
menopang metdoe susastra adalah Syukri Ayyad. Ia menulis buku berjudul <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Din wa al-Hisab : Dirasah Qur’aniyyah</i>.
Sembari menggunakan metode analisis susastera yang dikembangkan oleh al-Khuli,
Ayyad berpendapat bahwa persoalan eskatologis yang ada dalam Al-Quran merupakan
symbol keagamaan dalam kemasan susastra yang hendaknya dipahami hidayahnya.prinsip
metedologis Ayyad dalam tafsirnya adalah (1) investigasi terhadap makna literal
kosa kata Al-Quran dengan perhatian khusus pada asal kata, perkembangan, serta
pemakaiannyadalam masyarakat pada saat Al-Quran diturunkan. (2) meneliti gaya
tutur Al-Quran melalui stilistik dan mikro struktur dalam kalimat. Sedangkan
yang (3) adalah meneliti aspek sosial dan cultural Arab, terutama saat teks
diturunkan. Ketiga langkah tersebut dalam penelitian Ayyad, menghasilkan
kesiimpulan bahwa eskatologi Al-Quran bisa dipilah menjadi tiga model (1)
penghadapan langsung (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-tawjih</i>) (2)
ilustratif (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-tashwir</i>) (3)
menggunakan situasi dan kondisi yang berlawanan, seperti surga versus neraka.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[47]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid merupakan generasi al-Khuli
yang produktif dan bahkan gigih mengembangkan metode kesusasteraan dalam kajian
Al-Quran. Abu Zaid mengawali dengan penetapan hubungan atau ralasi antara teks
dan interpretasi. Keduanya ibarat dua sisi mata koin yang tidak bisa
dipisahkan. Dengan demikian, teori interpretasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tidak bisa dipisahkan dari teori teks.dalam diskursus interpretasi klasik,
keduanya dipisahkan, mengingat teks diyakini sebagai kepastian religious yang
tidak membutuhkan interpretasi atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ta’wil</i>,
sementara yang kedua, yakni <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ta’wil</i>,
dianggap sebagai teks dalam pengertian aslinya dengan menolak teori tradisional
tentangnya sebagai teks tertutup, sebaliknya, menjadikannya sebagai teks
terbuka yang menuntut adanya interpretasi.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ta’wil</i>
merupakan sisi lain dari teks” statemen abu Zaid ini berada pada level
epistomologis, seperti diungkapkan Abu Zaid di beberapa kesempatan : “ teks
memiliki eksistensi, bebas dari interpretasi dan komentari”. Statemen ini
selayaknya dipahami bahwa teks menggiring kepada aktivitas interpretasi untuk
menemukan dunianya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[48]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Abu zaid banyak berbicara tentang
“interpretasi objektif” meski dalam kenyataannya sangat sulit, yang ia sebut
dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ta’wil</i> sebagai pembanding
interpretasi ideologis atau yang ia sebut dengan talwin. Diskusi tentang
interpretasi obyektif sebagai cita-cita , sejatinya tidak bisa dipisahkan dari
dua mazhab besar teori interpretasi, yakni hermeneutik. Yang pertama adalah
mazhab obyektif yang diusulkan oleh beberapa sarjana seperti Friedrich
Schleiermacher, Wilhelm Dilthey, Emilio Betti, dan ED. Hirsch. Sedangkan yang
kedua adalah mazhab subyektif yang dipengaruhi oleh pemikiran-pemikran Martin
Heidegger dan Hans Georg Gadamer.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[49]</span></span></span></span></a>pemetaan
hermeneutika dapa pula diklasifikasikan sebagai hermenutical theory yang berisi
aturan metodologis untuk sampai kepada pemahaman yang diinginkan pengarang
(author0 dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hermeneutical philosophy</i>
yang lebih mencermati dimensi filosofis fenomenologis pemahaman. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[50]</span></span></span></span></a>Abu
Zaid menggabungkan dua model hermeneutika<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ini, meski terlihat pengaruh mazhab obyektif lebih besar ketimbang
subyektif. Berkaitan dengan takwil sebagai pembacaan kreatif atas teks diharapkan
mampu melahirkan pemahaman obyektif, Abu Zaid memisahkan antara “makna” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-ma’na</i>) dengan “signifikansi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Maghza</i>). Pemisahan keduanya tidak
pula bisa dipisahkan dari pemikiran Hirsch, yang pernah mengatakan “ bukan
makna yang berubah tapi signifikansinya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[51]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari penjabaran tokoh-tokoh kontemporer
yang mencoba mendekati Al-Quran dengan metode sastra dapat disimpulkan bahwa
prinsip metodologis lebih bersifat interdispliner, mulai dari tematik, hermeneutik,
hingga linguistik dengan pendekatan sosiologis, antropologis, psikologis,
historis, semantik dan disiplin keilmuan masing-masing <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mufassir</i>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[52]</span></span></span></span></a>
Teori hermeneutika yang mereka kembangkan adalah hermeneutika teoritis yang
berisi cara untuk memahami. Dalam teori hermeneutika ini merupakan kajian
penuntun bagi sebuah pemahaman yang akurat dan proporsional. Bagaimanakah
pemahaman yang komprehensif itu? Itulah pertanyaan utama dari hermeneutika
teoritis. Tentu saja sebagaimana asumsi awal bahwa perbedaan konteks
mempengaruhi perbedaan pemahaman, maka hermeneutika dalam kelompok pertama ini
merekomendasikan pemahaman konteks sebagai salah satu aspek yang harus
dipertimbangkan untuk memperoleh pemahaman yang komprehensif. Selain
pertanyaan-pertanyaan seputar makna teks seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bagaimana makna teks secara morfologis,
leksikologis dan sintaksis, perlu pula pertanyaan-pertanyaan seperti dari siapa
teks itu berasal? Untuk tujuan apa. Dalam kondisi apa dan bagaimana kondisi
pengarangya ketika teks tersebut disusun? Dan lain sebagainya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[53]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3.3.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Validitas Penafsiran</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terkait dengan validitas penafsiran,
tafsir teoritis masa kontemporer menganut tiga teori kebenaran yaitu teori
koherensi, teori korespondensi, dan teori pragmatisme. Pertama : teori
koherensi. Teori ini mengatakan bahwa sebuah penafsiran dianggap benar apabila
ia sesuai dengan proporsi-proporsi sebelumnya dan konsisten menerapkan
metodologi yang dibangun oleh setiap penafsir.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[54]</span></span></span></span></a>
Menelisik prinsip metodologis dan aplikasi metode dalam tataran praksis oleh
Amin al-Khuli beserta murid-muridnya, sangat boleh dikatakan bahwa mereka
konsisten menerapkan metode sastra atau tafsir sastra dalam mendekati Al-Quran
yang mampu memberikan kontribusi yang signifikan dalam menghadapi
kegelisahan-kegilsahan kaum muslim dewasa ini. kedua : teori korespondensi :
seperti yang telah dijelaskan defenisinya diatas bahwa sebuah penafsiran
dikatakan benar apabila ia berkorespondensi, sesuai dan cocok dengan fakta
ilmiah di lapangan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[55]</span></span></span></span></a>para
penafsir sastra Al-Quran menganut teori ini lantaran mereka sangat mengindahkan
ojektivitas penafsiran yang diukur oleh adanya kesesuaian antara hasil
penafsiran dengan makna dasar ketika Al-Quran diturunkan dengan menggunakan
pendekatan historis dan filologi. Ketiga : teori Pragmatisme : teori ini
mengatakan bahwa sebuah penafsiran dikatakan benar apabila ia secara praktis
mampu memberikan solusi prkasis bagi problem sosial yang muncul.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[56]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mengevaluasi tujuan penafsiran Tokoh-tokoh tafsir sastra kontemporer adalah
al-bayan (pengantar sastra) sebagai pembaharuan terhadap teori interpretasi
para sarjana klasik yang kerap dikacaukan dengan pengkaburan makna dasar teks
oleh tafsir afirmatif. Tujuan penafsiran Amin al-Khuli mencoba memurnikan nalar
bayani dengan pendekatan teori-teori sastra modern.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Karakteristik dan Tujuan Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Karakteristik dasar dari penafsiran
sastra kontemporer bersifat kritis. Amin al-Khuli menyatakan bahwa awal
pembaharuan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah membunuh pemahaman
lama ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">awwal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>al-tajdid qatl<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>al-qadim fahman</i>), transformatif, solutif
dan non ideologis<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[57]</span></span></span></span></a>. Jika
Tujuan dari interpretasi Muhammad ‘‘Abduh adalah semangat mendapat petunjuk
dari Al-Quran maka tujuan paling awal dan mendasarbagi proses bagi Amin al-Khuli
adalh “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Bayan</i>” sebab tujuan inilah
yang : darinya muncul berbagai tujuan lainnya dan yang mendasari berbagai
tujuan tersebut ( dan di<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>antaranya
adalah tujuan mendapatkan hidayah menurut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Muhammad ‘‘Abduh). tujuan ini harus dipenuhi terlebih dahulu sebelum
berupaya mewujudkan tujuan manapun lainnya, apakah itu tujuan lain tersebut
bersifat ilmiah atau praktis, keagamaan dan duniawi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Epilog</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam khazanah ilmu tafsir ditemukan dua
term yang sangat akrab bagi pengkaji tafsir, yakni : Tafsir dan Ta’wil. Istilah
tafsir lebih<i> </i>dikenal sebagai cara untuk mengurai bahasa, konteks dan
pesan-pesan moral yang terkandung dalam teks atau <i>nash </i>kitab suci.
Sedangkan Ta’wil lebih pada penemuan makna dari teks yang bersifat metaforis.
Ta’wil dapat dikategorikan menjadi dua bagian yaitu : Pertama : ta’wil atau
penafsiran yang melewati batas-batas leksikal dan adanya keterkaitan dengan
makna dasar. Penafsiran jenis ini kerap digunakan dalam tafsir retoris dan
sastra Al-Quran. Kedua : ta’wil atau penafsiran yang melampaui batas-batas
leksikal tanpa ada keterhubungan dari segi bahasa dengan makna dasar. Metode
ta’wil jenis ini dapat dijumpai dalam tafsir sufistik.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Metode tafsir dan ta’wil jenis pertama
dikategeorikan dalam nalar bayani. Sedangkan metode Ta’wil jenis kedua
dikategorikan sebagai metode nalar Irfani. Aplikasi sebuah nalar dalam tahap
hegemoni dan mendominasi mengakibatkan fanatisme-reduksionis dan otoritas
tertinggi yang menjadi tujuan penafsiran. Pendekatan <i>at-Ta’wil al-‘Ilmi</i>
yang merupakan tawaran solutif Amin Abdullah terhadap kegelisahan intelektual
dengan menjadikan pendekatan al-Ta’wil al-Ilmi sebagai model tafsir alternatif
terhadap teks menggunakan jalur lingkar hermeneutis yang mendialogkan secara
sungguh-sungguh antara paradigma epistemologi <i>Bayani</i>, paradigma
epistemologi <i>Burhani</i> dan paradigma epistemologi <i>‘Irfani</i> dalam
satu gerak putar yang saling mengontrol, mengkritik, memperbaiki dan
menyempurnakan kekurangan yang melekat pada masing-masing paradigma, khususnya
jika masing-masing paradigma berdiri sendiri-sendiri, terpisah antara yang satu
dan lainnya. Pesan kemanusian dan keadilan yang melekat dalam al-Qur’an yang
sering disebut dengan istilah <i>rahmatan li al-alamin</i> (universal) hanya
dapat dipahami dengan baik jika para penafsir kitab suci kontemporer memahami
adanya tiga paradigma epistemologi pemikiran keislaman dan mampu mendialogkan
secara kritis-dinamis-proporsional baik secara pribadi maupun kelompok sehingga
ekslusivitas pemikiran (<i>ideas; thought</i>) dan kelembagaan sosial-keagamaan
(<i>institution</i>) dapat dihindari sedapat mungkin dan kerjasama atau <i>cooperation</i>
antar berbagai kelompok sosial keagamaan menjadi niscaya tanpa harus mendahulukan
<i>prejudice-prejudice</i> kultural, sosial maupun keagamaan. Hanya dengan
demikian, barangkali apa yang disebut transformasi sosial dan humanisasi
ilmu-ilmu keislaman lewat penafsiran dan pemaknaan pesan-pesan kitab suci yang
bersifat emansipatoris dapat teraktualisasikan baik secara teori maupun
praksis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[58]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
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<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Dr. Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.129-130</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.132</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ignaz Goldziher, Mazhab tafsir, terj.M. Alaika Salamullah dkk.
(Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2010) hlm. 88-89</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Dr. Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.133</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ignaz Goldziher, Mazhab tafsir, terj.M. Alaika Salamullah dkk.
(Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2010) hlm.94-95</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fuad Sazchein, Tarikh al-Turats al-Arabi, (Riyadh : jamiah Imam
Muhammad bin Sa’ud al-Islamiyyah press, 1991) hlm. 65</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Dr. Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.137</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fuad Sazchein, Tarikh al-Turats al-Arabi, (Riyadh : jamiah Imam
Muhammad bin Sa’ud al-Islamiyyah press, 1991) hlm. 65</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> . Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.138-139</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> ibid</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid. hlm. 143-146</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahd bin Abd al-Rahman bin Sulaiman al-Rumi<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Ittijahat al-Tafsir fi al-Qarni al-Rabi’ asyara</i>, (Riyadh :
al-Risalah, 1997)hlm. 873-874</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibn Qutaibah, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ta’wîl Musykil
al-Qur’an</i> (Kairo: tp., 1326), hlm. 10</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahd bin Abd al-Rahman bin Sulaiman al-Rumi<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Ittijahat al-Tafsir fi al-Qarni al-Rabi’ asyara</i>, (Riyadh :
al-Risalah, 1997)hlm.874</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> ibid</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm. 875</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">J.Sudarminta, Epistomologi Dasar, Pengantar Filsafat Pengetahuan
(Yogyakarta : kanisius, 2002) hlm. 18-19</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm.44</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Fuat Sazgin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tarikh al-Turats
al-Arabi</i>, (Riyadh : jamiah Imam Muhammad bin Sa’ud al-Islamiyyah press,
1991) hlm. 65</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Muhammad ‘Abduh, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-A’mal
al-Kamilah lil imam al-syaikh Muhammad ‘Abduh</i>, tahq. Muhammad Imarah (Cairo
: Dar al-Syuruq, 2009) hlm.11</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Drs. H. Ahmad Izzan,Mag, Metodologi Ilmu Tafsir (Bandung : Tafakur,
2011) hlm.127-144</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.180</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.184</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm. 166</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> J.Sudarminta, Epistomologi Dasar, Pengantar Filsafat Pengetahuan
(Yogyakarta : kanisius, 2002) hlm. 18-19</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm. 45</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Muhammad ‘Abduh, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-A’mal
al-Kamilah lil imam al-syaikh Muhammad ‘Abduh</i>, tahq. Muhammad Imarah (Cairo
: Dar al-Syuruq, 2009) hlm.9</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta :
Adab press,2004) hlm.130</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.133</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Muhammad ‘Abduh, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-A’mal
al-Kamilah lil imam al-syaikh Muhammad ‘Abduh</i>, tahq. Muhammad Imarah (Cairo
: Dar al-Syuruq, 2009) hlm.10-11</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta :
Adab press,2004) hlm. 314</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> J.J.G. Jansen, The Interpretation of The Quran in Modern Egypt
(Leiden : E.J Brill, 1980) hlm. 96</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta :
Adab press,2004) hlm.127-129</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.129-130</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> J.J.G. Jansen, The Interpretation of The Quran in Modern Egypt
(Leiden : E.J Brill, 1980) hlm.30</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Muhammad ‘Abduh, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-A’mal
al-Kamilah lil imam al-syaikh Muhammad ‘Abduh</i>, tahq. Muhammad Imarah (Cairo
: Dar al-Syuruq, 2009) hlm.11</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta :
Adab press,2004) hlm127</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahd bin Abd al-Rahman bin Sulaiman al-Rumi<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Ittijahat al-Tafsir fi al-Qarni al-Rabi’ asyara</i>, (Riyadh :
al-Risalah, 1997)hlm.893</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ahmad Muhammad Salim, al-Islam al-Aqlani, tajdid al-fikri ad-Dini
‘inda Amin al-Khuli (cairo : maktabah Usrah, 2009) hlm.114</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> M. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, ( Yogyakarta
: elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.12</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 357.75pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Amin al-Khuli, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta : Adab
press,2004) hlm71<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> M. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.14</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Amin al-Khuli, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta : Adab
press,2004) hlm77-78</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ahmad Muhammad Salim, al-Islam al-Aqlani, tajdid al-fikri ad-Dini
‘inda Amin al-Khuli (cairo : maktabah Usrah, 2009) hlm.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> M. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm. 32</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 46.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[46]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.36-37</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm. 40-41</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn48" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.42-43</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn49" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm. 45-46</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn50" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahruddin Faiz, Hermeneutika Al-Quran, tema-tema controversial
(Yogyakarta :ELsaq,2011) hlm. 7</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn51" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> M. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.46</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn52" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm. 84</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn53" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahruddin Faiz, Hermeneutika Al-Quran, tema-tema controversial
(Yogyakarta :ELsaq,2011) hlm. 8</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn54" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[54]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm. 83</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn55" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[55]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn56" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[56]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn57" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[57]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm. 84</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn58" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[58]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Amin Abdullah, prolog dalam Dekonstruksi Pemahaman Teks Kitab Suci
Agama ( Yogyakarta : Pustaka Rihlah, 2008) hlm. 1-2</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15459359199860346996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5462140917247044952.post-43665875744589542082012-11-18T07:28:00.005-08:002012-11-18T07:28:37.487-08:00Epistomologi Tafsir Teoritis<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Prolog</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Quran <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diturunkan di tengah-tengah komunitas Arab
pada abad 6 M merupakan fenomena yang layak diteliti. Kegelisahan-kegelisahan
umat muslim kontemporer dari pelbagai penjuru kembali merujuk kepada Al-Quran
sebagai pedoman hidup umat islam. kecenderungan kebahasaan para gramatikus Arab
dan non Arab mencoba mendekati Al-Quran dengan pendekatan kebahasaan dengan
pelbagai perangkat interpretasi. Pesona keindahan bahasa Al-Quran menyihir para
pengkaji Al-Quran dalam berteorisasi ria yang kemudian melahirkan teori-teori
bahasa dan sastra. Al-Quran ibarat sebuah berlian yang menyilaukan mata para
pengkaji Al-Quran dan terkesima dengan keindahannya. Dari Al-Quran, para
pengkaji merumuskan teori dan metodologi yang kemudian mengalami perkembangan
pesat dan secara gradual, dikukuhkan sebagai disiplin ilmu. Tak heran jika
Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid secara berani mengatakan bahwa “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">peradaban Arab adalah peradaban teks</i>” dan Amin al-Khuli menegaskan
bahwa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Quran adalah kitab sastra Arab terbesar dan teragung</i>” yang
lantas didekati dengan pendekatan ilmu-ilmu kemanusiaan seperti bahasa, sastra
dan psikologi dsb.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tafsir Sastra yang marak dikenal pada
abad 20 dan dianggap sebagai hasil perkenalan akut dan hasil adopsi dengan disiplin
ilmu kritik sastra barat tidak dapat diterima seutuhnya, tetapi wacana tafsir
sastra yang menggema di abad kontemporer memiliki landasan teoritis dan
konstruk epistomologi pada masa klasik dan hasil akumulasi dari pergumulan
ilmu-ilmu modern. Tokoh-tokoh kenamaan sekaliber Ibn Abbas, al-Farra’, Abu
Ubaidah, al-Jurjani, Abd al-Jabbar, al-jahiz dan al-Baqillani dan tokoh-tokoh
lainnya memiliki pemikiran yang melampaui batas-batas zamannya. Kehadiran Muhammad
‘Abduh dan Taha Husain kemudian memuluskan jalan bagi Amin al-Khuli dan
penerus-penerusnya dengan mereformulasi dan menetapkan prinsip-prinsip
metodologis dalam seni interpretasi yang dalam pembacaan kontemporer dikenal
dengan Hermeneutika. Nashr Hamid abu Zaid mencoba mendialektikan antara teks
dan realitas dengan teori makna dan maghza yang berubah-rubah yang didasari
dengan semangat objektivitas penafsiran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jejak Historis Tafsir Teoritis </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Melacak jejak sejarah benih-benih tafsir
teoritis dapat dijumpai pada masa kenabian. Pemikiran ini menurut Dr.M.Nur
Khalis Setiawan berdasarkan atas beberapa data yang menunjukkan bahwa Nabi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Muhammad SAW telah memberikan beberapa
interpretasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang erat kaitannya dengan terminologi
disiplin sastra atab yang berkembang belakangan, meski penafsiran Nabi tidak terlalu
banyak dijadikan para pengamat tafsir sebagai tafsir periode awal dalam sejarah
penafsiran Al-Quran. Nampak jelas ketika Nabi menafsirkan surah al- Baqarah
ayat 187 : “ makan minumlah engkau hingga terang bagimu benang putih dari
benang hitam yaitu fajar “.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dengan
mengatakan “ yang dimaksud dengan benang hitam adalah gelapnya malam dan benang
putih adalah terangnya siang.” Peralihan makna frasa dari benang hitam dan
putih ke benang yang lain,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yakni
gelapnya malam dan terangnya siang, merupakan perubahan makna dari makna asli
ke makana majazi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Meski secara kuantitas tidak terlalu banyak menunjukkan model penafsiran
susastera, interpretasi Nabi benar-benar telah mendapatkan legitimasi historis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Salah satu generasi penerus yang
melakukan penafsiran seperti yang dilakukan Nabi adalah Abdullah Ibn Abbas
(w.68/687) putra dari paman Nabi dan putra dari kakek (tertua) dari keluarga
besar Abbasiah. Para pengkaji tafsir menyebutnya sebagai “bapak tafsir” karna
otoritasnya dalam disiplin ilmu bak lautan tak bertepi dan dijuluki dengan
gelar “ Tarjuman Al-Quran” yang telah diberkahi oleh rasulullah sendiri.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
Demikian pula karya-karya tafsir yang bermunculan setelah itu, tidak bisa
dilepaskan dari pengaruh serta kretifitas Ibn Abbas. Sehingga
interpretasi-interpretasi yang dilakukan Ibn Abbas bisa dijadikan sebagai awal
mula penafsiran susastra dengan bukti data-data historis yang kuat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Menelisik lebih jauh sosok Ibn Abbas ditemukan bahwa Ibn Abbas tekun bergaul
dengan penyair klasik, sebab mereka adalah kalangan yang dipandang mempunyai
kesiapan lebih karena pergumulan mereka dengan bahasa dalam bidang tafsir.
Berkenaan dengan lafazh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">haraj </i>dalam
surat al-Haj ayat 78 dia menjelaskan prinsip berikut ini : “ apabila kamu
merasa asing dengan sesuatu dalam Al-Quran maka lihatlah dalam syair, karena
syair adalah murni bahasa Arab. Data sejarah mengisahkan bahwa Nafi’ bin
al-Azraq bertanya kepada Ibn Abbas tentang sejumlah kosa kata Al-Quran. Nafi’
meminta kepada Ibn Abbas supaya mencari makna-makna tersebut dengan menggunakan
syair klasik. Dalam jawaban Ibn Abbas kepada pertanyaan Nafi’ bin al-Azraq
terdapat tafsiran sekitar dua tatus kalimat dengan munggunakan bukti atau dalil
dari syair klasik. Ini adalah sebuah pengakuan dari para ahli bahasa masa
belakangan kepada bapak tafsir yang menggagas metode linguistic dalam tafsir Al-Quran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penafsiran dengan metode linguistik
kemudian dilanjutkan oleh murid-murid Ibn Abbas diantaranya adalah : Mujahid,
Ikrimah, said bun jabir, Qatadah,dan al-Dhahhak.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Murid yang paling menonjol dalam penafsiran dengan pendekatan kebahasaan adalah
Mujahid. Interpretasi-interpretasi yang dilakukannya sangat kental dengan
penafsiran metaforis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>maka
tak heran jika Mujahid dikategorikan sebagai salah satu dari benih-benih
penafsiran rasionalis dalam Islam.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
generasi setalah Mujahid yang ambil bagian dalam mengembangkan “ stadium
embrional” tafsir sastra adalah Ibn Juraij, Maqatil ibn Sulaiman, Sufyan
al-Tsauri, Abu Ubaidah al-Mutsanna’ dan Yahya ibn Ziyad al-Farra’.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Para sarjana tersebut dalam karya-karyanya, secara implisitmenegaskan bahwa Al-Quran
adalah sebuah teks. Penyimpulan seperti ini diperoleh dari analisis holistic
terhadap buah tangan mereka. Sebuah kenyataan yang tak terbantahkan akan
perlakuan mereka terhadap Al-Quran adalah penekanan bahwa Al-Quran adalah teks
berbahasa Arab, sehingga ilmu bahasa Arab merupakan perangkat pertama dan
nisacaya dalam memahami teks Al-Quran.mereka bersepakat bahwa dalam wilayah
kebahasaan terdapat dua aspek dan tingkatan yang saling terkait dan
berkelindan. Dua hal tersebut adalah apa yang ada dalam disiplin bahasa
kontemporer dengan “ syntagma “ (tarkib) sebagai bagian integral dari
pembentukan dan bangunan sebuah kalimat, serta “ paradigm” (dalalah), sebagai
elemen pembangun lainnya dalam bahasa.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Membincang lebih lanjut “stadium
embrional “<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>setalah generasi Mujahid,
nampaknya penafsiran yang paling kental denga pendaran linguistiknya adalah Abd
al-Malik ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Juraij. Ibn Juraij termasuk dalam sederet pengkaji
Al-Quran klasik yang mengedepankan prinsip :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bagian Al-Quran menjelaskan bagian yang lain ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Quran yufassiru ba’duhu ba’dhan</i>). Disamping itu ia juga menaruh
perhatian kepada artu penting aspek-aspek Mubhamat Al-Quran, mengingat gaya
bertutut Al-Quran memang demikian adanya. Ibn Jurai berkeyakinan bahwa konteks
sebuah ayat dalam Al-Quran memiliki peran yang sangat penting. “ kesadaran “
akan konteks dari sebuah teks sebagai perangkat adalah niscaya dalm memahami
teks keagamaan yang dalam kacamata semantic modern lazim disebut dengan “makna
dasar”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan “makna relasional” .
kesadaran akan dua aspek makna tersebut dalam khazanah islam klasik, salah
satunya dikembangkan oleh ibn Juraij. Demikian juga Ibn Juraij menaruh
perhatian pada gaya tutur stilistika Al-Quran yang beragam dan membicarakan
pengualangan kata atau kalimat (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Tikrar</i>)
serta tertarik menyibukkan diri dengan gramatikal ayat-ayat Al-Quran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Para sarjana klasik dengan pelbagai
karyanya yang telah disebutkan diatas diklasifikasikan sebagai penafsiran
sebelum masa kodifikasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">asru tadwin</i> ) dan sarjana klasik pertama
yang menulis pada masa kodifikasi adalah Abu Ubaidah dengan magnum
opus-nya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“majaz Al-Quran”. Di tangan Abu
Ubaidah pertama kali mendefenisikan pengertian majaz. Abu Ubaidah ketika
dihadapkan dengan teks Al-Quran, ia berusaha mengklasifikasikan dan menunjukkan
pengertian denotatif dan konotatif sebuah lafadz teks dan menjelaskan aspek
metaforis dan perumpamaan dalam Al-Quran. Generasi setelah yang melanjutkan
tongkat estafet penafsiran Al-Quran dengan pendekatan kebahasaan adalah
al-Farra’ dengan karangannya “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ma’ani Al-Quran</i>”
metode al-farra’ dalam kitabnya hampir menyamai metode Abu Ubaidah,namun nuansa
gramatika bahasa Arab nampaknya sangat kental menyesaki karangannya. Yang
kemudian disusul oleh al-Jahidz dengan “Nadzm Al-Quran”-nya , Ibn Qutaibah
dengan “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ta’wil Muyskilu Al-Quran</i>”-nya
yang dilandasi dengan semangat pembelaan terhadap aspek kemukjizatan Al-Quran.
Jika al-Jahidz adalah juru bicara Mu’tazilah maka Ibnu Qutaibah merupakan juru
bicara Ahlu Sunnah wa al-Jama’ah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada abad ke-4 H, dogma I’jaz Al-Quran
mendapat perhatian penuh dari para teolog dan penafsir Al-Quran.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hal itu dapat dibuktikan dengan menjamurnya
karangan sarjana muslim klasik yang memusatkan penelitiannya terhadap aspek
kemukjizatan dalam Al-Quran. Relasi antara I’jaz Al-Quran dengan aspek
kebahasaan Al-Quran tidak bisa dipisahkan satu sama lainnya. Ibnu Qutaibah
berpendapat bahwa pembahasan serta diskusi mengenai ajaran dan keyakinan
tentang i’jâz al-Qur’ân yang muncul belakangan, tidak bisa dilepaskan dari dua
aspek bahasa, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lafzhi</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ma’nawi</i>. Lafzhi berarti leksikal dan
makna struktural, sementara ma’nawi adalah teori makna.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
Pada abad ini muncul sarjana muslim seperti al-Rummani dengan “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-nukat fi I’jaz Al-Quran</i>” ,
al-Khatthabi dengan “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bayan I’jaz Al-Quran</i>”
, Abu al-Hasan Abd al-Jabbaral-Hamdani dengan kitabnya “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Mughni fi Abwabi al-Tauhid wa al-Adl</i>” dan Abu Bakr al-Baqillani
dengan magnumopusnya “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I’jaz Al-Quran</i>
“.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada abad selanjutnya yaitu pada abad ke
-5, diterbitkan “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dala’il al-Ijaz</i>”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang sangat fenomenal yang ditulis oleh Abd
al-Qahir al-Jurjani dan kitan “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Risalat
al-Syafiah fi I’jaz Al-Quran</i>”. Dan pada abad ke 6 H al-Zamakhsyari seolah
megumpulkan teori-teori terdahulu dalam tafsirnya “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Kassyaf</i>” yang bernuansa kebahasaan. Dan disusul oleh Fakhruddin
al-Razi dengan “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nihayat al-Ijaz fi Dirayat
al-I’jaz</i>”. Pada abad ke-7 H, Abu al-Asba’ al-Mashri menulis “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Badi’ Al-Quran”</i>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dan pada abad-abad selanjutnya mucul sederetan nama seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Imam Yahya bin Hamzah al-Alawi degan kitab “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Tharaz</i>” , Umar al-Biqa’I dengan kitab
yang diberi judul “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nadzmu al-Durar fi
tanasub al-ayat wa al-suwar</i>” dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Jalaluddin al-Suyuti pemilik “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tanasuk
al-durar fi tanasub al-suwar</i>”. Sampai pada masa kontemporer para sarjana
semisal Muhammad Rajab Bayyumi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan
Hufnaa Muhammad Syaraf memberikan perhatian lebih pada corak penafsiran dengan
pendekatan kebahasaan. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Epistomologi Tafsir Teoritis</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk meneliti lebih jauh konstruk
epistomologi tafsir teoritis dengan menggunakan pendekatan kebahasaan dan
sastra maka penulis terlebih dahulu memaparkan defenisi epistomologi itu
sendiri. Epistomologi adalah suatu disiplin ilmu yang bersifat evaluative,
normative, dan kritis. Evaluatif berarti bersifat menilai, ia menilai suatu
keyakinan, sikap, pernyataan pendapatm teori pengetahuan dapat dibenarkan,
dijamin kebenarannya, atau memiliki dasar yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan
secara nalar. Normatif berarti menentukan tolak ukur, dan dalam hal ini tolak
ukur kenalaran adalah kebenaran pengetahuan. Sedangkan kritis berarti banyak
mempertanyakan dan menguji kenalaran cara maupun hasil kegiatan manusia
mengetahui.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dalam hal ini penulis mencoba mengklasifikasikan tafsir teoritis ke dalam tiga
fase penafsiran karena menurut asumsi penulis untuk menghadirkan tiga poin
penting dari epistomolgi dibutuhkan pemetaan yang jelas. Begitu pula ,tafsir
teoritis dengan menggunakan pendekatan bahasa dan sastra memiliki karakteristik
dan perkembangan yang signifikan serta tujuan penafsiran yang berbeda. Ketga
kategori tersebut yaitu (1) epistomologi tafsir kebahasaan pada masa klasik (2)
epistomologi tafsir kesusasteraan masa modern (3) epistomologi tafsir
kesusasteraan pada masa kontemporer.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Epistomologi Tafsir Kebahasaan Masa Klasik</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Secara kategoris , Jhon Wansbrough
memetakan karya-karya tafsir yang muncul pada era klasik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menjadi lima jenis. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pertama</i> : tafsir naratif, yakni tafsir yang penjelasannya disertai
ulasan disekitar konteks turunnya ayat, contoh tafsir model ini adalah tafsir
karya Sulaiman ibn Maqatil. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kedua</i> :
tafsir legal, yaitu tafsir yang sangat kental dengan nuansa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hukumnya . tafsir karya sulaiman ini juga
merupakan cfontoh yang baik bagi model tafsir jenis ini. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ketiga</i> : tafsir tekstual, yaitu tafsir yang lebih focus pada uraian
tentang aspek-aspek leksikon dalam ragam bacaan ayat Al-Quran. Contohnya adalah
tafsir Ma’ani Al-Quran karya al-Farra’. Tafsir ini lebih berusaha menjelaskan
berbagai problem gramtika dan tekstual Al-Quran. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Keempat</i> : tafsir retorik : yaitu tafsir yang lebih menonjolkan
uraian tentang retorika dan sastra Al-Quran, seperti tafsir Majaz Al-Quran
karya Abu Ubaidah. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kelima</i> : tafsir
alegoris, yaitu tafsir yang mengungkap makna simbolik Al-Quran. Tafsir sufistik
karya at-Tustari , merupakan contoh yang baik bagi jenis tafsir alegoris.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari klasifikasi Jhon Wonsbrough dapat
dikatakan bahwa yang termasuk dalam tafsir teoritis adalah jenis ketiga dan
keempat, yaitu Tafsir Tekstual dan Tafsir Retorik.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sumber Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al-Quran
yang diturunkan dengan bahasa Arab sebagai media komunikasi tuhan dengan
manusia mendapatkan perhatian dari kaum muslim Arab pada masa itu. Bapak
tafsir, Ibn Abbas dengan kecerdasan dan wawasan bahasa Arab yang mumpuni
mencoba meneliti kosa kata Al-Quran dengan merujuk pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sya’ir</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jahiliah</i> untuk
mendapatkan makna asli. Sehingga dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Risalah</i>
karya Syafi’I sebagaimana dikutip Ignaz Goldziher<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berhasil merampungkan sekitar dua rastus kosa
kata dan menemukan arti etimologis-nya. Penjelasan dua ratus kosa kata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gharib</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dalam Al-Quran tidak serta merta berdasarkan Syai’r jahili semata namun
sumber dari hadis Nabi dan penelitian filologis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kibar</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sahabat </i>dimanfaatkan
oleh Ibn Abbas dalam merumuskan dan menjelaskan arti kosa kata yang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gharib</i> (asing) atas permintaan Nafi’ bin
al- Azraq. Demikian pula Ibn Abbas menukil dari filolog buku-buku pra-islam
yaitu Abu al-Jald Mukahdraman dan wawasan dari Ka’ab al-Ahbar dan Abdullah bin
Salam, muallaf dari agama Yahudi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perluasan kekuasaan islam pada masa awal
islam yang meliputi bangsa Arab maupun non-Arab mengakibatkan pengetahuan akan
bahasa Arab menjelma menjadi sebuah kebutuhan dan niscaya. Al-Quran yang
merupakan sumber primer kaum muslim<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan
bahasa Arab sebagai bahasa Al-Quran menjadikan keduanya ibarat dua sisi mata koin
yang tak terpisahkan. Sehingga tidak mengherankan ketika kamus Al-Quran
menjamur pada dinasti Umawiyyah dan Abbasiah sebagai buku pedoman bangsa Arab
dan non-Arab dalam memahami Al-Quran. Begitu pula Konsep I’jaz Al-Quran
memotivasi para sarjana klasik memberi penjelasan hakikat kemukjizatan Al-Quran
sehingga upaya yang mereka kerahkan dapat melahirkan sekian teori-teori bahasa
dan sastra yang kemudian berimplikasi kuat terhadap perkembangan ilmu balaghah
dan dikukuhkan sebagai disiplin ilmu yang independen.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Metodologi penafsiran dengan pendekatan
kebahasaan baik oleh ulama mutaqaddimin maupun muta’akhirin secara umum
bersifat deduktif-analitik. Deduktif berarti menafsirkan teks Al-Quran dengan
berupaya merincikan makna asli (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">exact
meaning</i>) kosa kata Al-Quran dengan merujuk pada pemakaian bahasa bangsa Arab
pada masa Al-Quran diturunkan dengan pendekatan filologi terhadap <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">syi’ir jahiliah</i> dan bahasa Arab kuno.
Analitik berarti menafsirkan Al-Quran dengan cara atomistik, parsial dan
terpisah-pisah sesuai dengan urutan ayat Al-Quran dalam mushaf utsmani. Pada
perkembangannya corak penafsiran kebahasaan jenis ini menyesaki Al-Quran dengan
kaidah-kaidah kebahasan dari segi gramatikalnya sehingga oleh Muhammad ‘Abduh
dikritik dengan mengatakan bahwa analisis I’rab Al-Quran pada penafsiran
kebahasaan islam klasik tidak layak disebut sebagai tafsir tetapi sebagai ajang
latihan disiplin ilmu gramatikal Arab terhadap Al-Quran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada perkembangan selanjutnya, para
gramatikus yang bergelut dengan penafsiran Al-Quran merumuskan beberapa kaidah
dengan pendekatan kebahasaan sebagai berikut : (1) redaksi yang bersifat umum
mengandung pengertian umum yang sepadan (2) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">alif-lam</i>
pada kata sifat dan ism al-jins menunjuk seluruh pengertian yang tercakup
didalamnya (3) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">an-nakirah</i> dalam
konteks an-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nahy</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">an-nafy, as-syarah</i> atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-istifham</i>
menunjuk pada pengertian umum.(4) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Mudhaf</i>
(kata kepunyaan) juga menunjuk pada pengertian umum sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ism al-jam’I</i> (5) ism yang disebutkan
secara tersendiri menunjuk pada pengertian sefcara umum. (6) peniadaan objek
kalimat yang menunjuk pada pengertian umum yang sepadan. (7) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jawab as-Syart</i> yang tidak disebutkan
dalam ayat menunjukkan penting atau dahsyatnya hal yang dibicarakan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">penafsiran retoris masa klasik merupakan
benih perkembangan tafsir sastra pada masa kontemporer. Konsep majaz yang
digagas oleh Abu Ubaidillah berangkat dari perkenalan akut para sarjana klasik
dalam memhami doktrin I’jaz Al-Quran dari aspek retorika dan keindahan
bahasanya. Yang kemudian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melahirkan
teori Metafora (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Isti’arah</i>), seni
perbandingan ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tasybih</i>), parabel (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Matsal</i>) dan metonisme (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kinayah</i>) yang merupakan bentuk-bentuk
Majaz. Dan kemudian teori konstruksi teks (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nadzm</i>)
yang dirintis oleh al-Jahidz dan dilanjutkan oleh al-Jurjani dalam “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dala’il al-Ijaz</i>” nya dan diaplikasikan
secara praksis terhadap teks Alqran oleh al-Zamakhsyari dalam “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Kassyaf</i>” dan Said Nursi dalam “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Isyarat al-I’jaz fi madzanni al-Ijaz</i>”
sehingga bisa disimpulkan bahwa teori Majaz dan Nadzm merupakan elemen-elemen
formatif tafsir teoritis sebagaimana Nur Khalis Setiawan kisahkan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Majaz yang diartikan sebagai lawan dari
haqiqah, <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a>sebagaimana
dipahami oleh Al-Jahidz yang kemudian dikembangkan Van Ess dengan pengertian
sebagai : sesuatu yang melampaui batas-batas leksikal<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a>
mengindikasikan bahwa penafsiran progresif dan non-tekstual dapat ditemukan
pada penafsiran sarjana islam klasik terlebih pada literautur Mu’tazilah. Dari
penjabaran diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa metodologi tafsir retoris menggunakan
teori-teori sastra klasik dalam menyibak keindahan bahasa Al-Quran meskipun
secara umum masih menggunakan metode deduktif-analitik dari penafsiran yang
mereka suguhkan.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Validitas Penafisran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam ilmu semantik kontemporer makna
dapat diklasifikasikan dengan makna dasar ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Grundbedutung</i>)
dan makna relasional (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">relational
Bedeutung</i>). Makna dasar yang dimaksud disini adalah kandungan kontekstual
dari kosa kata yang akan tetap melekat pada kata tersebut, meskipun kata
tersebut dipisahkan dari konteks pembicaraan kalimat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sementara makna relasional adalah makna
konotatif, yang dalam prakteknya, sangat bergantung kepada konteks sekaligus
relasi dengan kosa kata lainnya dalam kalimat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a> Menyoal
validitas penafsiran teoritis dengan pendekatan kebahasaan dalam Al-Quran
sejatinya keabsahan sebuah penafsiran jika penafsiran tersebut sesuai dengan
makna asli (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">exact meaning</i>) atau makna
dasar bahasa Arab ketika Al-Quran diturunkan. Begitu pula validitas penafsiran
teoritis dengan pendekatan sastra apabila sebuah penafsiran sesuai atau adanya
keterkaitan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">aspek relasional</i>) dengan
makna dasar.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adapun kaidah-kaidah dengan pendekatan
kebahasaan yang dirumuskan oleh para sarjana klasik mendapat legitimasi dari
otoritas ahli bahasa dan para penafsir dengan menyatakan bahwa standar
validitas penafsiran juga harus sesuai dengan kaidah-kaidah kebahasaan yang
telah diformasikan pada masa klasik agar terhindar dari penafsiran liar yang
tidak terikat dengan batas-batas leksial teks Al-Quran.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam kajian epistomologi, dikenal tiga
teori kebenaran yang kerap dijadikan sebagai acuan kebenaran, yaitu (1) teori
kebenaran korespondensi (2) teori kebenaran koherensi, dan (3) teori kebenaran
pragmatik. Kembali pada validitas penafsiran teoritis klasik sejatinya menganut
teori kebenaran korespondensi. Teori korespondensi adalah teori kebenaran yang
menyatakan bahwa suatu pernyataan itu benar kalau isi pengetahuan yang
terkandung dalm pernyataan tersebut berkorespondensi (sesuai) dengan objek yang
dirujuk oleh pernyataan tersebut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a>
Berangkat dari teori tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa validitas sebuah
penafsiran apabila berkorespondensi dengan makna dasar bahasa Arab.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.4.
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Karakteristik dan Tujuan Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Karakteristik penafsiran teoritis klasik
diantaranya adalah (1) minimnya budaya kritis (2) penafsiran yang dilakukan
umumnya lebih menekankan pendekatan pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al</i>-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ma’na</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ijmali</i> ( pengertian kosa kata secara global)(3) posisi teks sebagai
subjek dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mufassir</i> sebagai objek.
Tujuan penafsiran relatif pada tataran sekedar memahami makna dan belum sampai
ke dataran <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Maghza. </i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a>Sehingga
bisa disimpulkan bahwa penafsiran teoritis masa klasik dijadikan sebgai sebuah
medium untuk memahami makna Al-Quran, terlebih bagi mereka yang tidak terbiasa
dengan lidah Arab.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Epistomologi Tafsir Kesusasteraan Masa Modern</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sumber Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Muhammad ‘Abduh yang juga merupakan
representator penafsir modern dengan corak adab-ijtima’I ( corak sastra dan
sosial), Muhammad ‘Abduh menegaskan bahwa sebaik-baik sumber penafsiran dalam
memahami term Al-Quran adalah kembali kepada Al-Quran itu sendiri dengan bahasa
Arab ketika diturunkan dan mengkritik upaya memahami makna teks dengan merujuk pada
term agama-agama samawi yang memiliki jarak waktu yang berabad-abad.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a>
Disamping itu sumber penafsiran lainnya adalah perangkat-perangkat interpretasi
tradisional <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">( ilm al-ma’ani</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-bayan</i> atau lebih dikenal dengan
Stilistika ) untuk mebuka makna teks.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a>dan
menjadikan akal sebagai otoritas mendasar dalam interpretasi Al-Quran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ilmu tentang kondisi-kondisi manusia yang juga dikenal dengan sosiologi dan
pendekatan historis terhadap ruang lingkup Al-Quran diturunkan mendapat
perhatian oleh Muhammad ‘Abduh.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a> sehingga
dengan bahasa Nash Hamid, Muhammad ‘Abduh telah menyatukan apa yang berasal
dari tradisi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">turats</i>) dengan
ilmu-ilmu modern dalam upayanya memberikan respon terhadap tantangan yang
dilontarkan pada nalar muslim yang menganggap Al-Quran sebagai rujukan
utamanya. Oleh karena itu tindak interpretasi yang dilakukan oleh ‘‘Abduh
bertumpu pada otoritas bahasa dan otoritas pengetahuan modern <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a>di
dalam suatu bangunan metodologis yang cermat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang sedemikian besar sejalan dengan langkah-langkah metode yang akan
dijelaskan pada pada metode penafsiran kesusasteraan masa modern. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari hasil penelitian J.J.G. Jansen
aliran penafsiran ala Mesir pada masa modern mengatakan bahwa corak penafsiran
di Mesir sejak munculnya Muhammad ‘Abduh dapat diklasifikan pada tiga bagian
(1) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">philological</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">exegesis</i> : penafsiran literal terhadap teks (2) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Practical</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Exegesis</i> : signifikansi teks Al-Quran terhadap perbuatan manusia,
dan (3) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Scientific</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Exegesis</i> : signifikansi teks Al-Quran
terhadap ilmu pengetahuan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menelisik tafsir Muhammad ‘Abduh dapat
dikatakan bahwa dari ketiga aspek ini ditemukan dalam penafsirannya lebih
kental dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">philological exegesis</i>
sebagai sarana untuk mencapai petunjuk Al-Quran.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Metode bahasa yang sastra yang
dirumuskan oleh Muhammad ‘Abduh’ untuk mendapatkan Hidayah sebagai tujuan
penafsiran diformulasikan ke dalam langkah-langkah berikut<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a> :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. memahami data-data kosakata yang ada
dalm Al-Quran menurut makna umumnya sebgaimana yang berlaku ketika diturunkan.
Memahami kosakata-kosakata tersebut sedemikian rupa sehingga mufassir teresebut
dapat mewujudkan hal itu melalui pemakaian-pemakaian ahli bahasa, tidak cukup
mengikuti pendapat dan pemahaman si penafsir, sebab banyak kosakata yang
dipergunakan pada saat diturunkan dengan berbagai makna, kemudian makna-makna
itu lebih dominan daripada yang lainnya dalam perkembangan selanjutnya. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam langkah ini tampak jelas bahwa Muhammad
‘Abduh menolak proses memaksakan makna yang berasal dari masa kini terhadap
masa lalu sebagai akibat tidak diperhatikannya makna kosakata yang dipergunakan
pada saat diturunkan. Pola pemaksaan ini menjadi umum saat ini dan tampak jelas
dalam banyak buku tafsi r kontemporer. Barangkali yang paling mencolok dan
nyata adalah tafsir yang disebut dengan tafsir ‘ilmy terhadap Al-Quran.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. setelah memahami makna dari
kosakata-kosakata dalam konteks pemakaian kebahasaannya, langkah berikutnya
adalah memahami stilistika. Dalam hal ini diperlukan ilmu I’rab dan ilmu
stilistika (Ma’ani dan al-Bayan ).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. langkah ketiga dalam metode ini
adalah “ ilmu mengenai kondisi-kondisi manusia.” Sebab orang yang meneliti
kitab ini (Al-Quran) mesti mempertimbangkan kondisi-kondisi manusia dengan
perbagai perkembangan mereka, faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan kondisi mereka
berbeda-beda ; ada yang kuat dan lemah, ada yang maju dan terbelakang, ada yang
menguasai pengetahuan dan ada yang diliputi kebodohan, ada yang beriman dan ada
yang kafir. Di samping itu, ia juga harus mengetahui situasi dari maju
mundurnya dunia secara global. Dalam hal ini dibutuhkan berbagai disiplin, yang
terpenting adalah sejarah dengan segala jenisnya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. langkah keempat dapat dianggap
sebagai kelanjutan dari langkah ketiga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>;
ada yang kuat dan lemah, ada yang maju dan terbelakang, ada yang menguasai
pengetahuan dan ada yang diliputi kebodohan, ada yang beriman dan ada yang
kafir. Di samping itu, ia juga harus mengetahui situasi dari maju mundurnya
dunia secara global. Dalam hal ini dibutuhkan berbagai disiplin, yang
terpenting adalah sejarah dengan segala jenisnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. langkah keempat dapat dianggap
sebagai kelanjutan dari langkah ketiga atau derivasi darinya, sebab pengetahuan
mengenai kondisi-kondisi manusia termasuk di dalamnya adalah kondisi yang
melekat pada masyarakat Arab dan lainnya pada era keNabian. Bagaimana mungkin
sang mufassir dapat memahami dengan semestinya kebiasaan-kebiasaan mereka yang
dinilai negative oleh ayat-ayat Al-Quran, atau yang mendekati negative jika ia
tidak mengetahui kondisi-kondisi mereka dan apa saja yang ada pada mereka.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5. langkah kelima jga dapat dianggap
sebagai rangkaian dari langkah keempat. Pengetahuan tentang kondisi masyarakat Arab
dan laiinya ada era keNabian termasuk pula di sini “ pengetahuan mengenai
perjalanan hidup Nabi SAW. dan sahabat-sahabtnya, serta pengetahuan dan
tindakan-tindakan yang berkaitan dengan duniai dan ukhrawi yang mereka
jalankan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Langkah-langkah yang dirumuskan oleh ‘‘Abduh
sebagai metode tafsir, menurut Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid berkaitan erat dengan dua
otoritas yang berdampingan: bahasa dalam konteks sejarah karena bahasa berlaku
pada era turunya wahyu, dan dunia, bahasa berfungsi sebagai hukum yang
menggerakkan dunia baik secara alamiah maupun sosial dalam proses
kesejarahannya. Teks di sini dalam pemahaman Muhammad ‘Abduh secara implicit,
melalui langkah-langkah metodologisnya, merupakan struktur bahasa yang bermakna
dalam konteks sosial-historis, tidak terlapas, pada saat yang sama, dari
kemampuannya memproduksi makna di luar bingkai konteks tersebut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Validitas Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari pemetaan metodologis Muhammad ‘Abduh
oleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid kedalam dua
otoritas yang saling terkait, yaitu teks dan dunia. Maka dapat disimpulkan
bahwa Muhammad ‘Abduh menganut teori kebenaran Korespondensi yaitu adanya
kesesuaian hasil penafsiran dengan makna asli Al-Quran ketika diturunkan dan
teori pragmatis. Teori pragmatis penafsiran mengatakan bahwa sebuah penafsiran
dikatakan benar apabila ia secara praksis mempu memberikan solusi praksis bagi
problem sosial yang muncul. Dengan kata lain, penafsiran itu tidak diukur
dengan teori<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau penafsiran lain,
tetapi diukur sejauh mana ia dapat memberikan solusi atas problem yang dihadapi
manusia sekarang ini. berangkat dari semangat tujuan Al-Quran sebagai petunjuk
kepada manusia membuat Muhammad ‘Abduh menyajikan tafsirnya sesuai dengan
kebutuhan zaman (need of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the times/
hajat al-ashr).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Karakteristik dan Tujuan Penafsiran</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tafsir Muhammad ‘Abduh mengkritisi
penafsiran dengan menggunakan dan memusatkan suatu pendekatan dan mengabaikan
pendekatan-pendekatan lainnya. Hal itu Nampak jelas dari kritikan penafsiran yang
disesaki dengan data-data I’rab Al-Quran yang kemudian mengaburkan petunjuk Al-Quran
yang diimani kaum muslim sebagai pedoman primer.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a>
Corak penafsiran Muhammad ‘Abduh seringkali disebut dengan tafsir sosial yang
bernuansa sastrawi. Sebagaimana disinggung diatas bahwa tujuan penafsiran Muhammad
‘Abduh adalah sebagai kitab petunjuk yang darinya manusia mendapatkan hidayah.
Dari sisi lain sarana yang mengantarkan pada tujuan asas Al-Quran adalah metode
bahasa yang sastra.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Epistomologi Penafsiran Kesusasteraan Masa
Kontemporer</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sumber Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sumber penafsiran kesusasteraan masa
kontemporer dihasilkan dari teks Al-Quran sendiri. Amin al-Khuli menegaskan
bahwa analisis kebahasaan kosa kata Al-Quran dapat diklasifikasikan dan disibak
makna asalnya dari dua poin yaitu dari sisi etimologis dan dari pengertian atau
term Al-Quran itu sendiri.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a>
Begitu pula upaya Al-Khuli dalam menafsirkan Al-Quran menempatkan dan
memberikan derajat lebih tinggi kepada akal atas sebuah teks.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a>dengan
memberikan peluang besar terhadap teori-teori sastra dan filsafat bahasa modern
yang kemudian difilterisasi dan diaplikasikan dalam menafsirkan Al-Quran. Dalam
hal ini al-Khuli memberikan perhatian besar terhadap literature klasik dan
modern dalam merumuskan konstruk metodologinya dalam penafsiran sastra Al-Quran.
Sumber penafisran murid-murid al-Khuli semisal Ahmad Khalafullah dan Ai’syah
bintu Syati’ menjadi makmum atas guru-gurunya yang kemudian dikembangkan oleh
Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid yang menjadikan realitas sebagai sumber penafsiran.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3.2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Amin al-Khuli merupakan pelopor wacana
tafsir sastra Al-Quran pada abad dua puluh.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Keseriusan al-Khuli dalam mengkaji Al-Quran tidak bisa dilepaskan dari
kajian-kajiannya terhadap bahasa dan sastra Arab. Sebagai bukti dari statemen
ini adalah banyaknya tulisan penting yang berbicara tentang bahasa sastra dan
kritik sastra dalam karnya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fi adab
al-Mishri</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fannal-Qawl</i>. Interaksi
al-Khuli dengan Al-Quran dalam memahami maknanya, mencoba menganalisis Al-Quran
dan mendudukkan sebagai sebuah teks Arab teragung dan terbesar yang pernah ada.
Kemudian dianalisis secara tematis. Kajian al-Khuli terhadap Al-Quran mengedepankan
dua prinsip metodologis yaitu : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">studi
sekitar Al-Quran</b> (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dirasah ma haula Al-Quran</i>)
dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">studi tentang teks itu sendiri</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dirasah
fi Al-Quran nafsih). <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kajian pertama</b></i>
diarahkan kepada investigasi latar belakang Al-Quran, dimulai dari proses
pewahyuan, perkembangan dan sirkulasinya dalam masyarakat Arab sebagai obyek
wahyu, beserta kodifikasi dan variasi cara baca : sebagai sebuah kajian yang
kemudian lebih dikenal dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘ Ulumul
Quran.</i> Kajian ini juga difokuskan pada aspek sosio-historis Al-Quran
termasuk didalamnya situasi intelektual, Kultural, dan geografis masyarakat Arab
abad ke tujuh ketika Al-Quran diturunkan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a>
Kajian ini secara umum berujung pada : (1) kajian teks, filologis, dan
penjelasan tentang sejarah perkembangannya. (2) penjelasan mengenai latar
belakang tempat Al-Quran muncul, sumber darimana ia lahir, bagaimana
perkembangan makna-maknanya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a>
Selanjutnya <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kajian kedua</i></b> pada studi tentang teks Al-Quran dari berbagai
segi. (1) Ia mengawali dengan investigasi terhadap kosa kata inividua Al-Quran
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mufradat</i>, semenjak pertama
diwahyukan, perkembangan, serta pemakaiannyadalam Al-Quran, agar kata-kata
tersebut dapat dipahami secara totalitas (2) kemudian diikuti dengan perhatian
sepenuhnya terhadap kata-kata majemuk (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">murakkabah</i>),
yang tentunya analisis tersebut didasarkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pada pengetahuan tentang gramatik dan balaghah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menarik untuk dielaborasi lebih lanjut
pemikiran Amin al-Khuli dalam tafsir Al-Quran, al-Khuli mencoba mengaitkan
balaghah dan ilmu jiwa sehingga memungkinkan adanya kemukjizatan Al-Quran
secara psikologis. Al-Khuli mengakui adanya kebutuhan untuk mengetahui tafsir
psikologis terhadap Al-Quran. Tafsir ini didasarkan pada pengetahuan yang
komprehensif dan sejauh mungkin terhadap rahasia-rahasia gerak-gerak jiwa
manusia sebagaimana yang diketahui kajian ilmu ini. Tafsir Psikologis Al-Quran
menurut al-Kuhli adalah tafsir Al-Quran yang didasarkan pada upaya menangkap
hal-hal yang dipergunakan oleh Al-Quran, yaitu gejala-gejala jiwa, dan
hukum-hukum spritualitas. Sehingga penjelasan Al-Quran dapat diketahui<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>apakah dalam rangka berargumentasi,
memberikan petunjuk, mencoba meyakinkan atau mendebat, membangkitkan atau
mengancam.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Proyek Metodologi yang dikembangkan al-Khuli
memiliki kemiripan dengan proyek hermenutika Schleiermacher, kendati tidak
ditemukan dalam karyanya deretan nama filosof dan sastrawan barat, tapi ada
dugaan kuat al-Khuli telah berkenalan dengan pemikiran Schleiermacher ketia ia
menetap di eropa yaitu di italia dan Jerman selama 4 tahun. Begitu pula al-Khuli
menguasai dua bahasa tersebut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[44]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ahmad Khalafullah, sarjana konvensional
yang menganggap teks-teks kisah sebagai bagian dari teks ambigu ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mutasyabihat</i>) merupakan elaborasi dari
metode <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">adabi</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">maudhu’i</i> yang ditawarkan oleh al-Khuli. Bukti dari statemen ini
adalah pengakuan Khalaf sendiri dalam pendahuluan, disamping cara kerja yang
ditempuh yang sama persis dengan yang dikehendaki al-Khuli. Cara kerja yang
dtempuh Khalafullah diantaranya adalah mengumpulkan teks-teks yang berbicara
tentang kisah, kemudian mengurutkan sesuai kronologi turunnya (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tartib al-nuzul</i>) dan disusun dengan
member pemaknaan terhadap teks tersebut melalui jalur <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">adabi</i> (susastera).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[45]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Selain Khalafullah yang mengadopsi
metode al-Khuli. Bintu Syati’ yang memiliki nama lengkap Aisha Abdurrahman (w
2000) yang bertindak sebagai murid juga istri setia al-Khuli menerapkan prinsip
metodologis al-Khuli dalam memahami Al-Quran dalam tafsirnya “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-tafsir al-bayani li Al-Quran al-Karim</i>”
yaitu dengan membiarkan Al-Quran berbicara tentang dirinya, karena, dalam teks Al-Quran,
teks salin menjelaskan satu sama lain. Pembebasan terhadap Al-Quran ini bukan
berarti memahami teks tanpa menggunakan perangkat, akan tetapi, setelah
pertautan antara suatu teks dengan teks lainnya diketahui, maka cara yang
kemudian dikedepankan adalah pelacakan makna yang dikehendaki teks dengan
analisis linguistik dan sastra dengan medan-medan semantik yang jelas. Dalam
pengantar tafsir Bintu Syati’ setidaknya memberikan 2 elemen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan langkah teoritis penting dalam metode
tafsir yang ditawarkannya. (1) penelitian terhadap makna leksikal kosa kata Al-Quran
yang kemudian di jadikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai sarana
untuk mengetahui makna yang dikehendaki dalam konteks pembicaraan ayat. (2)
perlibatan semua ayat yang berbicara tentang satu topik tertentu yang sama.
Langkah kedua ini merupakan bentuk pemberian “ kesempatan” agar Al-Quran berbicara
mengenai dirinya sendiri.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[46]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sarjana ketiga yang mengikuti sekaligus
menopang metdoe susastra adalah Syukri Ayyad. Ia menulis buku berjudul <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Din wa al-Hisab : Dirasah Qur’aniyyah</i>.
Sembari menggunakan metode analisis susastera yang dikembangkan oleh al-Khuli,
Ayyad berpendapat bahwa persoalan eskatologis yang ada dalam Al-Quran merupakan
symbol keagamaan dalam kemasan susastra yang hendaknya dipahami hidayahnya.prinsip
metedologis Ayyad dalam tafsirnya adalah (1) investigasi terhadap makna literal
kosa kata Al-Quran dengan perhatian khusus pada asal kata, perkembangan, serta
pemakaiannyadalam masyarakat pada saat Al-Quran diturunkan. (2) meneliti gaya
tutur Al-Quran melalui stilistik dan mikro struktur dalam kalimat. Sedangkan
yang (3) adalah meneliti aspek sosial dan cultural Arab, terutama saat teks
diturunkan. Ketiga langkah tersebut dalam penelitian Ayyad, menghasilkan
kesiimpulan bahwa eskatologi Al-Quran bisa dipilah menjadi tiga model (1)
penghadapan langsung (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-tawjih</i>) (2)
ilustratif (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-tashwir</i>) (3)
menggunakan situasi dan kondisi yang berlawanan, seperti surga versus neraka.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[47]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid merupakan generasi al-Khuli
yang produktif dan bahkan gigih mengembangkan metode kesusasteraan dalam kajian
Al-Quran. Abu Zaid mengawali dengan penetapan hubungan atau ralasi antara teks
dan interpretasi. Keduanya ibarat dua sisi mata koin yang tidak bisa
dipisahkan. Dengan demikian, teori interpretasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tidak bisa dipisahkan dari teori teks.dalam diskursus interpretasi klasik,
keduanya dipisahkan, mengingat teks diyakini sebagai kepastian religious yang
tidak membutuhkan interpretasi atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ta’wil</i>,
sementara yang kedua, yakni <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ta’wil</i>,
dianggap sebagai teks dalam pengertian aslinya dengan menolak teori tradisional
tentangnya sebagai teks tertutup, sebaliknya, menjadikannya sebagai teks
terbuka yang menuntut adanya interpretasi.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ta’wil</i>
merupakan sisi lain dari teks” statemen abu Zaid ini berada pada level
epistomologis, seperti diungkapkan Abu Zaid di beberapa kesempatan : “ teks
memiliki eksistensi, bebas dari interpretasi dan komentari”. Statemen ini
selayaknya dipahami bahwa teks menggiring kepada aktivitas interpretasi untuk
menemukan dunianya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[48]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Abu zaid banyak berbicara tentang
“interpretasi objektif” meski dalam kenyataannya sangat sulit, yang ia sebut
dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ta’wil</i> sebagai pembanding
interpretasi ideologis atau yang ia sebut dengan talwin. Diskusi tentang
interpretasi obyektif sebagai cita-cita , sejatinya tidak bisa dipisahkan dari
dua mazhab besar teori interpretasi, yakni hermeneutik. Yang pertama adalah
mazhab obyektif yang diusulkan oleh beberapa sarjana seperti Friedrich
Schleiermacher, Wilhelm Dilthey, Emilio Betti, dan ED. Hirsch. Sedangkan yang
kedua adalah mazhab subyektif yang dipengaruhi oleh pemikiran-pemikran Martin
Heidegger dan Hans Georg Gadamer.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[49]</span></span></span></span></a>pemetaan
hermeneutika dapa pula diklasifikasikan sebagai hermenutical theory yang berisi
aturan metodologis untuk sampai kepada pemahaman yang diinginkan pengarang
(author0 dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hermeneutical philosophy</i>
yang lebih mencermati dimensi filosofis fenomenologis pemahaman. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[50]</span></span></span></span></a>Abu
Zaid menggabungkan dua model hermeneutika<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ini, meski terlihat pengaruh mazhab obyektif lebih besar ketimbang
subyektif. Berkaitan dengan takwil sebagai pembacaan kreatif atas teks diharapkan
mampu melahirkan pemahaman obyektif, Abu Zaid memisahkan antara “makna” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-ma’na</i>) dengan “signifikansi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Maghza</i>). Pemisahan keduanya tidak
pula bisa dipisahkan dari pemikiran Hirsch, yang pernah mengatakan “ bukan
makna yang berubah tapi signifikansinya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[51]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari penjabaran tokoh-tokoh kontemporer
yang mencoba mendekati Al-Quran dengan metode sastra dapat disimpulkan bahwa
prinsip metodologis lebih bersifat interdispliner, mulai dari tematik, hermeneutik,
hingga linguistik dengan pendekatan sosiologis, antropologis, psikologis,
historis, semantik dan disiplin keilmuan masing-masing <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mufassir</i>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[52]</span></span></span></span></a>
Teori hermeneutika yang mereka kembangkan adalah hermeneutika teoritis yang
berisi cara untuk memahami. Dalam teori hermeneutika ini merupakan kajian
penuntun bagi sebuah pemahaman yang akurat dan proporsional. Bagaimanakah
pemahaman yang komprehensif itu? Itulah pertanyaan utama dari hermeneutika
teoritis. Tentu saja sebagaimana asumsi awal bahwa perbedaan konteks
mempengaruhi perbedaan pemahaman, maka hermeneutika dalam kelompok pertama ini
merekomendasikan pemahaman konteks sebagai salah satu aspek yang harus
dipertimbangkan untuk memperoleh pemahaman yang komprehensif. Selain
pertanyaan-pertanyaan seputar makna teks seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bagaimana makna teks secara morfologis,
leksikologis dan sintaksis, perlu pula pertanyaan-pertanyaan seperti dari siapa
teks itu berasal? Untuk tujuan apa. Dalam kondisi apa dan bagaimana kondisi
pengarangya ketika teks tersebut disusun? Dan lain sebagainya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[53]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3.3.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Validitas Penafsiran</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terkait dengan validitas penafsiran,
tafsir teoritis masa kontemporer menganut tiga teori kebenaran yaitu teori
koherensi, teori korespondensi, dan teori pragmatisme. Pertama : teori
koherensi. Teori ini mengatakan bahwa sebuah penafsiran dianggap benar apabila
ia sesuai dengan proporsi-proporsi sebelumnya dan konsisten menerapkan
metodologi yang dibangun oleh setiap penafsir.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[54]</span></span></span></span></a>
Menelisik prinsip metodologis dan aplikasi metode dalam tataran praksis oleh
Amin al-Khuli beserta murid-muridnya, sangat boleh dikatakan bahwa mereka
konsisten menerapkan metode sastra atau tafsir sastra dalam mendekati Al-Quran
yang mampu memberikan kontribusi yang signifikan dalam menghadapi
kegelisahan-kegilsahan kaum muslim dewasa ini. kedua : teori korespondensi :
seperti yang telah dijelaskan defenisinya diatas bahwa sebuah penafsiran
dikatakan benar apabila ia berkorespondensi, sesuai dan cocok dengan fakta
ilmiah di lapangan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[55]</span></span></span></span></a>para
penafsir sastra Al-Quran menganut teori ini lantaran mereka sangat mengindahkan
ojektivitas penafsiran yang diukur oleh adanya kesesuaian antara hasil
penafsiran dengan makna dasar ketika Al-Quran diturunkan dengan menggunakan
pendekatan historis dan filologi. Ketiga : teori Pragmatisme : teori ini
mengatakan bahwa sebuah penafsiran dikatakan benar apabila ia secara praktis
mampu memberikan solusi prkasis bagi problem sosial yang muncul.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[56]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mengevaluasi tujuan penafsiran Tokoh-tokoh tafsir sastra kontemporer adalah
al-bayan (pengantar sastra) sebagai pembaharuan terhadap teori interpretasi
para sarjana klasik yang kerap dikacaukan dengan pengkaburan makna dasar teks
oleh tafsir afirmatif. Tujuan penafsiran Amin al-Khuli mencoba memurnikan nalar
bayani dengan pendekatan teori-teori sastra modern.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Karakteristik dan Tujuan Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Karakteristik dasar dari penafsiran
sastra kontemporer bersifat kritis. Amin al-Khuli menyatakan bahwa awal
pembaharuan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah membunuh pemahaman
lama ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">awwal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>al-tajdid qatl<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>al-qadim fahman</i>), transformatif, solutif
dan non ideologis<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[57]</span></span></span></span></a>. Jika
Tujuan dari interpretasi Muhammad ‘‘Abduh adalah semangat mendapat petunjuk
dari Al-Quran maka tujuan paling awal dan mendasarbagi proses bagi Amin al-Khuli
adalh “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Bayan</i>” sebab tujuan inilah
yang : darinya muncul berbagai tujuan lainnya dan yang mendasari berbagai
tujuan tersebut ( dan di<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>antaranya
adalah tujuan mendapatkan hidayah menurut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Muhammad ‘‘Abduh). tujuan ini harus dipenuhi terlebih dahulu sebelum
berupaya mewujudkan tujuan manapun lainnya, apakah itu tujuan lain tersebut
bersifat ilmiah atau praktis, keagamaan dan duniawi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Epilog</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam khazanah ilmu tafsir ditemukan dua
term yang sangat akrab bagi pengkaji tafsir, yakni : Tafsir dan Ta’wil. Istilah
tafsir lebih<i> </i>dikenal sebagai cara untuk mengurai bahasa, konteks dan
pesan-pesan moral yang terkandung dalam teks atau <i>nash </i>kitab suci.
Sedangkan Ta’wil lebih pada penemuan makna dari teks yang bersifat metaforis.
Ta’wil dapat dikategorikan menjadi dua bagian yaitu : Pertama : ta’wil atau
penafsiran yang melewati batas-batas leksikal dan adanya keterkaitan dengan
makna dasar. Penafsiran jenis ini kerap digunakan dalam tafsir retoris dan
sastra Al-Quran. Kedua : ta’wil atau penafsiran yang melampaui batas-batas
leksikal tanpa ada keterhubungan dari segi bahasa dengan makna dasar. Metode
ta’wil jenis ini dapat dijumpai dalam tafsir sufistik.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Metode tafsir dan ta’wil jenis pertama
dikategeorikan dalam nalar bayani. Sedangkan metode Ta’wil jenis kedua
dikategorikan sebagai metode nalar Irfani. Aplikasi sebuah nalar dalam tahap
hegemoni dan mendominasi mengakibatkan fanatisme-reduksionis dan otoritas
tertinggi yang menjadi tujuan penafsiran. Pendekatan <i>at-Ta’wil al-‘Ilmi</i>
yang merupakan tawaran solutif Amin Abdullah terhadap kegelisahan intelektual
dengan menjadikan pendekatan al-Ta’wil al-Ilmi sebagai model tafsir alternatif
terhadap teks menggunakan jalur lingkar hermeneutis yang mendialogkan secara
sungguh-sungguh antara paradigma epistemologi <i>Bayani</i>, paradigma
epistemologi <i>Burhani</i> dan paradigma epistemologi <i>‘Irfani</i> dalam
satu gerak putar yang saling mengontrol, mengkritik, memperbaiki dan
menyempurnakan kekurangan yang melekat pada masing-masing paradigma, khususnya
jika masing-masing paradigma berdiri sendiri-sendiri, terpisah antara yang satu
dan lainnya. Pesan kemanusian dan keadilan yang melekat dalam al-Qur’an yang
sering disebut dengan istilah <i>rahmatan li al-alamin</i> (universal) hanya
dapat dipahami dengan baik jika para penafsir kitab suci kontemporer memahami
adanya tiga paradigma epistemologi pemikiran keislaman dan mampu mendialogkan
secara kritis-dinamis-proporsional baik secara pribadi maupun kelompok sehingga
ekslusivitas pemikiran (<i>ideas; thought</i>) dan kelembagaan sosial-keagamaan
(<i>institution</i>) dapat dihindari sedapat mungkin dan kerjasama atau <i>cooperation</i>
antar berbagai kelompok sosial keagamaan menjadi niscaya tanpa harus mendahulukan
<i>prejudice-prejudice</i> kultural, sosial maupun keagamaan. Hanya dengan
demikian, barangkali apa yang disebut transformasi sosial dan humanisasi
ilmu-ilmu keislaman lewat penafsiran dan pemaknaan pesan-pesan kitab suci yang
bersifat emansipatoris dapat teraktualisasikan baik secara teori maupun
praksis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[58]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Dr. Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.129-130</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.132</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ignaz Goldziher, Mazhab tafsir, terj.M. Alaika Salamullah dkk.
(Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2010) hlm. 88-89</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Dr. Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.133</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ignaz Goldziher, Mazhab tafsir, terj.M. Alaika Salamullah dkk.
(Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2010) hlm.94-95</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fuad Sazchein, Tarikh al-Turats al-Arabi, (Riyadh : jamiah Imam
Muhammad bin Sa’ud al-Islamiyyah press, 1991) hlm. 65</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Dr. Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.137</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fuad Sazchein, Tarikh al-Turats al-Arabi, (Riyadh : jamiah Imam
Muhammad bin Sa’ud al-Islamiyyah press, 1991) hlm. 65</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> . Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.138-139</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> ibid</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid. hlm. 143-146</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahd bin Abd al-Rahman bin Sulaiman al-Rumi<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Ittijahat al-Tafsir fi al-Qarni al-Rabi’ asyara</i>, (Riyadh :
al-Risalah, 1997)hlm. 873-874</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibn Qutaibah, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ta’wîl Musykil
al-Qur’an</i> (Kairo: tp., 1326), hlm. 10</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahd bin Abd al-Rahman bin Sulaiman al-Rumi<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Ittijahat al-Tafsir fi al-Qarni al-Rabi’ asyara</i>, (Riyadh :
al-Risalah, 1997)hlm.874</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> ibid</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm. 875</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">J.Sudarminta, Epistomologi Dasar, Pengantar Filsafat Pengetahuan
(Yogyakarta : kanisius, 2002) hlm. 18-19</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm.44</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Fuat Sazgin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tarikh al-Turats
al-Arabi</i>, (Riyadh : jamiah Imam Muhammad bin Sa’ud al-Islamiyyah press,
1991) hlm. 65</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Muhammad ‘Abduh, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-A’mal
al-Kamilah lil imam al-syaikh Muhammad ‘Abduh</i>, tahq. Muhammad Imarah (Cairo
: Dar al-Syuruq, 2009) hlm.11</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Drs. H. Ahmad Izzan,Mag, Metodologi Ilmu Tafsir (Bandung : Tafakur,
2011) hlm.127-144</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.180</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.184</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm. 166</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> J.Sudarminta, Epistomologi Dasar, Pengantar Filsafat Pengetahuan
(Yogyakarta : kanisius, 2002) hlm. 18-19</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm. 45</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Muhammad ‘Abduh, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-A’mal
al-Kamilah lil imam al-syaikh Muhammad ‘Abduh</i>, tahq. Muhammad Imarah (Cairo
: Dar al-Syuruq, 2009) hlm.9</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta :
Adab press,2004) hlm.130</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.133</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Muhammad ‘Abduh, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-A’mal
al-Kamilah lil imam al-syaikh Muhammad ‘Abduh</i>, tahq. Muhammad Imarah (Cairo
: Dar al-Syuruq, 2009) hlm.10-11</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta :
Adab press,2004) hlm. 314</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> J.J.G. Jansen, The Interpretation of The Quran in Modern Egypt
(Leiden : E.J Brill, 1980) hlm. 96</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta :
Adab press,2004) hlm.127-129</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.129-130</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> J.J.G. Jansen, The Interpretation of The Quran in Modern Egypt
(Leiden : E.J Brill, 1980) hlm.30</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Muhammad ‘Abduh, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-A’mal
al-Kamilah lil imam al-syaikh Muhammad ‘Abduh</i>, tahq. Muhammad Imarah (Cairo
: Dar al-Syuruq, 2009) hlm.11</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta :
Adab press,2004) hlm127</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahd bin Abd al-Rahman bin Sulaiman al-Rumi<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Ittijahat al-Tafsir fi al-Qarni al-Rabi’ asyara</i>, (Riyadh :
al-Risalah, 1997)hlm.893</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ahmad Muhammad Salim, al-Islam al-Aqlani, tajdid al-fikri ad-Dini
‘inda Amin al-Khuli (cairo : maktabah Usrah, 2009) hlm.114</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> M. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, ( Yogyakarta
: elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.12</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 357.75pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Amin al-Khuli, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta : Adab
press,2004) hlm71<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> M. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.14</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Amin al-Khuli, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta : Adab
press,2004) hlm77-78</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ahmad Muhammad Salim, al-Islam al-Aqlani, tajdid al-fikri ad-Dini
‘inda Amin al-Khuli (cairo : maktabah Usrah, 2009) hlm.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> M. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm. 32</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 46.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[46]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.36-37</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm. 40-41</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn48" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.42-43</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn49" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm. 45-46</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn50" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahruddin Faiz, Hermeneutika Al-Quran, tema-tema controversial
(Yogyakarta :ELsaq,2011) hlm. 7</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn51" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> M. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.46</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn52" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm. 84</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn53" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahruddin Faiz, Hermeneutika Al-Quran, tema-tema controversial
(Yogyakarta :ELsaq,2011) hlm. 8</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn54" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[54]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm. 83</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn55" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[55]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn56" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[56]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn57" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[57]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm. 84</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn58" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[58]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Amin Abdullah, prolog dalam Dekonstruksi Pemahaman Teks Kitab Suci
Agama ( Yogyakarta : Pustaka Rihlah, 2008) hlm. 1-2</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15459359199860346996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5462140917247044952.post-51989226601644002052012-11-18T07:28:00.003-08:002012-11-18T07:28:25.643-08:00Epistomologi Tafsir Teoritis<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Prolog</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Quran <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diturunkan di tengah-tengah komunitas Arab
pada abad 6 M merupakan fenomena yang layak diteliti. Kegelisahan-kegelisahan
umat muslim kontemporer dari pelbagai penjuru kembali merujuk kepada Al-Quran
sebagai pedoman hidup umat islam. kecenderungan kebahasaan para gramatikus Arab
dan non Arab mencoba mendekati Al-Quran dengan pendekatan kebahasaan dengan
pelbagai perangkat interpretasi. Pesona keindahan bahasa Al-Quran menyihir para
pengkaji Al-Quran dalam berteorisasi ria yang kemudian melahirkan teori-teori
bahasa dan sastra. Al-Quran ibarat sebuah berlian yang menyilaukan mata para
pengkaji Al-Quran dan terkesima dengan keindahannya. Dari Al-Quran, para
pengkaji merumuskan teori dan metodologi yang kemudian mengalami perkembangan
pesat dan secara gradual, dikukuhkan sebagai disiplin ilmu. Tak heran jika
Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid secara berani mengatakan bahwa “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">peradaban Arab adalah peradaban teks</i>” dan Amin al-Khuli menegaskan
bahwa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Quran adalah kitab sastra Arab terbesar dan teragung</i>” yang
lantas didekati dengan pendekatan ilmu-ilmu kemanusiaan seperti bahasa, sastra
dan psikologi dsb.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tafsir Sastra yang marak dikenal pada
abad 20 dan dianggap sebagai hasil perkenalan akut dan hasil adopsi dengan disiplin
ilmu kritik sastra barat tidak dapat diterima seutuhnya, tetapi wacana tafsir
sastra yang menggema di abad kontemporer memiliki landasan teoritis dan
konstruk epistomologi pada masa klasik dan hasil akumulasi dari pergumulan
ilmu-ilmu modern. Tokoh-tokoh kenamaan sekaliber Ibn Abbas, al-Farra’, Abu
Ubaidah, al-Jurjani, Abd al-Jabbar, al-jahiz dan al-Baqillani dan tokoh-tokoh
lainnya memiliki pemikiran yang melampaui batas-batas zamannya. Kehadiran Muhammad
‘Abduh dan Taha Husain kemudian memuluskan jalan bagi Amin al-Khuli dan
penerus-penerusnya dengan mereformulasi dan menetapkan prinsip-prinsip
metodologis dalam seni interpretasi yang dalam pembacaan kontemporer dikenal
dengan Hermeneutika. Nashr Hamid abu Zaid mencoba mendialektikan antara teks
dan realitas dengan teori makna dan maghza yang berubah-rubah yang didasari
dengan semangat objektivitas penafsiran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jejak Historis Tafsir Teoritis </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Melacak jejak sejarah benih-benih tafsir
teoritis dapat dijumpai pada masa kenabian. Pemikiran ini menurut Dr.M.Nur
Khalis Setiawan berdasarkan atas beberapa data yang menunjukkan bahwa Nabi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Muhammad SAW telah memberikan beberapa
interpretasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang erat kaitannya dengan terminologi
disiplin sastra atab yang berkembang belakangan, meski penafsiran Nabi tidak terlalu
banyak dijadikan para pengamat tafsir sebagai tafsir periode awal dalam sejarah
penafsiran Al-Quran. Nampak jelas ketika Nabi menafsirkan surah al- Baqarah
ayat 187 : “ makan minumlah engkau hingga terang bagimu benang putih dari
benang hitam yaitu fajar “.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dengan
mengatakan “ yang dimaksud dengan benang hitam adalah gelapnya malam dan benang
putih adalah terangnya siang.” Peralihan makna frasa dari benang hitam dan
putih ke benang yang lain,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yakni
gelapnya malam dan terangnya siang, merupakan perubahan makna dari makna asli
ke makana majazi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Meski secara kuantitas tidak terlalu banyak menunjukkan model penafsiran
susastera, interpretasi Nabi benar-benar telah mendapatkan legitimasi historis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Salah satu generasi penerus yang
melakukan penafsiran seperti yang dilakukan Nabi adalah Abdullah Ibn Abbas
(w.68/687) putra dari paman Nabi dan putra dari kakek (tertua) dari keluarga
besar Abbasiah. Para pengkaji tafsir menyebutnya sebagai “bapak tafsir” karna
otoritasnya dalam disiplin ilmu bak lautan tak bertepi dan dijuluki dengan
gelar “ Tarjuman Al-Quran” yang telah diberkahi oleh rasulullah sendiri.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
Demikian pula karya-karya tafsir yang bermunculan setelah itu, tidak bisa
dilepaskan dari pengaruh serta kretifitas Ibn Abbas. Sehingga
interpretasi-interpretasi yang dilakukan Ibn Abbas bisa dijadikan sebagai awal
mula penafsiran susastra dengan bukti data-data historis yang kuat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Menelisik lebih jauh sosok Ibn Abbas ditemukan bahwa Ibn Abbas tekun bergaul
dengan penyair klasik, sebab mereka adalah kalangan yang dipandang mempunyai
kesiapan lebih karena pergumulan mereka dengan bahasa dalam bidang tafsir.
Berkenaan dengan lafazh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">haraj </i>dalam
surat al-Haj ayat 78 dia menjelaskan prinsip berikut ini : “ apabila kamu
merasa asing dengan sesuatu dalam Al-Quran maka lihatlah dalam syair, karena
syair adalah murni bahasa Arab. Data sejarah mengisahkan bahwa Nafi’ bin
al-Azraq bertanya kepada Ibn Abbas tentang sejumlah kosa kata Al-Quran. Nafi’
meminta kepada Ibn Abbas supaya mencari makna-makna tersebut dengan menggunakan
syair klasik. Dalam jawaban Ibn Abbas kepada pertanyaan Nafi’ bin al-Azraq
terdapat tafsiran sekitar dua tatus kalimat dengan munggunakan bukti atau dalil
dari syair klasik. Ini adalah sebuah pengakuan dari para ahli bahasa masa
belakangan kepada bapak tafsir yang menggagas metode linguistic dalam tafsir Al-Quran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penafsiran dengan metode linguistik
kemudian dilanjutkan oleh murid-murid Ibn Abbas diantaranya adalah : Mujahid,
Ikrimah, said bun jabir, Qatadah,dan al-Dhahhak.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Murid yang paling menonjol dalam penafsiran dengan pendekatan kebahasaan adalah
Mujahid. Interpretasi-interpretasi yang dilakukannya sangat kental dengan
penafsiran metaforis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>maka
tak heran jika Mujahid dikategorikan sebagai salah satu dari benih-benih
penafsiran rasionalis dalam Islam.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
generasi setalah Mujahid yang ambil bagian dalam mengembangkan “ stadium
embrional” tafsir sastra adalah Ibn Juraij, Maqatil ibn Sulaiman, Sufyan
al-Tsauri, Abu Ubaidah al-Mutsanna’ dan Yahya ibn Ziyad al-Farra’.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Para sarjana tersebut dalam karya-karyanya, secara implisitmenegaskan bahwa Al-Quran
adalah sebuah teks. Penyimpulan seperti ini diperoleh dari analisis holistic
terhadap buah tangan mereka. Sebuah kenyataan yang tak terbantahkan akan
perlakuan mereka terhadap Al-Quran adalah penekanan bahwa Al-Quran adalah teks
berbahasa Arab, sehingga ilmu bahasa Arab merupakan perangkat pertama dan
nisacaya dalam memahami teks Al-Quran.mereka bersepakat bahwa dalam wilayah
kebahasaan terdapat dua aspek dan tingkatan yang saling terkait dan
berkelindan. Dua hal tersebut adalah apa yang ada dalam disiplin bahasa
kontemporer dengan “ syntagma “ (tarkib) sebagai bagian integral dari
pembentukan dan bangunan sebuah kalimat, serta “ paradigm” (dalalah), sebagai
elemen pembangun lainnya dalam bahasa.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Membincang lebih lanjut “stadium
embrional “<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>setalah generasi Mujahid,
nampaknya penafsiran yang paling kental denga pendaran linguistiknya adalah Abd
al-Malik ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Juraij. Ibn Juraij termasuk dalam sederet pengkaji
Al-Quran klasik yang mengedepankan prinsip :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bagian Al-Quran menjelaskan bagian yang lain ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Quran yufassiru ba’duhu ba’dhan</i>). Disamping itu ia juga menaruh
perhatian kepada artu penting aspek-aspek Mubhamat Al-Quran, mengingat gaya
bertutut Al-Quran memang demikian adanya. Ibn Jurai berkeyakinan bahwa konteks
sebuah ayat dalam Al-Quran memiliki peran yang sangat penting. “ kesadaran “
akan konteks dari sebuah teks sebagai perangkat adalah niscaya dalm memahami
teks keagamaan yang dalam kacamata semantic modern lazim disebut dengan “makna
dasar”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan “makna relasional” .
kesadaran akan dua aspek makna tersebut dalam khazanah islam klasik, salah
satunya dikembangkan oleh ibn Juraij. Demikian juga Ibn Juraij menaruh
perhatian pada gaya tutur stilistika Al-Quran yang beragam dan membicarakan
pengualangan kata atau kalimat (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Tikrar</i>)
serta tertarik menyibukkan diri dengan gramatikal ayat-ayat Al-Quran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Para sarjana klasik dengan pelbagai
karyanya yang telah disebutkan diatas diklasifikasikan sebagai penafsiran
sebelum masa kodifikasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">asru tadwin</i> ) dan sarjana klasik pertama
yang menulis pada masa kodifikasi adalah Abu Ubaidah dengan magnum
opus-nya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“majaz Al-Quran”. Di tangan Abu
Ubaidah pertama kali mendefenisikan pengertian majaz. Abu Ubaidah ketika
dihadapkan dengan teks Al-Quran, ia berusaha mengklasifikasikan dan menunjukkan
pengertian denotatif dan konotatif sebuah lafadz teks dan menjelaskan aspek
metaforis dan perumpamaan dalam Al-Quran. Generasi setelah yang melanjutkan
tongkat estafet penafsiran Al-Quran dengan pendekatan kebahasaan adalah
al-Farra’ dengan karangannya “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ma’ani Al-Quran</i>”
metode al-farra’ dalam kitabnya hampir menyamai metode Abu Ubaidah,namun nuansa
gramatika bahasa Arab nampaknya sangat kental menyesaki karangannya. Yang
kemudian disusul oleh al-Jahidz dengan “Nadzm Al-Quran”-nya , Ibn Qutaibah
dengan “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ta’wil Muyskilu Al-Quran</i>”-nya
yang dilandasi dengan semangat pembelaan terhadap aspek kemukjizatan Al-Quran.
Jika al-Jahidz adalah juru bicara Mu’tazilah maka Ibnu Qutaibah merupakan juru
bicara Ahlu Sunnah wa al-Jama’ah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada abad ke-4 H, dogma I’jaz Al-Quran
mendapat perhatian penuh dari para teolog dan penafsir Al-Quran.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hal itu dapat dibuktikan dengan menjamurnya
karangan sarjana muslim klasik yang memusatkan penelitiannya terhadap aspek
kemukjizatan dalam Al-Quran. Relasi antara I’jaz Al-Quran dengan aspek
kebahasaan Al-Quran tidak bisa dipisahkan satu sama lainnya. Ibnu Qutaibah
berpendapat bahwa pembahasan serta diskusi mengenai ajaran dan keyakinan
tentang i’jâz al-Qur’ân yang muncul belakangan, tidak bisa dilepaskan dari dua
aspek bahasa, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lafzhi</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ma’nawi</i>. Lafzhi berarti leksikal dan
makna struktural, sementara ma’nawi adalah teori makna.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
Pada abad ini muncul sarjana muslim seperti al-Rummani dengan “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-nukat fi I’jaz Al-Quran</i>” ,
al-Khatthabi dengan “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bayan I’jaz Al-Quran</i>”
, Abu al-Hasan Abd al-Jabbaral-Hamdani dengan kitabnya “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Mughni fi Abwabi al-Tauhid wa al-Adl</i>” dan Abu Bakr al-Baqillani
dengan magnumopusnya “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I’jaz Al-Quran</i>
“.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada abad selanjutnya yaitu pada abad ke
-5, diterbitkan “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dala’il al-Ijaz</i>”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang sangat fenomenal yang ditulis oleh Abd
al-Qahir al-Jurjani dan kitan “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Risalat
al-Syafiah fi I’jaz Al-Quran</i>”. Dan pada abad ke 6 H al-Zamakhsyari seolah
megumpulkan teori-teori terdahulu dalam tafsirnya “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Kassyaf</i>” yang bernuansa kebahasaan. Dan disusul oleh Fakhruddin
al-Razi dengan “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nihayat al-Ijaz fi Dirayat
al-I’jaz</i>”. Pada abad ke-7 H, Abu al-Asba’ al-Mashri menulis “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Badi’ Al-Quran”</i>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dan pada abad-abad selanjutnya mucul sederetan nama seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Imam Yahya bin Hamzah al-Alawi degan kitab “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Tharaz</i>” , Umar al-Biqa’I dengan kitab
yang diberi judul “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nadzmu al-Durar fi
tanasub al-ayat wa al-suwar</i>” dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Jalaluddin al-Suyuti pemilik “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tanasuk
al-durar fi tanasub al-suwar</i>”. Sampai pada masa kontemporer para sarjana
semisal Muhammad Rajab Bayyumi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan
Hufnaa Muhammad Syaraf memberikan perhatian lebih pada corak penafsiran dengan
pendekatan kebahasaan. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Epistomologi Tafsir Teoritis</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk meneliti lebih jauh konstruk
epistomologi tafsir teoritis dengan menggunakan pendekatan kebahasaan dan
sastra maka penulis terlebih dahulu memaparkan defenisi epistomologi itu
sendiri. Epistomologi adalah suatu disiplin ilmu yang bersifat evaluative,
normative, dan kritis. Evaluatif berarti bersifat menilai, ia menilai suatu
keyakinan, sikap, pernyataan pendapatm teori pengetahuan dapat dibenarkan,
dijamin kebenarannya, atau memiliki dasar yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan
secara nalar. Normatif berarti menentukan tolak ukur, dan dalam hal ini tolak
ukur kenalaran adalah kebenaran pengetahuan. Sedangkan kritis berarti banyak
mempertanyakan dan menguji kenalaran cara maupun hasil kegiatan manusia
mengetahui.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dalam hal ini penulis mencoba mengklasifikasikan tafsir teoritis ke dalam tiga
fase penafsiran karena menurut asumsi penulis untuk menghadirkan tiga poin
penting dari epistomolgi dibutuhkan pemetaan yang jelas. Begitu pula ,tafsir
teoritis dengan menggunakan pendekatan bahasa dan sastra memiliki karakteristik
dan perkembangan yang signifikan serta tujuan penafsiran yang berbeda. Ketga
kategori tersebut yaitu (1) epistomologi tafsir kebahasaan pada masa klasik (2)
epistomologi tafsir kesusasteraan masa modern (3) epistomologi tafsir
kesusasteraan pada masa kontemporer.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Epistomologi Tafsir Kebahasaan Masa Klasik</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Secara kategoris , Jhon Wansbrough
memetakan karya-karya tafsir yang muncul pada era klasik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menjadi lima jenis. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pertama</i> : tafsir naratif, yakni tafsir yang penjelasannya disertai
ulasan disekitar konteks turunnya ayat, contoh tafsir model ini adalah tafsir
karya Sulaiman ibn Maqatil. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kedua</i> :
tafsir legal, yaitu tafsir yang sangat kental dengan nuansa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hukumnya . tafsir karya sulaiman ini juga
merupakan cfontoh yang baik bagi model tafsir jenis ini. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ketiga</i> : tafsir tekstual, yaitu tafsir yang lebih focus pada uraian
tentang aspek-aspek leksikon dalam ragam bacaan ayat Al-Quran. Contohnya adalah
tafsir Ma’ani Al-Quran karya al-Farra’. Tafsir ini lebih berusaha menjelaskan
berbagai problem gramtika dan tekstual Al-Quran. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Keempat</i> : tafsir retorik : yaitu tafsir yang lebih menonjolkan
uraian tentang retorika dan sastra Al-Quran, seperti tafsir Majaz Al-Quran
karya Abu Ubaidah. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kelima</i> : tafsir
alegoris, yaitu tafsir yang mengungkap makna simbolik Al-Quran. Tafsir sufistik
karya at-Tustari , merupakan contoh yang baik bagi jenis tafsir alegoris.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari klasifikasi Jhon Wonsbrough dapat
dikatakan bahwa yang termasuk dalam tafsir teoritis adalah jenis ketiga dan
keempat, yaitu Tafsir Tekstual dan Tafsir Retorik.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sumber Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al-Quran
yang diturunkan dengan bahasa Arab sebagai media komunikasi tuhan dengan
manusia mendapatkan perhatian dari kaum muslim Arab pada masa itu. Bapak
tafsir, Ibn Abbas dengan kecerdasan dan wawasan bahasa Arab yang mumpuni
mencoba meneliti kosa kata Al-Quran dengan merujuk pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sya’ir</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jahiliah</i> untuk
mendapatkan makna asli. Sehingga dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Risalah</i>
karya Syafi’I sebagaimana dikutip Ignaz Goldziher<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berhasil merampungkan sekitar dua rastus kosa
kata dan menemukan arti etimologis-nya. Penjelasan dua ratus kosa kata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gharib</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dalam Al-Quran tidak serta merta berdasarkan Syai’r jahili semata namun
sumber dari hadis Nabi dan penelitian filologis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kibar</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sahabat </i>dimanfaatkan
oleh Ibn Abbas dalam merumuskan dan menjelaskan arti kosa kata yang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gharib</i> (asing) atas permintaan Nafi’ bin
al- Azraq. Demikian pula Ibn Abbas menukil dari filolog buku-buku pra-islam
yaitu Abu al-Jald Mukahdraman dan wawasan dari Ka’ab al-Ahbar dan Abdullah bin
Salam, muallaf dari agama Yahudi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perluasan kekuasaan islam pada masa awal
islam yang meliputi bangsa Arab maupun non-Arab mengakibatkan pengetahuan akan
bahasa Arab menjelma menjadi sebuah kebutuhan dan niscaya. Al-Quran yang
merupakan sumber primer kaum muslim<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan
bahasa Arab sebagai bahasa Al-Quran menjadikan keduanya ibarat dua sisi mata koin
yang tak terpisahkan. Sehingga tidak mengherankan ketika kamus Al-Quran
menjamur pada dinasti Umawiyyah dan Abbasiah sebagai buku pedoman bangsa Arab
dan non-Arab dalam memahami Al-Quran. Begitu pula Konsep I’jaz Al-Quran
memotivasi para sarjana klasik memberi penjelasan hakikat kemukjizatan Al-Quran
sehingga upaya yang mereka kerahkan dapat melahirkan sekian teori-teori bahasa
dan sastra yang kemudian berimplikasi kuat terhadap perkembangan ilmu balaghah
dan dikukuhkan sebagai disiplin ilmu yang independen.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Metodologi penafsiran dengan pendekatan
kebahasaan baik oleh ulama mutaqaddimin maupun muta’akhirin secara umum
bersifat deduktif-analitik. Deduktif berarti menafsirkan teks Al-Quran dengan
berupaya merincikan makna asli (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">exact
meaning</i>) kosa kata Al-Quran dengan merujuk pada pemakaian bahasa bangsa Arab
pada masa Al-Quran diturunkan dengan pendekatan filologi terhadap <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">syi’ir jahiliah</i> dan bahasa Arab kuno.
Analitik berarti menafsirkan Al-Quran dengan cara atomistik, parsial dan
terpisah-pisah sesuai dengan urutan ayat Al-Quran dalam mushaf utsmani. Pada
perkembangannya corak penafsiran kebahasaan jenis ini menyesaki Al-Quran dengan
kaidah-kaidah kebahasan dari segi gramatikalnya sehingga oleh Muhammad ‘Abduh
dikritik dengan mengatakan bahwa analisis I’rab Al-Quran pada penafsiran
kebahasaan islam klasik tidak layak disebut sebagai tafsir tetapi sebagai ajang
latihan disiplin ilmu gramatikal Arab terhadap Al-Quran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada perkembangan selanjutnya, para
gramatikus yang bergelut dengan penafsiran Al-Quran merumuskan beberapa kaidah
dengan pendekatan kebahasaan sebagai berikut : (1) redaksi yang bersifat umum
mengandung pengertian umum yang sepadan (2) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">alif-lam</i>
pada kata sifat dan ism al-jins menunjuk seluruh pengertian yang tercakup
didalamnya (3) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">an-nakirah</i> dalam
konteks an-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nahy</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">an-nafy, as-syarah</i> atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-istifham</i>
menunjuk pada pengertian umum.(4) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Mudhaf</i>
(kata kepunyaan) juga menunjuk pada pengertian umum sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ism al-jam’I</i> (5) ism yang disebutkan
secara tersendiri menunjuk pada pengertian sefcara umum. (6) peniadaan objek
kalimat yang menunjuk pada pengertian umum yang sepadan. (7) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jawab as-Syart</i> yang tidak disebutkan
dalam ayat menunjukkan penting atau dahsyatnya hal yang dibicarakan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">penafsiran retoris masa klasik merupakan
benih perkembangan tafsir sastra pada masa kontemporer. Konsep majaz yang
digagas oleh Abu Ubaidillah berangkat dari perkenalan akut para sarjana klasik
dalam memhami doktrin I’jaz Al-Quran dari aspek retorika dan keindahan
bahasanya. Yang kemudian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melahirkan
teori Metafora (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Isti’arah</i>), seni
perbandingan ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tasybih</i>), parabel (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Matsal</i>) dan metonisme (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kinayah</i>) yang merupakan bentuk-bentuk
Majaz. Dan kemudian teori konstruksi teks (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nadzm</i>)
yang dirintis oleh al-Jahidz dan dilanjutkan oleh al-Jurjani dalam “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dala’il al-Ijaz</i>” nya dan diaplikasikan
secara praksis terhadap teks Alqran oleh al-Zamakhsyari dalam “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Kassyaf</i>” dan Said Nursi dalam “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Isyarat al-I’jaz fi madzanni al-Ijaz</i>”
sehingga bisa disimpulkan bahwa teori Majaz dan Nadzm merupakan elemen-elemen
formatif tafsir teoritis sebagaimana Nur Khalis Setiawan kisahkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Majaz yang diartikan sebagai lawan dari
haqiqah, <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a>sebagaimana
dipahami oleh Al-Jahidz yang kemudian dikembangkan Van Ess dengan pengertian
sebagai : sesuatu yang melampaui batas-batas leksikal<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a>
mengindikasikan bahwa penafsiran progresif dan non-tekstual dapat ditemukan
pada penafsiran sarjana islam klasik terlebih pada literautur Mu’tazilah. Dari
penjabaran diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa metodologi tafsir retoris menggunakan
teori-teori sastra klasik dalam menyibak keindahan bahasa Al-Quran meskipun
secara umum masih menggunakan metode deduktif-analitik dari penafsiran yang
mereka suguhkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Validitas Penafisran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam ilmu semantik kontemporer makna
dapat diklasifikasikan dengan makna dasar ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Grundbedutung</i>)
dan makna relasional (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">relational
Bedeutung</i>). Makna dasar yang dimaksud disini adalah kandungan kontekstual
dari kosa kata yang akan tetap melekat pada kata tersebut, meskipun kata
tersebut dipisahkan dari konteks pembicaraan kalimat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sementara makna relasional adalah makna
konotatif, yang dalam prakteknya, sangat bergantung kepada konteks sekaligus
relasi dengan kosa kata lainnya dalam kalimat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a> Menyoal
validitas penafsiran teoritis dengan pendekatan kebahasaan dalam Al-Quran
sejatinya keabsahan sebuah penafsiran jika penafsiran tersebut sesuai dengan
makna asli (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">exact meaning</i>) atau makna
dasar bahasa Arab ketika Al-Quran diturunkan. Begitu pula validitas penafsiran
teoritis dengan pendekatan sastra apabila sebuah penafsiran sesuai atau adanya
keterkaitan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">aspek relasional</i>) dengan
makna dasar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adapun kaidah-kaidah dengan pendekatan
kebahasaan yang dirumuskan oleh para sarjana klasik mendapat legitimasi dari
otoritas ahli bahasa dan para penafsir dengan menyatakan bahwa standar
validitas penafsiran juga harus sesuai dengan kaidah-kaidah kebahasaan yang
telah diformasikan pada masa klasik agar terhindar dari penafsiran liar yang
tidak terikat dengan batas-batas leksial teks Al-Quran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam kajian epistomologi, dikenal tiga
teori kebenaran yang kerap dijadikan sebagai acuan kebenaran, yaitu (1) teori
kebenaran korespondensi (2) teori kebenaran koherensi, dan (3) teori kebenaran
pragmatik. Kembali pada validitas penafsiran teoritis klasik sejatinya menganut
teori kebenaran korespondensi. Teori korespondensi adalah teori kebenaran yang
menyatakan bahwa suatu pernyataan itu benar kalau isi pengetahuan yang
terkandung dalm pernyataan tersebut berkorespondensi (sesuai) dengan objek yang
dirujuk oleh pernyataan tersebut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a>
Berangkat dari teori tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa validitas sebuah
penafsiran apabila berkorespondensi dengan makna dasar bahasa Arab.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.4.
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Karakteristik dan Tujuan Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Karakteristik penafsiran teoritis klasik
diantaranya adalah (1) minimnya budaya kritis (2) penafsiran yang dilakukan
umumnya lebih menekankan pendekatan pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al</i>-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ma’na</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ijmali</i> ( pengertian kosa kata secara global)(3) posisi teks sebagai
subjek dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mufassir</i> sebagai objek.
Tujuan penafsiran relatif pada tataran sekedar memahami makna dan belum sampai
ke dataran <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Maghza. </i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a>Sehingga
bisa disimpulkan bahwa penafsiran teoritis masa klasik dijadikan sebgai sebuah
medium untuk memahami makna Al-Quran, terlebih bagi mereka yang tidak terbiasa
dengan lidah Arab.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Epistomologi Tafsir Kesusasteraan Masa Modern</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sumber Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Muhammad ‘Abduh yang juga merupakan
representator penafsir modern dengan corak adab-ijtima’I ( corak sastra dan
sosial), Muhammad ‘Abduh menegaskan bahwa sebaik-baik sumber penafsiran dalam
memahami term Al-Quran adalah kembali kepada Al-Quran itu sendiri dengan bahasa
Arab ketika diturunkan dan mengkritik upaya memahami makna teks dengan merujuk pada
term agama-agama samawi yang memiliki jarak waktu yang berabad-abad.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a>
Disamping itu sumber penafsiran lainnya adalah perangkat-perangkat interpretasi
tradisional <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">( ilm al-ma’ani</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-bayan</i> atau lebih dikenal dengan
Stilistika ) untuk mebuka makna teks.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a>dan
menjadikan akal sebagai otoritas mendasar dalam interpretasi Al-Quran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ilmu tentang kondisi-kondisi manusia yang juga dikenal dengan sosiologi dan
pendekatan historis terhadap ruang lingkup Al-Quran diturunkan mendapat
perhatian oleh Muhammad ‘Abduh.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a> sehingga
dengan bahasa Nash Hamid, Muhammad ‘Abduh telah menyatukan apa yang berasal
dari tradisi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">turats</i>) dengan
ilmu-ilmu modern dalam upayanya memberikan respon terhadap tantangan yang
dilontarkan pada nalar muslim yang menganggap Al-Quran sebagai rujukan
utamanya. Oleh karena itu tindak interpretasi yang dilakukan oleh ‘‘Abduh
bertumpu pada otoritas bahasa dan otoritas pengetahuan modern <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a>di
dalam suatu bangunan metodologis yang cermat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang sedemikian besar sejalan dengan langkah-langkah metode yang akan
dijelaskan pada pada metode penafsiran kesusasteraan masa modern. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari hasil penelitian J.J.G. Jansen
aliran penafsiran ala Mesir pada masa modern mengatakan bahwa corak penafsiran
di Mesir sejak munculnya Muhammad ‘Abduh dapat diklasifikan pada tiga bagian
(1) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">philological</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">exegesis</i> : penafsiran literal terhadap teks (2) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Practical</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Exegesis</i> : signifikansi teks Al-Quran terhadap perbuatan manusia,
dan (3) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Scientific</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Exegesis</i> : signifikansi teks Al-Quran
terhadap ilmu pengetahuan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menelisik tafsir Muhammad ‘Abduh dapat
dikatakan bahwa dari ketiga aspek ini ditemukan dalam penafsirannya lebih
kental dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">philological exegesis</i>
sebagai sarana untuk mencapai petunjuk Al-Quran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Metode bahasa yang sastra yang
dirumuskan oleh Muhammad ‘Abduh’ untuk mendapatkan Hidayah sebagai tujuan
penafsiran diformulasikan ke dalam langkah-langkah berikut<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a> :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. memahami data-data kosakata yang ada
dalm Al-Quran menurut makna umumnya sebgaimana yang berlaku ketika diturunkan.
Memahami kosakata-kosakata tersebut sedemikian rupa sehingga mufassir teresebut
dapat mewujudkan hal itu melalui pemakaian-pemakaian ahli bahasa, tidak cukup
mengikuti pendapat dan pemahaman si penafsir, sebab banyak kosakata yang
dipergunakan pada saat diturunkan dengan berbagai makna, kemudian makna-makna
itu lebih dominan daripada yang lainnya dalam perkembangan selanjutnya. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam langkah ini tampak jelas bahwa Muhammad
‘Abduh menolak proses memaksakan makna yang berasal dari masa kini terhadap
masa lalu sebagai akibat tidak diperhatikannya makna kosakata yang dipergunakan
pada saat diturunkan. Pola pemaksaan ini menjadi umum saat ini dan tampak jelas
dalam banyak buku tafsi r kontemporer. Barangkali yang paling mencolok dan
nyata adalah tafsir yang disebut dengan tafsir ‘ilmy terhadap Al-Quran.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. setelah memahami makna dari
kosakata-kosakata dalam konteks pemakaian kebahasaannya, langkah berikutnya
adalah memahami stilistika. Dalam hal ini diperlukan ilmu I’rab dan ilmu
stilistika (Ma’ani dan al-Bayan ).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. langkah ketiga dalam metode ini
adalah “ ilmu mengenai kondisi-kondisi manusia.” Sebab orang yang meneliti
kitab ini (Al-Quran) mesti mempertimbangkan kondisi-kondisi manusia dengan
perbagai perkembangan mereka, faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan kondisi mereka
berbeda-beda ; ada yang kuat dan lemah, ada yang maju dan terbelakang, ada yang
menguasai pengetahuan dan ada yang diliputi kebodohan, ada yang beriman dan ada
yang kafir. Di samping itu, ia juga harus mengetahui situasi dari maju
mundurnya dunia secara global. Dalam hal ini dibutuhkan berbagai disiplin, yang
terpenting adalah sejarah dengan segala jenisnya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. langkah keempat dapat dianggap
sebagai kelanjutan dari langkah ketiga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>;
ada yang kuat dan lemah, ada yang maju dan terbelakang, ada yang menguasai
pengetahuan dan ada yang diliputi kebodohan, ada yang beriman dan ada yang
kafir. Di samping itu, ia juga harus mengetahui situasi dari maju mundurnya
dunia secara global. Dalam hal ini dibutuhkan berbagai disiplin, yang
terpenting adalah sejarah dengan segala jenisnya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. langkah keempat dapat dianggap
sebagai kelanjutan dari langkah ketiga atau derivasi darinya, sebab pengetahuan
mengenai kondisi-kondisi manusia termasuk di dalamnya adalah kondisi yang
melekat pada masyarakat Arab dan lainnya pada era keNabian. Bagaimana mungkin
sang mufassir dapat memahami dengan semestinya kebiasaan-kebiasaan mereka yang
dinilai negative oleh ayat-ayat Al-Quran, atau yang mendekati negative jika ia
tidak mengetahui kondisi-kondisi mereka dan apa saja yang ada pada mereka.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5. langkah kelima jga dapat dianggap
sebagai rangkaian dari langkah keempat. Pengetahuan tentang kondisi masyarakat Arab
dan laiinya ada era keNabian termasuk pula di sini “ pengetahuan mengenai
perjalanan hidup Nabi SAW. dan sahabat-sahabtnya, serta pengetahuan dan
tindakan-tindakan yang berkaitan dengan duniai dan ukhrawi yang mereka
jalankan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Langkah-langkah yang dirumuskan oleh ‘‘Abduh
sebagai metode tafsir, menurut Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid berkaitan erat dengan dua
otoritas yang berdampingan: bahasa dalam konteks sejarah karena bahasa berlaku
pada era turunya wahyu, dan dunia, bahasa berfungsi sebagai hukum yang
menggerakkan dunia baik secara alamiah maupun sosial dalam proses
kesejarahannya. Teks di sini dalam pemahaman Muhammad ‘Abduh secara implicit,
melalui langkah-langkah metodologisnya, merupakan struktur bahasa yang bermakna
dalam konteks sosial-historis, tidak terlapas, pada saat yang sama, dari
kemampuannya memproduksi makna di luar bingkai konteks tersebut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Validitas Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari pemetaan metodologis Muhammad ‘Abduh
oleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid kedalam dua
otoritas yang saling terkait, yaitu teks dan dunia. Maka dapat disimpulkan
bahwa Muhammad ‘Abduh menganut teori kebenaran Korespondensi yaitu adanya
kesesuaian hasil penafsiran dengan makna asli Al-Quran ketika diturunkan dan
teori pragmatis. Teori pragmatis penafsiran mengatakan bahwa sebuah penafsiran
dikatakan benar apabila ia secara praksis mempu memberikan solusi praksis bagi
problem sosial yang muncul. Dengan kata lain, penafsiran itu tidak diukur
dengan teori<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau penafsiran lain,
tetapi diukur sejauh mana ia dapat memberikan solusi atas problem yang dihadapi
manusia sekarang ini. berangkat dari semangat tujuan Al-Quran sebagai petunjuk
kepada manusia membuat Muhammad ‘Abduh menyajikan tafsirnya sesuai dengan
kebutuhan zaman (need of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the times/
hajat al-ashr).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Karakteristik dan Tujuan Penafsiran</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tafsir Muhammad ‘Abduh mengkritisi
penafsiran dengan menggunakan dan memusatkan suatu pendekatan dan mengabaikan
pendekatan-pendekatan lainnya. Hal itu Nampak jelas dari kritikan penafsiran yang
disesaki dengan data-data I’rab Al-Quran yang kemudian mengaburkan petunjuk Al-Quran
yang diimani kaum muslim sebagai pedoman primer.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a>
Corak penafsiran Muhammad ‘Abduh seringkali disebut dengan tafsir sosial yang
bernuansa sastrawi. Sebagaimana disinggung diatas bahwa tujuan penafsiran Muhammad
‘Abduh adalah sebagai kitab petunjuk yang darinya manusia mendapatkan hidayah.
Dari sisi lain sarana yang mengantarkan pada tujuan asas Al-Quran adalah metode
bahasa yang sastra.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Epistomologi Penafsiran Kesusasteraan Masa
Kontemporer</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sumber Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sumber penafsiran kesusasteraan masa
kontemporer dihasilkan dari teks Al-Quran sendiri. Amin al-Khuli menegaskan
bahwa analisis kebahasaan kosa kata Al-Quran dapat diklasifikasikan dan disibak
makna asalnya dari dua poin yaitu dari sisi etimologis dan dari pengertian atau
term Al-Quran itu sendiri.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a>
Begitu pula upaya Al-Khuli dalam menafsirkan Al-Quran menempatkan dan
memberikan derajat lebih tinggi kepada akal atas sebuah teks.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a>dengan
memberikan peluang besar terhadap teori-teori sastra dan filsafat bahasa modern
yang kemudian difilterisasi dan diaplikasikan dalam menafsirkan Al-Quran. Dalam
hal ini al-Khuli memberikan perhatian besar terhadap literature klasik dan
modern dalam merumuskan konstruk metodologinya dalam penafsiran sastra Al-Quran.
Sumber penafisran murid-murid al-Khuli semisal Ahmad Khalafullah dan Ai’syah
bintu Syati’ menjadi makmum atas guru-gurunya yang kemudian dikembangkan oleh
Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid yang menjadikan realitas sebagai sumber penafsiran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3.2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Amin al-Khuli merupakan pelopor wacana
tafsir sastra Al-Quran pada abad dua puluh.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Keseriusan al-Khuli dalam mengkaji Al-Quran tidak bisa dilepaskan dari
kajian-kajiannya terhadap bahasa dan sastra Arab. Sebagai bukti dari statemen
ini adalah banyaknya tulisan penting yang berbicara tentang bahasa sastra dan
kritik sastra dalam karnya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fi adab
al-Mishri</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fannal-Qawl</i>. Interaksi
al-Khuli dengan Al-Quran dalam memahami maknanya, mencoba menganalisis Al-Quran
dan mendudukkan sebagai sebuah teks Arab teragung dan terbesar yang pernah ada.
Kemudian dianalisis secara tematis. Kajian al-Khuli terhadap Al-Quran mengedepankan
dua prinsip metodologis yaitu : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">studi
sekitar Al-Quran</b> (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dirasah ma haula Al-Quran</i>)
dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">studi tentang teks itu sendiri</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dirasah
fi Al-Quran nafsih). <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kajian pertama</b></i>
diarahkan kepada investigasi latar belakang Al-Quran, dimulai dari proses
pewahyuan, perkembangan dan sirkulasinya dalam masyarakat Arab sebagai obyek
wahyu, beserta kodifikasi dan variasi cara baca : sebagai sebuah kajian yang
kemudian lebih dikenal dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘ Ulumul
Quran.</i> Kajian ini juga difokuskan pada aspek sosio-historis Al-Quran
termasuk didalamnya situasi intelektual, Kultural, dan geografis masyarakat Arab
abad ke tujuh ketika Al-Quran diturunkan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a>
Kajian ini secara umum berujung pada : (1) kajian teks, filologis, dan
penjelasan tentang sejarah perkembangannya. (2) penjelasan mengenai latar
belakang tempat Al-Quran muncul, sumber darimana ia lahir, bagaimana
perkembangan makna-maknanya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a>
Selanjutnya <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kajian kedua</i></b> pada studi tentang teks Al-Quran dari berbagai
segi. (1) Ia mengawali dengan investigasi terhadap kosa kata inividua Al-Quran
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mufradat</i>, semenjak pertama
diwahyukan, perkembangan, serta pemakaiannyadalam Al-Quran, agar kata-kata
tersebut dapat dipahami secara totalitas (2) kemudian diikuti dengan perhatian
sepenuhnya terhadap kata-kata majemuk (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">murakkabah</i>),
yang tentunya analisis tersebut didasarkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pada pengetahuan tentang gramatik dan balaghah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menarik untuk dielaborasi lebih lanjut
pemikiran Amin al-Khuli dalam tafsir Al-Quran, al-Khuli mencoba mengaitkan
balaghah dan ilmu jiwa sehingga memungkinkan adanya kemukjizatan Al-Quran
secara psikologis. Al-Khuli mengakui adanya kebutuhan untuk mengetahui tafsir
psikologis terhadap Al-Quran. Tafsir ini didasarkan pada pengetahuan yang
komprehensif dan sejauh mungkin terhadap rahasia-rahasia gerak-gerak jiwa
manusia sebagaimana yang diketahui kajian ilmu ini. Tafsir Psikologis Al-Quran
menurut al-Kuhli adalah tafsir Al-Quran yang didasarkan pada upaya menangkap
hal-hal yang dipergunakan oleh Al-Quran, yaitu gejala-gejala jiwa, dan
hukum-hukum spritualitas. Sehingga penjelasan Al-Quran dapat diketahui<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>apakah dalam rangka berargumentasi,
memberikan petunjuk, mencoba meyakinkan atau mendebat, membangkitkan atau
mengancam.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Proyek Metodologi yang dikembangkan al-Khuli
memiliki kemiripan dengan proyek hermenutika Schleiermacher, kendati tidak
ditemukan dalam karyanya deretan nama filosof dan sastrawan barat, tapi ada
dugaan kuat al-Khuli telah berkenalan dengan pemikiran Schleiermacher ketia ia
menetap di eropa yaitu di italia dan Jerman selama 4 tahun. Begitu pula al-Khuli
menguasai dua bahasa tersebut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[44]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ahmad Khalafullah, sarjana konvensional
yang menganggap teks-teks kisah sebagai bagian dari teks ambigu ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mutasyabihat</i>) merupakan elaborasi dari
metode <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">adabi</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">maudhu’i</i> yang ditawarkan oleh al-Khuli. Bukti dari statemen ini
adalah pengakuan Khalaf sendiri dalam pendahuluan, disamping cara kerja yang
ditempuh yang sama persis dengan yang dikehendaki al-Khuli. Cara kerja yang
dtempuh Khalafullah diantaranya adalah mengumpulkan teks-teks yang berbicara
tentang kisah, kemudian mengurutkan sesuai kronologi turunnya (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tartib al-nuzul</i>) dan disusun dengan
member pemaknaan terhadap teks tersebut melalui jalur <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">adabi</i> (susastera).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[45]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Selain Khalafullah yang mengadopsi
metode al-Khuli. Bintu Syati’ yang memiliki nama lengkap Aisha Abdurrahman (w
2000) yang bertindak sebagai murid juga istri setia al-Khuli menerapkan prinsip
metodologis al-Khuli dalam memahami Al-Quran dalam tafsirnya “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-tafsir al-bayani li Al-Quran al-Karim</i>”
yaitu dengan membiarkan Al-Quran berbicara tentang dirinya, karena, dalam teks Al-Quran,
teks salin menjelaskan satu sama lain. Pembebasan terhadap Al-Quran ini bukan
berarti memahami teks tanpa menggunakan perangkat, akan tetapi, setelah
pertautan antara suatu teks dengan teks lainnya diketahui, maka cara yang
kemudian dikedepankan adalah pelacakan makna yang dikehendaki teks dengan
analisis linguistik dan sastra dengan medan-medan semantik yang jelas. Dalam
pengantar tafsir Bintu Syati’ setidaknya memberikan 2 elemen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan langkah teoritis penting dalam metode
tafsir yang ditawarkannya. (1) penelitian terhadap makna leksikal kosa kata Al-Quran
yang kemudian di jadikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai sarana
untuk mengetahui makna yang dikehendaki dalam konteks pembicaraan ayat. (2)
perlibatan semua ayat yang berbicara tentang satu topik tertentu yang sama.
Langkah kedua ini merupakan bentuk pemberian “ kesempatan” agar Al-Quran berbicara
mengenai dirinya sendiri.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[46]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sarjana ketiga yang mengikuti sekaligus
menopang metdoe susastra adalah Syukri Ayyad. Ia menulis buku berjudul <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Din wa al-Hisab : Dirasah Qur’aniyyah</i>.
Sembari menggunakan metode analisis susastera yang dikembangkan oleh al-Khuli,
Ayyad berpendapat bahwa persoalan eskatologis yang ada dalam Al-Quran merupakan
symbol keagamaan dalam kemasan susastra yang hendaknya dipahami hidayahnya.prinsip
metedologis Ayyad dalam tafsirnya adalah (1) investigasi terhadap makna literal
kosa kata Al-Quran dengan perhatian khusus pada asal kata, perkembangan, serta
pemakaiannyadalam masyarakat pada saat Al-Quran diturunkan. (2) meneliti gaya
tutur Al-Quran melalui stilistik dan mikro struktur dalam kalimat. Sedangkan
yang (3) adalah meneliti aspek sosial dan cultural Arab, terutama saat teks
diturunkan. Ketiga langkah tersebut dalam penelitian Ayyad, menghasilkan
kesiimpulan bahwa eskatologi Al-Quran bisa dipilah menjadi tiga model (1)
penghadapan langsung (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-tawjih</i>) (2)
ilustratif (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-tashwir</i>) (3)
menggunakan situasi dan kondisi yang berlawanan, seperti surga versus neraka.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[47]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid merupakan generasi al-Khuli
yang produktif dan bahkan gigih mengembangkan metode kesusasteraan dalam kajian
Al-Quran. Abu Zaid mengawali dengan penetapan hubungan atau ralasi antara teks
dan interpretasi. Keduanya ibarat dua sisi mata koin yang tidak bisa
dipisahkan. Dengan demikian, teori interpretasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tidak bisa dipisahkan dari teori teks.dalam diskursus interpretasi klasik,
keduanya dipisahkan, mengingat teks diyakini sebagai kepastian religious yang
tidak membutuhkan interpretasi atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ta’wil</i>,
sementara yang kedua, yakni <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ta’wil</i>,
dianggap sebagai teks dalam pengertian aslinya dengan menolak teori tradisional
tentangnya sebagai teks tertutup, sebaliknya, menjadikannya sebagai teks
terbuka yang menuntut adanya interpretasi.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ta’wil</i>
merupakan sisi lain dari teks” statemen abu Zaid ini berada pada level
epistomologis, seperti diungkapkan Abu Zaid di beberapa kesempatan : “ teks
memiliki eksistensi, bebas dari interpretasi dan komentari”. Statemen ini
selayaknya dipahami bahwa teks menggiring kepada aktivitas interpretasi untuk
menemukan dunianya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[48]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Abu zaid banyak berbicara tentang
“interpretasi objektif” meski dalam kenyataannya sangat sulit, yang ia sebut
dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ta’wil</i> sebagai pembanding
interpretasi ideologis atau yang ia sebut dengan talwin. Diskusi tentang
interpretasi obyektif sebagai cita-cita , sejatinya tidak bisa dipisahkan dari
dua mazhab besar teori interpretasi, yakni hermeneutik. Yang pertama adalah
mazhab obyektif yang diusulkan oleh beberapa sarjana seperti Friedrich
Schleiermacher, Wilhelm Dilthey, Emilio Betti, dan ED. Hirsch. Sedangkan yang
kedua adalah mazhab subyektif yang dipengaruhi oleh pemikiran-pemikran Martin
Heidegger dan Hans Georg Gadamer.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[49]</span></span></span></span></a>pemetaan
hermeneutika dapa pula diklasifikasikan sebagai hermenutical theory yang berisi
aturan metodologis untuk sampai kepada pemahaman yang diinginkan pengarang
(author0 dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hermeneutical philosophy</i>
yang lebih mencermati dimensi filosofis fenomenologis pemahaman. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[50]</span></span></span></span></a>Abu
Zaid menggabungkan dua model hermeneutika<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ini, meski terlihat pengaruh mazhab obyektif lebih besar ketimbang
subyektif. Berkaitan dengan takwil sebagai pembacaan kreatif atas teks diharapkan
mampu melahirkan pemahaman obyektif, Abu Zaid memisahkan antara “makna” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-ma’na</i>) dengan “signifikansi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Maghza</i>). Pemisahan keduanya tidak
pula bisa dipisahkan dari pemikiran Hirsch, yang pernah mengatakan “ bukan
makna yang berubah tapi signifikansinya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[51]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari penjabaran tokoh-tokoh kontemporer
yang mencoba mendekati Al-Quran dengan metode sastra dapat disimpulkan bahwa
prinsip metodologis lebih bersifat interdispliner, mulai dari tematik, hermeneutik,
hingga linguistik dengan pendekatan sosiologis, antropologis, psikologis,
historis, semantik dan disiplin keilmuan masing-masing <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mufassir</i>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[52]</span></span></span></span></a>
Teori hermeneutika yang mereka kembangkan adalah hermeneutika teoritis yang
berisi cara untuk memahami. Dalam teori hermeneutika ini merupakan kajian
penuntun bagi sebuah pemahaman yang akurat dan proporsional. Bagaimanakah
pemahaman yang komprehensif itu? Itulah pertanyaan utama dari hermeneutika
teoritis. Tentu saja sebagaimana asumsi awal bahwa perbedaan konteks
mempengaruhi perbedaan pemahaman, maka hermeneutika dalam kelompok pertama ini
merekomendasikan pemahaman konteks sebagai salah satu aspek yang harus
dipertimbangkan untuk memperoleh pemahaman yang komprehensif. Selain
pertanyaan-pertanyaan seputar makna teks seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bagaimana makna teks secara morfologis,
leksikologis dan sintaksis, perlu pula pertanyaan-pertanyaan seperti dari siapa
teks itu berasal? Untuk tujuan apa. Dalam kondisi apa dan bagaimana kondisi
pengarangya ketika teks tersebut disusun? Dan lain sebagainya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[53]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3.3.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Validitas Penafsiran</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terkait dengan validitas penafsiran,
tafsir teoritis masa kontemporer menganut tiga teori kebenaran yaitu teori
koherensi, teori korespondensi, dan teori pragmatisme. Pertama : teori
koherensi. Teori ini mengatakan bahwa sebuah penafsiran dianggap benar apabila
ia sesuai dengan proporsi-proporsi sebelumnya dan konsisten menerapkan
metodologi yang dibangun oleh setiap penafsir.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[54]</span></span></span></span></a>
Menelisik prinsip metodologis dan aplikasi metode dalam tataran praksis oleh
Amin al-Khuli beserta murid-muridnya, sangat boleh dikatakan bahwa mereka
konsisten menerapkan metode sastra atau tafsir sastra dalam mendekati Al-Quran
yang mampu memberikan kontribusi yang signifikan dalam menghadapi
kegelisahan-kegilsahan kaum muslim dewasa ini. kedua : teori korespondensi :
seperti yang telah dijelaskan defenisinya diatas bahwa sebuah penafsiran
dikatakan benar apabila ia berkorespondensi, sesuai dan cocok dengan fakta
ilmiah di lapangan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[55]</span></span></span></span></a>para
penafsir sastra Al-Quran menganut teori ini lantaran mereka sangat mengindahkan
ojektivitas penafsiran yang diukur oleh adanya kesesuaian antara hasil
penafsiran dengan makna dasar ketika Al-Quran diturunkan dengan menggunakan
pendekatan historis dan filologi. Ketiga : teori Pragmatisme : teori ini
mengatakan bahwa sebuah penafsiran dikatakan benar apabila ia secara praktis
mampu memberikan solusi prkasis bagi problem sosial yang muncul.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[56]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mengevaluasi tujuan penafsiran Tokoh-tokoh tafsir sastra kontemporer adalah
al-bayan (pengantar sastra) sebagai pembaharuan terhadap teori interpretasi
para sarjana klasik yang kerap dikacaukan dengan pengkaburan makna dasar teks
oleh tafsir afirmatif. Tujuan penafsiran Amin al-Khuli mencoba memurnikan nalar
bayani dengan pendekatan teori-teori sastra modern.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Karakteristik dan Tujuan Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Karakteristik dasar dari penafsiran
sastra kontemporer bersifat kritis. Amin al-Khuli menyatakan bahwa awal
pembaharuan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah membunuh pemahaman
lama ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">awwal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>al-tajdid qatl<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>al-qadim fahman</i>), transformatif, solutif
dan non ideologis<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[57]</span></span></span></span></a>. Jika
Tujuan dari interpretasi Muhammad ‘‘Abduh adalah semangat mendapat petunjuk
dari Al-Quran maka tujuan paling awal dan mendasarbagi proses bagi Amin al-Khuli
adalh “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Bayan</i>” sebab tujuan inilah
yang : darinya muncul berbagai tujuan lainnya dan yang mendasari berbagai
tujuan tersebut ( dan di<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>antaranya
adalah tujuan mendapatkan hidayah menurut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Muhammad ‘‘Abduh). tujuan ini harus dipenuhi terlebih dahulu sebelum
berupaya mewujudkan tujuan manapun lainnya, apakah itu tujuan lain tersebut
bersifat ilmiah atau praktis, keagamaan dan duniawi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Epilog</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam khazanah ilmu tafsir ditemukan dua
term yang sangat akrab bagi pengkaji tafsir, yakni : Tafsir dan Ta’wil. Istilah
tafsir lebih<i> </i>dikenal sebagai cara untuk mengurai bahasa, konteks dan
pesan-pesan moral yang terkandung dalam teks atau <i>nash </i>kitab suci.
Sedangkan Ta’wil lebih pada penemuan makna dari teks yang bersifat metaforis.
Ta’wil dapat dikategorikan menjadi dua bagian yaitu : Pertama : ta’wil atau
penafsiran yang melewati batas-batas leksikal dan adanya keterkaitan dengan
makna dasar. Penafsiran jenis ini kerap digunakan dalam tafsir retoris dan
sastra Al-Quran. Kedua : ta’wil atau penafsiran yang melampaui batas-batas
leksikal tanpa ada keterhubungan dari segi bahasa dengan makna dasar. Metode
ta’wil jenis ini dapat dijumpai dalam tafsir sufistik.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Metode tafsir dan ta’wil jenis pertama
dikategeorikan dalam nalar bayani. Sedangkan metode Ta’wil jenis kedua
dikategorikan sebagai metode nalar Irfani. Aplikasi sebuah nalar dalam tahap
hegemoni dan mendominasi mengakibatkan fanatisme-reduksionis dan otoritas
tertinggi yang menjadi tujuan penafsiran. Pendekatan <i>at-Ta’wil al-‘Ilmi</i>
yang merupakan tawaran solutif Amin Abdullah terhadap kegelisahan intelektual
dengan menjadikan pendekatan al-Ta’wil al-Ilmi sebagai model tafsir alternatif
terhadap teks menggunakan jalur lingkar hermeneutis yang mendialogkan secara
sungguh-sungguh antara paradigma epistemologi <i>Bayani</i>, paradigma
epistemologi <i>Burhani</i> dan paradigma epistemologi <i>‘Irfani</i> dalam
satu gerak putar yang saling mengontrol, mengkritik, memperbaiki dan
menyempurnakan kekurangan yang melekat pada masing-masing paradigma, khususnya
jika masing-masing paradigma berdiri sendiri-sendiri, terpisah antara yang satu
dan lainnya. Pesan kemanusian dan keadilan yang melekat dalam al-Qur’an yang
sering disebut dengan istilah <i>rahmatan li al-alamin</i> (universal) hanya
dapat dipahami dengan baik jika para penafsir kitab suci kontemporer memahami
adanya tiga paradigma epistemologi pemikiran keislaman dan mampu mendialogkan
secara kritis-dinamis-proporsional baik secara pribadi maupun kelompok sehingga
ekslusivitas pemikiran (<i>ideas; thought</i>) dan kelembagaan sosial-keagamaan
(<i>institution</i>) dapat dihindari sedapat mungkin dan kerjasama atau <i>cooperation</i>
antar berbagai kelompok sosial keagamaan menjadi niscaya tanpa harus mendahulukan
<i>prejudice-prejudice</i> kultural, sosial maupun keagamaan. Hanya dengan
demikian, barangkali apa yang disebut transformasi sosial dan humanisasi
ilmu-ilmu keislaman lewat penafsiran dan pemaknaan pesan-pesan kitab suci yang
bersifat emansipatoris dapat teraktualisasikan baik secara teori maupun
praksis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[58]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Dr. Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.129-130</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.132</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ignaz Goldziher, Mazhab tafsir, terj.M. Alaika Salamullah dkk.
(Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2010) hlm. 88-89</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Dr. Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.133</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ignaz Goldziher, Mazhab tafsir, terj.M. Alaika Salamullah dkk.
(Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2010) hlm.94-95</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fuad Sazchein, Tarikh al-Turats al-Arabi, (Riyadh : jamiah Imam
Muhammad bin Sa’ud al-Islamiyyah press, 1991) hlm. 65</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Dr. Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.137</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fuad Sazchein, Tarikh al-Turats al-Arabi, (Riyadh : jamiah Imam
Muhammad bin Sa’ud al-Islamiyyah press, 1991) hlm. 65</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> . Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.138-139</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> ibid</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid. hlm. 143-146</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahd bin Abd al-Rahman bin Sulaiman al-Rumi<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Ittijahat al-Tafsir fi al-Qarni al-Rabi’ asyara</i>, (Riyadh :
al-Risalah, 1997)hlm. 873-874</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibn Qutaibah, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ta’wîl Musykil
al-Qur’an</i> (Kairo: tp., 1326), hlm. 10</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahd bin Abd al-Rahman bin Sulaiman al-Rumi<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Ittijahat al-Tafsir fi al-Qarni al-Rabi’ asyara</i>, (Riyadh :
al-Risalah, 1997)hlm.874</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> ibid</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm. 875</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">J.Sudarminta, Epistomologi Dasar, Pengantar Filsafat Pengetahuan
(Yogyakarta : kanisius, 2002) hlm. 18-19</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm.44</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Fuat Sazgin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tarikh al-Turats
al-Arabi</i>, (Riyadh : jamiah Imam Muhammad bin Sa’ud al-Islamiyyah press,
1991) hlm. 65</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Muhammad ‘Abduh, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-A’mal
al-Kamilah lil imam al-syaikh Muhammad ‘Abduh</i>, tahq. Muhammad Imarah (Cairo
: Dar al-Syuruq, 2009) hlm.11</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Drs. H. Ahmad Izzan,Mag, Metodologi Ilmu Tafsir (Bandung : Tafakur,
2011) hlm.127-144</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.180</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.184</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm. 166</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> J.Sudarminta, Epistomologi Dasar, Pengantar Filsafat Pengetahuan
(Yogyakarta : kanisius, 2002) hlm. 18-19</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm. 45</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Muhammad ‘Abduh, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-A’mal
al-Kamilah lil imam al-syaikh Muhammad ‘Abduh</i>, tahq. Muhammad Imarah (Cairo
: Dar al-Syuruq, 2009) hlm.9</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta :
Adab press,2004) hlm.130</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.133</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Muhammad ‘Abduh, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-A’mal
al-Kamilah lil imam al-syaikh Muhammad ‘Abduh</i>, tahq. Muhammad Imarah (Cairo
: Dar al-Syuruq, 2009) hlm.10-11</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta :
Adab press,2004) hlm. 314</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> J.J.G. Jansen, The Interpretation of The Quran in Modern Egypt
(Leiden : E.J Brill, 1980) hlm. 96</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta :
Adab press,2004) hlm.127-129</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.129-130</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> J.J.G. Jansen, The Interpretation of The Quran in Modern Egypt
(Leiden : E.J Brill, 1980) hlm.30</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Muhammad ‘Abduh, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-A’mal
al-Kamilah lil imam al-syaikh Muhammad ‘Abduh</i>, tahq. Muhammad Imarah (Cairo
: Dar al-Syuruq, 2009) hlm.11</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta :
Adab press,2004) hlm127</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahd bin Abd al-Rahman bin Sulaiman al-Rumi<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Ittijahat al-Tafsir fi al-Qarni al-Rabi’ asyara</i>, (Riyadh :
al-Risalah, 1997)hlm.893</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ahmad Muhammad Salim, al-Islam al-Aqlani, tajdid al-fikri ad-Dini
‘inda Amin al-Khuli (cairo : maktabah Usrah, 2009) hlm.114</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> M. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, ( Yogyakarta
: elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.12</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 357.75pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Amin al-Khuli, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta : Adab
press,2004) hlm71<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> M. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.14</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Amin al-Khuli, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta : Adab
press,2004) hlm77-78</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ahmad Muhammad Salim, al-Islam al-Aqlani, tajdid al-fikri ad-Dini
‘inda Amin al-Khuli (cairo : maktabah Usrah, 2009) hlm.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> M. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm. 32</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 46.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[46]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.36-37</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm. 40-41</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn48" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.42-43</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn49" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm. 45-46</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn50" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahruddin Faiz, Hermeneutika Al-Quran, tema-tema controversial
(Yogyakarta :ELsaq,2011) hlm. 7</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn51" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> M. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.46</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn52" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm. 84</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn53" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahruddin Faiz, Hermeneutika Al-Quran, tema-tema controversial
(Yogyakarta :ELsaq,2011) hlm. 8</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn54" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[54]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm. 83</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn55" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[55]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn56" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[56]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn57" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[57]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm. 84</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn58" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[58]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Amin Abdullah, prolog dalam Dekonstruksi Pemahaman Teks Kitab Suci
Agama ( Yogyakarta : Pustaka Rihlah, 2008) hlm. 1-2</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15459359199860346996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5462140917247044952.post-75680506996875466232012-11-18T07:28:00.001-08:002012-11-18T07:28:14.842-08:00Epistomologi Tafsir Teoritis<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Prolog</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Quran <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diturunkan di tengah-tengah komunitas Arab
pada abad 6 M merupakan fenomena yang layak diteliti. Kegelisahan-kegelisahan
umat muslim kontemporer dari pelbagai penjuru kembali merujuk kepada Al-Quran
sebagai pedoman hidup umat islam. kecenderungan kebahasaan para gramatikus Arab
dan non Arab mencoba mendekati Al-Quran dengan pendekatan kebahasaan dengan
pelbagai perangkat interpretasi. Pesona keindahan bahasa Al-Quran menyihir para
pengkaji Al-Quran dalam berteorisasi ria yang kemudian melahirkan teori-teori
bahasa dan sastra. Al-Quran ibarat sebuah berlian yang menyilaukan mata para
pengkaji Al-Quran dan terkesima dengan keindahannya. Dari Al-Quran, para
pengkaji merumuskan teori dan metodologi yang kemudian mengalami perkembangan
pesat dan secara gradual, dikukuhkan sebagai disiplin ilmu. Tak heran jika
Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid secara berani mengatakan bahwa “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">peradaban Arab adalah peradaban teks</i>” dan Amin al-Khuli menegaskan
bahwa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Quran adalah kitab sastra Arab terbesar dan teragung</i>” yang
lantas didekati dengan pendekatan ilmu-ilmu kemanusiaan seperti bahasa, sastra
dan psikologi dsb.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tafsir Sastra yang marak dikenal pada
abad 20 dan dianggap sebagai hasil perkenalan akut dan hasil adopsi dengan disiplin
ilmu kritik sastra barat tidak dapat diterima seutuhnya, tetapi wacana tafsir
sastra yang menggema di abad kontemporer memiliki landasan teoritis dan
konstruk epistomologi pada masa klasik dan hasil akumulasi dari pergumulan
ilmu-ilmu modern. Tokoh-tokoh kenamaan sekaliber Ibn Abbas, al-Farra’, Abu
Ubaidah, al-Jurjani, Abd al-Jabbar, al-jahiz dan al-Baqillani dan tokoh-tokoh
lainnya memiliki pemikiran yang melampaui batas-batas zamannya. Kehadiran Muhammad
‘Abduh dan Taha Husain kemudian memuluskan jalan bagi Amin al-Khuli dan
penerus-penerusnya dengan mereformulasi dan menetapkan prinsip-prinsip
metodologis dalam seni interpretasi yang dalam pembacaan kontemporer dikenal
dengan Hermeneutika. Nashr Hamid abu Zaid mencoba mendialektikan antara teks
dan realitas dengan teori makna dan maghza yang berubah-rubah yang didasari
dengan semangat objektivitas penafsiran.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jejak Historis Tafsir Teoritis </span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Melacak jejak sejarah benih-benih tafsir
teoritis dapat dijumpai pada masa kenabian. Pemikiran ini menurut Dr.M.Nur
Khalis Setiawan berdasarkan atas beberapa data yang menunjukkan bahwa Nabi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Muhammad SAW telah memberikan beberapa
interpretasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang erat kaitannya dengan terminologi
disiplin sastra atab yang berkembang belakangan, meski penafsiran Nabi tidak terlalu
banyak dijadikan para pengamat tafsir sebagai tafsir periode awal dalam sejarah
penafsiran Al-Quran. Nampak jelas ketika Nabi menafsirkan surah al- Baqarah
ayat 187 : “ makan minumlah engkau hingga terang bagimu benang putih dari
benang hitam yaitu fajar “.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dengan
mengatakan “ yang dimaksud dengan benang hitam adalah gelapnya malam dan benang
putih adalah terangnya siang.” Peralihan makna frasa dari benang hitam dan
putih ke benang yang lain,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yakni
gelapnya malam dan terangnya siang, merupakan perubahan makna dari makna asli
ke makana majazi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Meski secara kuantitas tidak terlalu banyak menunjukkan model penafsiran
susastera, interpretasi Nabi benar-benar telah mendapatkan legitimasi historis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Salah satu generasi penerus yang
melakukan penafsiran seperti yang dilakukan Nabi adalah Abdullah Ibn Abbas
(w.68/687) putra dari paman Nabi dan putra dari kakek (tertua) dari keluarga
besar Abbasiah. Para pengkaji tafsir menyebutnya sebagai “bapak tafsir” karna
otoritasnya dalam disiplin ilmu bak lautan tak bertepi dan dijuluki dengan
gelar “ Tarjuman Al-Quran” yang telah diberkahi oleh rasulullah sendiri.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
Demikian pula karya-karya tafsir yang bermunculan setelah itu, tidak bisa
dilepaskan dari pengaruh serta kretifitas Ibn Abbas. Sehingga
interpretasi-interpretasi yang dilakukan Ibn Abbas bisa dijadikan sebagai awal
mula penafsiran susastra dengan bukti data-data historis yang kuat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Menelisik lebih jauh sosok Ibn Abbas ditemukan bahwa Ibn Abbas tekun bergaul
dengan penyair klasik, sebab mereka adalah kalangan yang dipandang mempunyai
kesiapan lebih karena pergumulan mereka dengan bahasa dalam bidang tafsir.
Berkenaan dengan lafazh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">haraj </i>dalam
surat al-Haj ayat 78 dia menjelaskan prinsip berikut ini : “ apabila kamu
merasa asing dengan sesuatu dalam Al-Quran maka lihatlah dalam syair, karena
syair adalah murni bahasa Arab. Data sejarah mengisahkan bahwa Nafi’ bin
al-Azraq bertanya kepada Ibn Abbas tentang sejumlah kosa kata Al-Quran. Nafi’
meminta kepada Ibn Abbas supaya mencari makna-makna tersebut dengan menggunakan
syair klasik. Dalam jawaban Ibn Abbas kepada pertanyaan Nafi’ bin al-Azraq
terdapat tafsiran sekitar dua tatus kalimat dengan munggunakan bukti atau dalil
dari syair klasik. Ini adalah sebuah pengakuan dari para ahli bahasa masa
belakangan kepada bapak tafsir yang menggagas metode linguistic dalam tafsir Al-Quran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penafsiran dengan metode linguistik
kemudian dilanjutkan oleh murid-murid Ibn Abbas diantaranya adalah : Mujahid,
Ikrimah, said bun jabir, Qatadah,dan al-Dhahhak.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Murid yang paling menonjol dalam penafsiran dengan pendekatan kebahasaan adalah
Mujahid. Interpretasi-interpretasi yang dilakukannya sangat kental dengan
penafsiran metaforis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>maka
tak heran jika Mujahid dikategorikan sebagai salah satu dari benih-benih
penafsiran rasionalis dalam Islam.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
generasi setalah Mujahid yang ambil bagian dalam mengembangkan “ stadium
embrional” tafsir sastra adalah Ibn Juraij, Maqatil ibn Sulaiman, Sufyan
al-Tsauri, Abu Ubaidah al-Mutsanna’ dan Yahya ibn Ziyad al-Farra’.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Para sarjana tersebut dalam karya-karyanya, secara implisitmenegaskan bahwa Al-Quran
adalah sebuah teks. Penyimpulan seperti ini diperoleh dari analisis holistic
terhadap buah tangan mereka. Sebuah kenyataan yang tak terbantahkan akan
perlakuan mereka terhadap Al-Quran adalah penekanan bahwa Al-Quran adalah teks
berbahasa Arab, sehingga ilmu bahasa Arab merupakan perangkat pertama dan
nisacaya dalam memahami teks Al-Quran.mereka bersepakat bahwa dalam wilayah
kebahasaan terdapat dua aspek dan tingkatan yang saling terkait dan
berkelindan. Dua hal tersebut adalah apa yang ada dalam disiplin bahasa
kontemporer dengan “ syntagma “ (tarkib) sebagai bagian integral dari
pembentukan dan bangunan sebuah kalimat, serta “ paradigm” (dalalah), sebagai
elemen pembangun lainnya dalam bahasa.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Membincang lebih lanjut “stadium
embrional “<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>setalah generasi Mujahid,
nampaknya penafsiran yang paling kental denga pendaran linguistiknya adalah Abd
al-Malik ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Juraij. Ibn Juraij termasuk dalam sederet pengkaji
Al-Quran klasik yang mengedepankan prinsip :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bagian Al-Quran menjelaskan bagian yang lain ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Quran yufassiru ba’duhu ba’dhan</i>). Disamping itu ia juga menaruh
perhatian kepada artu penting aspek-aspek Mubhamat Al-Quran, mengingat gaya
bertutut Al-Quran memang demikian adanya. Ibn Jurai berkeyakinan bahwa konteks
sebuah ayat dalam Al-Quran memiliki peran yang sangat penting. “ kesadaran “
akan konteks dari sebuah teks sebagai perangkat adalah niscaya dalm memahami
teks keagamaan yang dalam kacamata semantic modern lazim disebut dengan “makna
dasar”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan “makna relasional” .
kesadaran akan dua aspek makna tersebut dalam khazanah islam klasik, salah
satunya dikembangkan oleh ibn Juraij. Demikian juga Ibn Juraij menaruh
perhatian pada gaya tutur stilistika Al-Quran yang beragam dan membicarakan
pengualangan kata atau kalimat (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Tikrar</i>)
serta tertarik menyibukkan diri dengan gramatikal ayat-ayat Al-Quran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Para sarjana klasik dengan pelbagai
karyanya yang telah disebutkan diatas diklasifikasikan sebagai penafsiran
sebelum masa kodifikasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">asru tadwin</i> ) dan sarjana klasik pertama
yang menulis pada masa kodifikasi adalah Abu Ubaidah dengan magnum
opus-nya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“majaz Al-Quran”. Di tangan Abu
Ubaidah pertama kali mendefenisikan pengertian majaz. Abu Ubaidah ketika
dihadapkan dengan teks Al-Quran, ia berusaha mengklasifikasikan dan menunjukkan
pengertian denotatif dan konotatif sebuah lafadz teks dan menjelaskan aspek
metaforis dan perumpamaan dalam Al-Quran. Generasi setelah yang melanjutkan
tongkat estafet penafsiran Al-Quran dengan pendekatan kebahasaan adalah
al-Farra’ dengan karangannya “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ma’ani Al-Quran</i>”
metode al-farra’ dalam kitabnya hampir menyamai metode Abu Ubaidah,namun nuansa
gramatika bahasa Arab nampaknya sangat kental menyesaki karangannya. Yang
kemudian disusul oleh al-Jahidz dengan “Nadzm Al-Quran”-nya , Ibn Qutaibah
dengan “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ta’wil Muyskilu Al-Quran</i>”-nya
yang dilandasi dengan semangat pembelaan terhadap aspek kemukjizatan Al-Quran.
Jika al-Jahidz adalah juru bicara Mu’tazilah maka Ibnu Qutaibah merupakan juru
bicara Ahlu Sunnah wa al-Jama’ah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada abad ke-4 H, dogma I’jaz Al-Quran
mendapat perhatian penuh dari para teolog dan penafsir Al-Quran.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hal itu dapat dibuktikan dengan menjamurnya
karangan sarjana muslim klasik yang memusatkan penelitiannya terhadap aspek
kemukjizatan dalam Al-Quran. Relasi antara I’jaz Al-Quran dengan aspek
kebahasaan Al-Quran tidak bisa dipisahkan satu sama lainnya. Ibnu Qutaibah
berpendapat bahwa pembahasan serta diskusi mengenai ajaran dan keyakinan
tentang i’jâz al-Qur’ân yang muncul belakangan, tidak bisa dilepaskan dari dua
aspek bahasa, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lafzhi</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ma’nawi</i>. Lafzhi berarti leksikal dan
makna struktural, sementara ma’nawi adalah teori makna.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
Pada abad ini muncul sarjana muslim seperti al-Rummani dengan “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-nukat fi I’jaz Al-Quran</i>” ,
al-Khatthabi dengan “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bayan I’jaz Al-Quran</i>”
, Abu al-Hasan Abd al-Jabbaral-Hamdani dengan kitabnya “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Mughni fi Abwabi al-Tauhid wa al-Adl</i>” dan Abu Bakr al-Baqillani
dengan magnumopusnya “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I’jaz Al-Quran</i>
“.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada abad selanjutnya yaitu pada abad ke
-5, diterbitkan “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dala’il al-Ijaz</i>”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang sangat fenomenal yang ditulis oleh Abd
al-Qahir al-Jurjani dan kitan “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Risalat
al-Syafiah fi I’jaz Al-Quran</i>”. Dan pada abad ke 6 H al-Zamakhsyari seolah
megumpulkan teori-teori terdahulu dalam tafsirnya “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Kassyaf</i>” yang bernuansa kebahasaan. Dan disusul oleh Fakhruddin
al-Razi dengan “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nihayat al-Ijaz fi Dirayat
al-I’jaz</i>”. Pada abad ke-7 H, Abu al-Asba’ al-Mashri menulis “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Badi’ Al-Quran”</i>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dan pada abad-abad selanjutnya mucul sederetan nama seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Imam Yahya bin Hamzah al-Alawi degan kitab “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Tharaz</i>” , Umar al-Biqa’I dengan kitab
yang diberi judul “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nadzmu al-Durar fi
tanasub al-ayat wa al-suwar</i>” dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Jalaluddin al-Suyuti pemilik “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tanasuk
al-durar fi tanasub al-suwar</i>”. Sampai pada masa kontemporer para sarjana
semisal Muhammad Rajab Bayyumi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan
Hufnaa Muhammad Syaraf memberikan perhatian lebih pada corak penafsiran dengan
pendekatan kebahasaan. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Epistomologi Tafsir Teoritis</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk meneliti lebih jauh konstruk
epistomologi tafsir teoritis dengan menggunakan pendekatan kebahasaan dan
sastra maka penulis terlebih dahulu memaparkan defenisi epistomologi itu
sendiri. Epistomologi adalah suatu disiplin ilmu yang bersifat evaluative,
normative, dan kritis. Evaluatif berarti bersifat menilai, ia menilai suatu
keyakinan, sikap, pernyataan pendapatm teori pengetahuan dapat dibenarkan,
dijamin kebenarannya, atau memiliki dasar yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan
secara nalar. Normatif berarti menentukan tolak ukur, dan dalam hal ini tolak
ukur kenalaran adalah kebenaran pengetahuan. Sedangkan kritis berarti banyak
mempertanyakan dan menguji kenalaran cara maupun hasil kegiatan manusia
mengetahui.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dalam hal ini penulis mencoba mengklasifikasikan tafsir teoritis ke dalam tiga
fase penafsiran karena menurut asumsi penulis untuk menghadirkan tiga poin
penting dari epistomolgi dibutuhkan pemetaan yang jelas. Begitu pula ,tafsir
teoritis dengan menggunakan pendekatan bahasa dan sastra memiliki karakteristik
dan perkembangan yang signifikan serta tujuan penafsiran yang berbeda. Ketga
kategori tersebut yaitu (1) epistomologi tafsir kebahasaan pada masa klasik (2)
epistomologi tafsir kesusasteraan masa modern (3) epistomologi tafsir
kesusasteraan pada masa kontemporer.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Epistomologi Tafsir Kebahasaan Masa Klasik</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Secara kategoris , Jhon Wansbrough
memetakan karya-karya tafsir yang muncul pada era klasik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menjadi lima jenis. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pertama</i> : tafsir naratif, yakni tafsir yang penjelasannya disertai
ulasan disekitar konteks turunnya ayat, contoh tafsir model ini adalah tafsir
karya Sulaiman ibn Maqatil. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kedua</i> :
tafsir legal, yaitu tafsir yang sangat kental dengan nuansa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hukumnya . tafsir karya sulaiman ini juga
merupakan cfontoh yang baik bagi model tafsir jenis ini. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ketiga</i> : tafsir tekstual, yaitu tafsir yang lebih focus pada uraian
tentang aspek-aspek leksikon dalam ragam bacaan ayat Al-Quran. Contohnya adalah
tafsir Ma’ani Al-Quran karya al-Farra’. Tafsir ini lebih berusaha menjelaskan
berbagai problem gramtika dan tekstual Al-Quran. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Keempat</i> : tafsir retorik : yaitu tafsir yang lebih menonjolkan
uraian tentang retorika dan sastra Al-Quran, seperti tafsir Majaz Al-Quran
karya Abu Ubaidah. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kelima</i> : tafsir
alegoris, yaitu tafsir yang mengungkap makna simbolik Al-Quran. Tafsir sufistik
karya at-Tustari , merupakan contoh yang baik bagi jenis tafsir alegoris.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari klasifikasi Jhon Wonsbrough dapat
dikatakan bahwa yang termasuk dalam tafsir teoritis adalah jenis ketiga dan
keempat, yaitu Tafsir Tekstual dan Tafsir Retorik.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sumber Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al-Quran
yang diturunkan dengan bahasa Arab sebagai media komunikasi tuhan dengan
manusia mendapatkan perhatian dari kaum muslim Arab pada masa itu. Bapak
tafsir, Ibn Abbas dengan kecerdasan dan wawasan bahasa Arab yang mumpuni
mencoba meneliti kosa kata Al-Quran dengan merujuk pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sya’ir</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jahiliah</i> untuk
mendapatkan makna asli. Sehingga dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Risalah</i>
karya Syafi’I sebagaimana dikutip Ignaz Goldziher<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berhasil merampungkan sekitar dua rastus kosa
kata dan menemukan arti etimologis-nya. Penjelasan dua ratus kosa kata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gharib</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dalam Al-Quran tidak serta merta berdasarkan Syai’r jahili semata namun
sumber dari hadis Nabi dan penelitian filologis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kibar</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sahabat </i>dimanfaatkan
oleh Ibn Abbas dalam merumuskan dan menjelaskan arti kosa kata yang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gharib</i> (asing) atas permintaan Nafi’ bin
al- Azraq. Demikian pula Ibn Abbas menukil dari filolog buku-buku pra-islam
yaitu Abu al-Jald Mukahdraman dan wawasan dari Ka’ab al-Ahbar dan Abdullah bin
Salam, muallaf dari agama Yahudi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perluasan kekuasaan islam pada masa awal
islam yang meliputi bangsa Arab maupun non-Arab mengakibatkan pengetahuan akan
bahasa Arab menjelma menjadi sebuah kebutuhan dan niscaya. Al-Quran yang
merupakan sumber primer kaum muslim<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan
bahasa Arab sebagai bahasa Al-Quran menjadikan keduanya ibarat dua sisi mata koin
yang tak terpisahkan. Sehingga tidak mengherankan ketika kamus Al-Quran
menjamur pada dinasti Umawiyyah dan Abbasiah sebagai buku pedoman bangsa Arab
dan non-Arab dalam memahami Al-Quran. Begitu pula Konsep I’jaz Al-Quran
memotivasi para sarjana klasik memberi penjelasan hakikat kemukjizatan Al-Quran
sehingga upaya yang mereka kerahkan dapat melahirkan sekian teori-teori bahasa
dan sastra yang kemudian berimplikasi kuat terhadap perkembangan ilmu balaghah
dan dikukuhkan sebagai disiplin ilmu yang independen.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Metodologi penafsiran dengan pendekatan
kebahasaan baik oleh ulama mutaqaddimin maupun muta’akhirin secara umum
bersifat deduktif-analitik. Deduktif berarti menafsirkan teks Al-Quran dengan
berupaya merincikan makna asli (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">exact
meaning</i>) kosa kata Al-Quran dengan merujuk pada pemakaian bahasa bangsa Arab
pada masa Al-Quran diturunkan dengan pendekatan filologi terhadap <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">syi’ir jahiliah</i> dan bahasa Arab kuno.
Analitik berarti menafsirkan Al-Quran dengan cara atomistik, parsial dan
terpisah-pisah sesuai dengan urutan ayat Al-Quran dalam mushaf utsmani. Pada
perkembangannya corak penafsiran kebahasaan jenis ini menyesaki Al-Quran dengan
kaidah-kaidah kebahasan dari segi gramatikalnya sehingga oleh Muhammad ‘Abduh
dikritik dengan mengatakan bahwa analisis I’rab Al-Quran pada penafsiran
kebahasaan islam klasik tidak layak disebut sebagai tafsir tetapi sebagai ajang
latihan disiplin ilmu gramatikal Arab terhadap Al-Quran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada perkembangan selanjutnya, para
gramatikus yang bergelut dengan penafsiran Al-Quran merumuskan beberapa kaidah
dengan pendekatan kebahasaan sebagai berikut : (1) redaksi yang bersifat umum
mengandung pengertian umum yang sepadan (2) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">alif-lam</i>
pada kata sifat dan ism al-jins menunjuk seluruh pengertian yang tercakup
didalamnya (3) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">an-nakirah</i> dalam
konteks an-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nahy</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">an-nafy, as-syarah</i> atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-istifham</i>
menunjuk pada pengertian umum.(4) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Mudhaf</i>
(kata kepunyaan) juga menunjuk pada pengertian umum sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ism al-jam’I</i> (5) ism yang disebutkan
secara tersendiri menunjuk pada pengertian sefcara umum. (6) peniadaan objek
kalimat yang menunjuk pada pengertian umum yang sepadan. (7) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jawab as-Syart</i> yang tidak disebutkan
dalam ayat menunjukkan penting atau dahsyatnya hal yang dibicarakan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">penafsiran retoris masa klasik merupakan
benih perkembangan tafsir sastra pada masa kontemporer. Konsep majaz yang
digagas oleh Abu Ubaidillah berangkat dari perkenalan akut para sarjana klasik
dalam memhami doktrin I’jaz Al-Quran dari aspek retorika dan keindahan
bahasanya. Yang kemudian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melahirkan
teori Metafora (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Isti’arah</i>), seni
perbandingan ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tasybih</i>), parabel (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Matsal</i>) dan metonisme (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kinayah</i>) yang merupakan bentuk-bentuk
Majaz. Dan kemudian teori konstruksi teks (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nadzm</i>)
yang dirintis oleh al-Jahidz dan dilanjutkan oleh al-Jurjani dalam “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dala’il al-Ijaz</i>” nya dan diaplikasikan
secara praksis terhadap teks Alqran oleh al-Zamakhsyari dalam “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Kassyaf</i>” dan Said Nursi dalam “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Isyarat al-I’jaz fi madzanni al-Ijaz</i>”
sehingga bisa disimpulkan bahwa teori Majaz dan Nadzm merupakan elemen-elemen
formatif tafsir teoritis sebagaimana Nur Khalis Setiawan kisahkan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Majaz yang diartikan sebagai lawan dari
haqiqah, <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a>sebagaimana
dipahami oleh Al-Jahidz yang kemudian dikembangkan Van Ess dengan pengertian
sebagai : sesuatu yang melampaui batas-batas leksikal<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a>
mengindikasikan bahwa penafsiran progresif dan non-tekstual dapat ditemukan
pada penafsiran sarjana islam klasik terlebih pada literautur Mu’tazilah. Dari
penjabaran diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa metodologi tafsir retoris menggunakan
teori-teori sastra klasik dalam menyibak keindahan bahasa Al-Quran meskipun
secara umum masih menggunakan metode deduktif-analitik dari penafsiran yang
mereka suguhkan.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Validitas Penafisran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam ilmu semantik kontemporer makna
dapat diklasifikasikan dengan makna dasar ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Grundbedutung</i>)
dan makna relasional (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">relational
Bedeutung</i>). Makna dasar yang dimaksud disini adalah kandungan kontekstual
dari kosa kata yang akan tetap melekat pada kata tersebut, meskipun kata
tersebut dipisahkan dari konteks pembicaraan kalimat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sementara makna relasional adalah makna
konotatif, yang dalam prakteknya, sangat bergantung kepada konteks sekaligus
relasi dengan kosa kata lainnya dalam kalimat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a> Menyoal
validitas penafsiran teoritis dengan pendekatan kebahasaan dalam Al-Quran
sejatinya keabsahan sebuah penafsiran jika penafsiran tersebut sesuai dengan
makna asli (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">exact meaning</i>) atau makna
dasar bahasa Arab ketika Al-Quran diturunkan. Begitu pula validitas penafsiran
teoritis dengan pendekatan sastra apabila sebuah penafsiran sesuai atau adanya
keterkaitan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">aspek relasional</i>) dengan
makna dasar.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adapun kaidah-kaidah dengan pendekatan
kebahasaan yang dirumuskan oleh para sarjana klasik mendapat legitimasi dari
otoritas ahli bahasa dan para penafsir dengan menyatakan bahwa standar
validitas penafsiran juga harus sesuai dengan kaidah-kaidah kebahasaan yang
telah diformasikan pada masa klasik agar terhindar dari penafsiran liar yang
tidak terikat dengan batas-batas leksial teks Al-Quran.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam kajian epistomologi, dikenal tiga
teori kebenaran yang kerap dijadikan sebagai acuan kebenaran, yaitu (1) teori
kebenaran korespondensi (2) teori kebenaran koherensi, dan (3) teori kebenaran
pragmatik. Kembali pada validitas penafsiran teoritis klasik sejatinya menganut
teori kebenaran korespondensi. Teori korespondensi adalah teori kebenaran yang
menyatakan bahwa suatu pernyataan itu benar kalau isi pengetahuan yang
terkandung dalm pernyataan tersebut berkorespondensi (sesuai) dengan objek yang
dirujuk oleh pernyataan tersebut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a>
Berangkat dari teori tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa validitas sebuah
penafsiran apabila berkorespondensi dengan makna dasar bahasa Arab.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1.4.
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Karakteristik dan Tujuan Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Karakteristik penafsiran teoritis klasik
diantaranya adalah (1) minimnya budaya kritis (2) penafsiran yang dilakukan
umumnya lebih menekankan pendekatan pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al</i>-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ma’na</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ijmali</i> ( pengertian kosa kata secara global)(3) posisi teks sebagai
subjek dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mufassir</i> sebagai objek.
Tujuan penafsiran relatif pada tataran sekedar memahami makna dan belum sampai
ke dataran <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Maghza. </i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a>Sehingga
bisa disimpulkan bahwa penafsiran teoritis masa klasik dijadikan sebgai sebuah
medium untuk memahami makna Al-Quran, terlebih bagi mereka yang tidak terbiasa
dengan lidah Arab.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Epistomologi Tafsir Kesusasteraan Masa Modern</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sumber Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Muhammad ‘Abduh yang juga merupakan
representator penafsir modern dengan corak adab-ijtima’I ( corak sastra dan
sosial), Muhammad ‘Abduh menegaskan bahwa sebaik-baik sumber penafsiran dalam
memahami term Al-Quran adalah kembali kepada Al-Quran itu sendiri dengan bahasa
Arab ketika diturunkan dan mengkritik upaya memahami makna teks dengan merujuk pada
term agama-agama samawi yang memiliki jarak waktu yang berabad-abad.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a>
Disamping itu sumber penafsiran lainnya adalah perangkat-perangkat interpretasi
tradisional <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">( ilm al-ma’ani</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-bayan</i> atau lebih dikenal dengan
Stilistika ) untuk mebuka makna teks.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a>dan
menjadikan akal sebagai otoritas mendasar dalam interpretasi Al-Quran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ilmu tentang kondisi-kondisi manusia yang juga dikenal dengan sosiologi dan
pendekatan historis terhadap ruang lingkup Al-Quran diturunkan mendapat
perhatian oleh Muhammad ‘Abduh.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a> sehingga
dengan bahasa Nash Hamid, Muhammad ‘Abduh telah menyatukan apa yang berasal
dari tradisi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">turats</i>) dengan
ilmu-ilmu modern dalam upayanya memberikan respon terhadap tantangan yang
dilontarkan pada nalar muslim yang menganggap Al-Quran sebagai rujukan
utamanya. Oleh karena itu tindak interpretasi yang dilakukan oleh ‘‘Abduh
bertumpu pada otoritas bahasa dan otoritas pengetahuan modern <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a>di
dalam suatu bangunan metodologis yang cermat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang sedemikian besar sejalan dengan langkah-langkah metode yang akan
dijelaskan pada pada metode penafsiran kesusasteraan masa modern. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari hasil penelitian J.J.G. Jansen
aliran penafsiran ala Mesir pada masa modern mengatakan bahwa corak penafsiran
di Mesir sejak munculnya Muhammad ‘Abduh dapat diklasifikan pada tiga bagian
(1) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">philological</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">exegesis</i> : penafsiran literal terhadap teks (2) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Practical</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Exegesis</i> : signifikansi teks Al-Quran terhadap perbuatan manusia,
dan (3) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Scientific</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Exegesis</i> : signifikansi teks Al-Quran
terhadap ilmu pengetahuan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menelisik tafsir Muhammad ‘Abduh dapat
dikatakan bahwa dari ketiga aspek ini ditemukan dalam penafsirannya lebih
kental dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">philological exegesis</i>
sebagai sarana untuk mencapai petunjuk Al-Quran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Metode bahasa yang sastra yang
dirumuskan oleh Muhammad ‘Abduh’ untuk mendapatkan Hidayah sebagai tujuan
penafsiran diformulasikan ke dalam langkah-langkah berikut<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a> :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. memahami data-data kosakata yang ada
dalm Al-Quran menurut makna umumnya sebgaimana yang berlaku ketika diturunkan.
Memahami kosakata-kosakata tersebut sedemikian rupa sehingga mufassir teresebut
dapat mewujudkan hal itu melalui pemakaian-pemakaian ahli bahasa, tidak cukup
mengikuti pendapat dan pemahaman si penafsir, sebab banyak kosakata yang
dipergunakan pada saat diturunkan dengan berbagai makna, kemudian makna-makna
itu lebih dominan daripada yang lainnya dalam perkembangan selanjutnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam langkah ini tampak jelas bahwa Muhammad
‘Abduh menolak proses memaksakan makna yang berasal dari masa kini terhadap
masa lalu sebagai akibat tidak diperhatikannya makna kosakata yang dipergunakan
pada saat diturunkan. Pola pemaksaan ini menjadi umum saat ini dan tampak jelas
dalam banyak buku tafsi r kontemporer. Barangkali yang paling mencolok dan
nyata adalah tafsir yang disebut dengan tafsir ‘ilmy terhadap Al-Quran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. setelah memahami makna dari
kosakata-kosakata dalam konteks pemakaian kebahasaannya, langkah berikutnya
adalah memahami stilistika. Dalam hal ini diperlukan ilmu I’rab dan ilmu
stilistika (Ma’ani dan al-Bayan ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. langkah ketiga dalam metode ini
adalah “ ilmu mengenai kondisi-kondisi manusia.” Sebab orang yang meneliti
kitab ini (Al-Quran) mesti mempertimbangkan kondisi-kondisi manusia dengan
perbagai perkembangan mereka, faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan kondisi mereka
berbeda-beda ; ada yang kuat dan lemah, ada yang maju dan terbelakang, ada yang
menguasai pengetahuan dan ada yang diliputi kebodohan, ada yang beriman dan ada
yang kafir. Di samping itu, ia juga harus mengetahui situasi dari maju
mundurnya dunia secara global. Dalam hal ini dibutuhkan berbagai disiplin, yang
terpenting adalah sejarah dengan segala jenisnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. langkah keempat dapat dianggap
sebagai kelanjutan dari langkah ketiga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>;
ada yang kuat dan lemah, ada yang maju dan terbelakang, ada yang menguasai
pengetahuan dan ada yang diliputi kebodohan, ada yang beriman dan ada yang
kafir. Di samping itu, ia juga harus mengetahui situasi dari maju mundurnya
dunia secara global. Dalam hal ini dibutuhkan berbagai disiplin, yang
terpenting adalah sejarah dengan segala jenisnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. langkah keempat dapat dianggap
sebagai kelanjutan dari langkah ketiga atau derivasi darinya, sebab pengetahuan
mengenai kondisi-kondisi manusia termasuk di dalamnya adalah kondisi yang
melekat pada masyarakat Arab dan lainnya pada era keNabian. Bagaimana mungkin
sang mufassir dapat memahami dengan semestinya kebiasaan-kebiasaan mereka yang
dinilai negative oleh ayat-ayat Al-Quran, atau yang mendekati negative jika ia
tidak mengetahui kondisi-kondisi mereka dan apa saja yang ada pada mereka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5. langkah kelima jga dapat dianggap
sebagai rangkaian dari langkah keempat. Pengetahuan tentang kondisi masyarakat Arab
dan laiinya ada era keNabian termasuk pula di sini “ pengetahuan mengenai
perjalanan hidup Nabi SAW. dan sahabat-sahabtnya, serta pengetahuan dan
tindakan-tindakan yang berkaitan dengan duniai dan ukhrawi yang mereka
jalankan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Langkah-langkah yang dirumuskan oleh ‘‘Abduh
sebagai metode tafsir, menurut Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid berkaitan erat dengan dua
otoritas yang berdampingan: bahasa dalam konteks sejarah karena bahasa berlaku
pada era turunya wahyu, dan dunia, bahasa berfungsi sebagai hukum yang
menggerakkan dunia baik secara alamiah maupun sosial dalam proses
kesejarahannya. Teks di sini dalam pemahaman Muhammad ‘Abduh secara implicit,
melalui langkah-langkah metodologisnya, merupakan struktur bahasa yang bermakna
dalam konteks sosial-historis, tidak terlapas, pada saat yang sama, dari
kemampuannya memproduksi makna di luar bingkai konteks tersebut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Validitas Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari pemetaan metodologis Muhammad ‘Abduh
oleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid kedalam dua
otoritas yang saling terkait, yaitu teks dan dunia. Maka dapat disimpulkan
bahwa Muhammad ‘Abduh menganut teori kebenaran Korespondensi yaitu adanya
kesesuaian hasil penafsiran dengan makna asli Al-Quran ketika diturunkan dan
teori pragmatis. Teori pragmatis penafsiran mengatakan bahwa sebuah penafsiran
dikatakan benar apabila ia secara praksis mempu memberikan solusi praksis bagi
problem sosial yang muncul. Dengan kata lain, penafsiran itu tidak diukur
dengan teori<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau penafsiran lain,
tetapi diukur sejauh mana ia dapat memberikan solusi atas problem yang dihadapi
manusia sekarang ini. berangkat dari semangat tujuan Al-Quran sebagai petunjuk
kepada manusia membuat Muhammad ‘Abduh menyajikan tafsirnya sesuai dengan
kebutuhan zaman (need of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the times/
hajat al-ashr).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2.4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Karakteristik dan Tujuan Penafsiran</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tafsir Muhammad ‘Abduh mengkritisi
penafsiran dengan menggunakan dan memusatkan suatu pendekatan dan mengabaikan
pendekatan-pendekatan lainnya. Hal itu Nampak jelas dari kritikan penafsiran yang
disesaki dengan data-data I’rab Al-Quran yang kemudian mengaburkan petunjuk Al-Quran
yang diimani kaum muslim sebagai pedoman primer.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a>
Corak penafsiran Muhammad ‘Abduh seringkali disebut dengan tafsir sosial yang
bernuansa sastrawi. Sebagaimana disinggung diatas bahwa tujuan penafsiran Muhammad
‘Abduh adalah sebagai kitab petunjuk yang darinya manusia mendapatkan hidayah.
Dari sisi lain sarana yang mengantarkan pada tujuan asas Al-Quran adalah metode
bahasa yang sastra.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Epistomologi Penafsiran Kesusasteraan Masa
Kontemporer</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sumber Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sumber penafsiran kesusasteraan masa
kontemporer dihasilkan dari teks Al-Quran sendiri. Amin al-Khuli menegaskan
bahwa analisis kebahasaan kosa kata Al-Quran dapat diklasifikasikan dan disibak
makna asalnya dari dua poin yaitu dari sisi etimologis dan dari pengertian atau
term Al-Quran itu sendiri.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a>
Begitu pula upaya Al-Khuli dalam menafsirkan Al-Quran menempatkan dan
memberikan derajat lebih tinggi kepada akal atas sebuah teks.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a>dengan
memberikan peluang besar terhadap teori-teori sastra dan filsafat bahasa modern
yang kemudian difilterisasi dan diaplikasikan dalam menafsirkan Al-Quran. Dalam
hal ini al-Khuli memberikan perhatian besar terhadap literature klasik dan
modern dalam merumuskan konstruk metodologinya dalam penafsiran sastra Al-Quran.
Sumber penafisran murid-murid al-Khuli semisal Ahmad Khalafullah dan Ai’syah
bintu Syati’ menjadi makmum atas guru-gurunya yang kemudian dikembangkan oleh
Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid yang menjadikan realitas sebagai sumber penafsiran.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3.2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Amin al-Khuli merupakan pelopor wacana
tafsir sastra Al-Quran pada abad dua puluh.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Keseriusan al-Khuli dalam mengkaji Al-Quran tidak bisa dilepaskan dari
kajian-kajiannya terhadap bahasa dan sastra Arab. Sebagai bukti dari statemen
ini adalah banyaknya tulisan penting yang berbicara tentang bahasa sastra dan
kritik sastra dalam karnya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fi adab
al-Mishri</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fannal-Qawl</i>. Interaksi
al-Khuli dengan Al-Quran dalam memahami maknanya, mencoba menganalisis Al-Quran
dan mendudukkan sebagai sebuah teks Arab teragung dan terbesar yang pernah ada.
Kemudian dianalisis secara tematis. Kajian al-Khuli terhadap Al-Quran mengedepankan
dua prinsip metodologis yaitu : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">studi
sekitar Al-Quran</b> (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dirasah ma haula Al-Quran</i>)
dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">studi tentang teks itu sendiri</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dirasah
fi Al-Quran nafsih). <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kajian pertama</b></i>
diarahkan kepada investigasi latar belakang Al-Quran, dimulai dari proses
pewahyuan, perkembangan dan sirkulasinya dalam masyarakat Arab sebagai obyek
wahyu, beserta kodifikasi dan variasi cara baca : sebagai sebuah kajian yang
kemudian lebih dikenal dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘ Ulumul
Quran.</i> Kajian ini juga difokuskan pada aspek sosio-historis Al-Quran
termasuk didalamnya situasi intelektual, Kultural, dan geografis masyarakat Arab
abad ke tujuh ketika Al-Quran diturunkan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a>
Kajian ini secara umum berujung pada : (1) kajian teks, filologis, dan
penjelasan tentang sejarah perkembangannya. (2) penjelasan mengenai latar
belakang tempat Al-Quran muncul, sumber darimana ia lahir, bagaimana
perkembangan makna-maknanya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a>
Selanjutnya <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kajian kedua</i></b> pada studi tentang teks Al-Quran dari berbagai
segi. (1) Ia mengawali dengan investigasi terhadap kosa kata inividua Al-Quran
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mufradat</i>, semenjak pertama
diwahyukan, perkembangan, serta pemakaiannyadalam Al-Quran, agar kata-kata
tersebut dapat dipahami secara totalitas (2) kemudian diikuti dengan perhatian
sepenuhnya terhadap kata-kata majemuk (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">murakkabah</i>),
yang tentunya analisis tersebut didasarkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pada pengetahuan tentang gramatik dan balaghah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menarik untuk dielaborasi lebih lanjut
pemikiran Amin al-Khuli dalam tafsir Al-Quran, al-Khuli mencoba mengaitkan
balaghah dan ilmu jiwa sehingga memungkinkan adanya kemukjizatan Al-Quran
secara psikologis. Al-Khuli mengakui adanya kebutuhan untuk mengetahui tafsir
psikologis terhadap Al-Quran. Tafsir ini didasarkan pada pengetahuan yang
komprehensif dan sejauh mungkin terhadap rahasia-rahasia gerak-gerak jiwa
manusia sebagaimana yang diketahui kajian ilmu ini. Tafsir Psikologis Al-Quran
menurut al-Kuhli adalah tafsir Al-Quran yang didasarkan pada upaya menangkap
hal-hal yang dipergunakan oleh Al-Quran, yaitu gejala-gejala jiwa, dan
hukum-hukum spritualitas. Sehingga penjelasan Al-Quran dapat diketahui<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>apakah dalam rangka berargumentasi,
memberikan petunjuk, mencoba meyakinkan atau mendebat, membangkitkan atau
mengancam.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Proyek Metodologi yang dikembangkan al-Khuli
memiliki kemiripan dengan proyek hermenutika Schleiermacher, kendati tidak
ditemukan dalam karyanya deretan nama filosof dan sastrawan barat, tapi ada
dugaan kuat al-Khuli telah berkenalan dengan pemikiran Schleiermacher ketia ia
menetap di eropa yaitu di italia dan Jerman selama 4 tahun. Begitu pula al-Khuli
menguasai dua bahasa tersebut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[44]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ahmad Khalafullah, sarjana konvensional
yang menganggap teks-teks kisah sebagai bagian dari teks ambigu ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mutasyabihat</i>) merupakan elaborasi dari
metode <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">adabi</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">maudhu’i</i> yang ditawarkan oleh al-Khuli. Bukti dari statemen ini
adalah pengakuan Khalaf sendiri dalam pendahuluan, disamping cara kerja yang
ditempuh yang sama persis dengan yang dikehendaki al-Khuli. Cara kerja yang
dtempuh Khalafullah diantaranya adalah mengumpulkan teks-teks yang berbicara
tentang kisah, kemudian mengurutkan sesuai kronologi turunnya (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tartib al-nuzul</i>) dan disusun dengan
member pemaknaan terhadap teks tersebut melalui jalur <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">adabi</i> (susastera).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[45]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Selain Khalafullah yang mengadopsi
metode al-Khuli. Bintu Syati’ yang memiliki nama lengkap Aisha Abdurrahman (w
2000) yang bertindak sebagai murid juga istri setia al-Khuli menerapkan prinsip
metodologis al-Khuli dalam memahami Al-Quran dalam tafsirnya “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-tafsir al-bayani li Al-Quran al-Karim</i>”
yaitu dengan membiarkan Al-Quran berbicara tentang dirinya, karena, dalam teks Al-Quran,
teks salin menjelaskan satu sama lain. Pembebasan terhadap Al-Quran ini bukan
berarti memahami teks tanpa menggunakan perangkat, akan tetapi, setelah
pertautan antara suatu teks dengan teks lainnya diketahui, maka cara yang
kemudian dikedepankan adalah pelacakan makna yang dikehendaki teks dengan
analisis linguistik dan sastra dengan medan-medan semantik yang jelas. Dalam
pengantar tafsir Bintu Syati’ setidaknya memberikan 2 elemen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan langkah teoritis penting dalam metode
tafsir yang ditawarkannya. (1) penelitian terhadap makna leksikal kosa kata Al-Quran
yang kemudian di jadikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai sarana
untuk mengetahui makna yang dikehendaki dalam konteks pembicaraan ayat. (2)
perlibatan semua ayat yang berbicara tentang satu topik tertentu yang sama.
Langkah kedua ini merupakan bentuk pemberian “ kesempatan” agar Al-Quran berbicara
mengenai dirinya sendiri.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[46]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sarjana ketiga yang mengikuti sekaligus
menopang metdoe susastra adalah Syukri Ayyad. Ia menulis buku berjudul <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Din wa al-Hisab : Dirasah Qur’aniyyah</i>.
Sembari menggunakan metode analisis susastera yang dikembangkan oleh al-Khuli,
Ayyad berpendapat bahwa persoalan eskatologis yang ada dalam Al-Quran merupakan
symbol keagamaan dalam kemasan susastra yang hendaknya dipahami hidayahnya.prinsip
metedologis Ayyad dalam tafsirnya adalah (1) investigasi terhadap makna literal
kosa kata Al-Quran dengan perhatian khusus pada asal kata, perkembangan, serta
pemakaiannyadalam masyarakat pada saat Al-Quran diturunkan. (2) meneliti gaya
tutur Al-Quran melalui stilistik dan mikro struktur dalam kalimat. Sedangkan
yang (3) adalah meneliti aspek sosial dan cultural Arab, terutama saat teks
diturunkan. Ketiga langkah tersebut dalam penelitian Ayyad, menghasilkan
kesiimpulan bahwa eskatologi Al-Quran bisa dipilah menjadi tiga model (1)
penghadapan langsung (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-tawjih</i>) (2)
ilustratif (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-tashwir</i>) (3)
menggunakan situasi dan kondisi yang berlawanan, seperti surga versus neraka.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[47]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid merupakan generasi al-Khuli
yang produktif dan bahkan gigih mengembangkan metode kesusasteraan dalam kajian
Al-Quran. Abu Zaid mengawali dengan penetapan hubungan atau ralasi antara teks
dan interpretasi. Keduanya ibarat dua sisi mata koin yang tidak bisa
dipisahkan. Dengan demikian, teori interpretasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tidak bisa dipisahkan dari teori teks.dalam diskursus interpretasi klasik,
keduanya dipisahkan, mengingat teks diyakini sebagai kepastian religious yang
tidak membutuhkan interpretasi atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ta’wil</i>,
sementara yang kedua, yakni <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ta’wil</i>,
dianggap sebagai teks dalam pengertian aslinya dengan menolak teori tradisional
tentangnya sebagai teks tertutup, sebaliknya, menjadikannya sebagai teks
terbuka yang menuntut adanya interpretasi.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ta’wil</i>
merupakan sisi lain dari teks” statemen abu Zaid ini berada pada level
epistomologis, seperti diungkapkan Abu Zaid di beberapa kesempatan : “ teks
memiliki eksistensi, bebas dari interpretasi dan komentari”. Statemen ini
selayaknya dipahami bahwa teks menggiring kepada aktivitas interpretasi untuk
menemukan dunianya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[48]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Abu zaid banyak berbicara tentang
“interpretasi objektif” meski dalam kenyataannya sangat sulit, yang ia sebut
dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ta’wil</i> sebagai pembanding
interpretasi ideologis atau yang ia sebut dengan talwin. Diskusi tentang
interpretasi obyektif sebagai cita-cita , sejatinya tidak bisa dipisahkan dari
dua mazhab besar teori interpretasi, yakni hermeneutik. Yang pertama adalah
mazhab obyektif yang diusulkan oleh beberapa sarjana seperti Friedrich
Schleiermacher, Wilhelm Dilthey, Emilio Betti, dan ED. Hirsch. Sedangkan yang
kedua adalah mazhab subyektif yang dipengaruhi oleh pemikiran-pemikran Martin
Heidegger dan Hans Georg Gadamer.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[49]</span></span></span></span></a>pemetaan
hermeneutika dapa pula diklasifikasikan sebagai hermenutical theory yang berisi
aturan metodologis untuk sampai kepada pemahaman yang diinginkan pengarang
(author0 dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hermeneutical philosophy</i>
yang lebih mencermati dimensi filosofis fenomenologis pemahaman. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[50]</span></span></span></span></a>Abu
Zaid menggabungkan dua model hermeneutika<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ini, meski terlihat pengaruh mazhab obyektif lebih besar ketimbang
subyektif. Berkaitan dengan takwil sebagai pembacaan kreatif atas teks diharapkan
mampu melahirkan pemahaman obyektif, Abu Zaid memisahkan antara “makna” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-ma’na</i>) dengan “signifikansi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Maghza</i>). Pemisahan keduanya tidak
pula bisa dipisahkan dari pemikiran Hirsch, yang pernah mengatakan “ bukan
makna yang berubah tapi signifikansinya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[51]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari penjabaran tokoh-tokoh kontemporer
yang mencoba mendekati Al-Quran dengan metode sastra dapat disimpulkan bahwa
prinsip metodologis lebih bersifat interdispliner, mulai dari tematik, hermeneutik,
hingga linguistik dengan pendekatan sosiologis, antropologis, psikologis,
historis, semantik dan disiplin keilmuan masing-masing <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mufassir</i>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[52]</span></span></span></span></a>
Teori hermeneutika yang mereka kembangkan adalah hermeneutika teoritis yang
berisi cara untuk memahami. Dalam teori hermeneutika ini merupakan kajian
penuntun bagi sebuah pemahaman yang akurat dan proporsional. Bagaimanakah
pemahaman yang komprehensif itu? Itulah pertanyaan utama dari hermeneutika
teoritis. Tentu saja sebagaimana asumsi awal bahwa perbedaan konteks
mempengaruhi perbedaan pemahaman, maka hermeneutika dalam kelompok pertama ini
merekomendasikan pemahaman konteks sebagai salah satu aspek yang harus
dipertimbangkan untuk memperoleh pemahaman yang komprehensif. Selain
pertanyaan-pertanyaan seputar makna teks seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bagaimana makna teks secara morfologis,
leksikologis dan sintaksis, perlu pula pertanyaan-pertanyaan seperti dari siapa
teks itu berasal? Untuk tujuan apa. Dalam kondisi apa dan bagaimana kondisi
pengarangya ketika teks tersebut disusun? Dan lain sebagainya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[53]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3.3.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Validitas Penafsiran</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terkait dengan validitas penafsiran,
tafsir teoritis masa kontemporer menganut tiga teori kebenaran yaitu teori
koherensi, teori korespondensi, dan teori pragmatisme. Pertama : teori
koherensi. Teori ini mengatakan bahwa sebuah penafsiran dianggap benar apabila
ia sesuai dengan proporsi-proporsi sebelumnya dan konsisten menerapkan
metodologi yang dibangun oleh setiap penafsir.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[54]</span></span></span></span></a>
Menelisik prinsip metodologis dan aplikasi metode dalam tataran praksis oleh
Amin al-Khuli beserta murid-muridnya, sangat boleh dikatakan bahwa mereka
konsisten menerapkan metode sastra atau tafsir sastra dalam mendekati Al-Quran
yang mampu memberikan kontribusi yang signifikan dalam menghadapi
kegelisahan-kegilsahan kaum muslim dewasa ini. kedua : teori korespondensi :
seperti yang telah dijelaskan defenisinya diatas bahwa sebuah penafsiran
dikatakan benar apabila ia berkorespondensi, sesuai dan cocok dengan fakta
ilmiah di lapangan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[55]</span></span></span></span></a>para
penafsir sastra Al-Quran menganut teori ini lantaran mereka sangat mengindahkan
ojektivitas penafsiran yang diukur oleh adanya kesesuaian antara hasil
penafsiran dengan makna dasar ketika Al-Quran diturunkan dengan menggunakan
pendekatan historis dan filologi. Ketiga : teori Pragmatisme : teori ini
mengatakan bahwa sebuah penafsiran dikatakan benar apabila ia secara praktis
mampu memberikan solusi prkasis bagi problem sosial yang muncul.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[56]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mengevaluasi tujuan penafsiran Tokoh-tokoh tafsir sastra kontemporer adalah
al-bayan (pengantar sastra) sebagai pembaharuan terhadap teori interpretasi
para sarjana klasik yang kerap dikacaukan dengan pengkaburan makna dasar teks
oleh tafsir afirmatif. Tujuan penafsiran Amin al-Khuli mencoba memurnikan nalar
bayani dengan pendekatan teori-teori sastra modern.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Karakteristik dan Tujuan Penafsiran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Karakteristik dasar dari penafsiran
sastra kontemporer bersifat kritis. Amin al-Khuli menyatakan bahwa awal
pembaharuan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah membunuh pemahaman
lama ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">awwal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>al-tajdid qatl<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>al-qadim fahman</i>), transformatif, solutif
dan non ideologis<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[57]</span></span></span></span></a>. Jika
Tujuan dari interpretasi Muhammad ‘‘Abduh adalah semangat mendapat petunjuk
dari Al-Quran maka tujuan paling awal dan mendasarbagi proses bagi Amin al-Khuli
adalh “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Bayan</i>” sebab tujuan inilah
yang : darinya muncul berbagai tujuan lainnya dan yang mendasari berbagai
tujuan tersebut ( dan di<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>antaranya
adalah tujuan mendapatkan hidayah menurut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Muhammad ‘‘Abduh). tujuan ini harus dipenuhi terlebih dahulu sebelum
berupaya mewujudkan tujuan manapun lainnya, apakah itu tujuan lain tersebut
bersifat ilmiah atau praktis, keagamaan dan duniawi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Epilog</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam khazanah ilmu tafsir ditemukan dua
term yang sangat akrab bagi pengkaji tafsir, yakni : Tafsir dan Ta’wil. Istilah
tafsir lebih<i> </i>dikenal sebagai cara untuk mengurai bahasa, konteks dan
pesan-pesan moral yang terkandung dalam teks atau <i>nash </i>kitab suci.
Sedangkan Ta’wil lebih pada penemuan makna dari teks yang bersifat metaforis.
Ta’wil dapat dikategorikan menjadi dua bagian yaitu : Pertama : ta’wil atau
penafsiran yang melewati batas-batas leksikal dan adanya keterkaitan dengan
makna dasar. Penafsiran jenis ini kerap digunakan dalam tafsir retoris dan
sastra Al-Quran. Kedua : ta’wil atau penafsiran yang melampaui batas-batas
leksikal tanpa ada keterhubungan dari segi bahasa dengan makna dasar. Metode
ta’wil jenis ini dapat dijumpai dalam tafsir sufistik.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Metode tafsir dan ta’wil jenis pertama
dikategeorikan dalam nalar bayani. Sedangkan metode Ta’wil jenis kedua
dikategorikan sebagai metode nalar Irfani. Aplikasi sebuah nalar dalam tahap
hegemoni dan mendominasi mengakibatkan fanatisme-reduksionis dan otoritas
tertinggi yang menjadi tujuan penafsiran. Pendekatan <i>at-Ta’wil al-‘Ilmi</i>
yang merupakan tawaran solutif Amin Abdullah terhadap kegelisahan intelektual
dengan menjadikan pendekatan al-Ta’wil al-Ilmi sebagai model tafsir alternatif
terhadap teks menggunakan jalur lingkar hermeneutis yang mendialogkan secara
sungguh-sungguh antara paradigma epistemologi <i>Bayani</i>, paradigma
epistemologi <i>Burhani</i> dan paradigma epistemologi <i>‘Irfani</i> dalam
satu gerak putar yang saling mengontrol, mengkritik, memperbaiki dan
menyempurnakan kekurangan yang melekat pada masing-masing paradigma, khususnya
jika masing-masing paradigma berdiri sendiri-sendiri, terpisah antara yang satu
dan lainnya. Pesan kemanusian dan keadilan yang melekat dalam al-Qur’an yang
sering disebut dengan istilah <i>rahmatan li al-alamin</i> (universal) hanya
dapat dipahami dengan baik jika para penafsir kitab suci kontemporer memahami
adanya tiga paradigma epistemologi pemikiran keislaman dan mampu mendialogkan
secara kritis-dinamis-proporsional baik secara pribadi maupun kelompok sehingga
ekslusivitas pemikiran (<i>ideas; thought</i>) dan kelembagaan sosial-keagamaan
(<i>institution</i>) dapat dihindari sedapat mungkin dan kerjasama atau <i>cooperation</i>
antar berbagai kelompok sosial keagamaan menjadi niscaya tanpa harus mendahulukan
<i>prejudice-prejudice</i> kultural, sosial maupun keagamaan. Hanya dengan
demikian, barangkali apa yang disebut transformasi sosial dan humanisasi
ilmu-ilmu keislaman lewat penafsiran dan pemaknaan pesan-pesan kitab suci yang
bersifat emansipatoris dapat teraktualisasikan baik secara teori maupun
praksis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[58]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Dr. Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.129-130</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.132</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ignaz Goldziher, Mazhab tafsir, terj.M. Alaika Salamullah dkk.
(Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2010) hlm. 88-89</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Dr. Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.133</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ignaz Goldziher, Mazhab tafsir, terj.M. Alaika Salamullah dkk.
(Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2010) hlm.94-95</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fuad Sazchein, Tarikh al-Turats al-Arabi, (Riyadh : jamiah Imam
Muhammad bin Sa’ud al-Islamiyyah press, 1991) hlm. 65</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Dr. Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.137</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fuad Sazchein, Tarikh al-Turats al-Arabi, (Riyadh : jamiah Imam
Muhammad bin Sa’ud al-Islamiyyah press, 1991) hlm. 65</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> . Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.138-139</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> ibid</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid. hlm. 143-146</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahd bin Abd al-Rahman bin Sulaiman al-Rumi<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Ittijahat al-Tafsir fi al-Qarni al-Rabi’ asyara</i>, (Riyadh :
al-Risalah, 1997)hlm. 873-874</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibn Qutaibah, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ta’wîl Musykil
al-Qur’an</i> (Kairo: tp., 1326), hlm. 10</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahd bin Abd al-Rahman bin Sulaiman al-Rumi<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Ittijahat al-Tafsir fi al-Qarni al-Rabi’ asyara</i>, (Riyadh :
al-Risalah, 1997)hlm.874</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> ibid</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm. 875</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">J.Sudarminta, Epistomologi Dasar, Pengantar Filsafat Pengetahuan
(Yogyakarta : kanisius, 2002) hlm. 18-19</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm.44</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Fuat Sazgin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tarikh al-Turats
al-Arabi</i>, (Riyadh : jamiah Imam Muhammad bin Sa’ud al-Islamiyyah press,
1991) hlm. 65</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Muhammad ‘Abduh, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-A’mal
al-Kamilah lil imam al-syaikh Muhammad ‘Abduh</i>, tahq. Muhammad Imarah (Cairo
: Dar al-Syuruq, 2009) hlm.11</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Drs. H. Ahmad Izzan,Mag, Metodologi Ilmu Tafsir (Bandung : Tafakur,
2011) hlm.127-144</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Phil. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.180</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.184</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm. 166</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> J.Sudarminta, Epistomologi Dasar, Pengantar Filsafat Pengetahuan
(Yogyakarta : kanisius, 2002) hlm. 18-19</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm. 45</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Muhammad ‘Abduh, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-A’mal
al-Kamilah lil imam al-syaikh Muhammad ‘Abduh</i>, tahq. Muhammad Imarah (Cairo
: Dar al-Syuruq, 2009) hlm.9</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta :
Adab press,2004) hlm.130</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.133</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Muhammad ‘Abduh, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-A’mal
al-Kamilah lil imam al-syaikh Muhammad ‘Abduh</i>, tahq. Muhammad Imarah (Cairo
: Dar al-Syuruq, 2009) hlm.10-11</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta :
Adab press,2004) hlm. 314</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> J.J.G. Jansen, The Interpretation of The Quran in Modern Egypt
(Leiden : E.J Brill, 1980) hlm. 96</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta :
Adab press,2004) hlm.127-129</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.129-130</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> J.J.G. Jansen, The Interpretation of The Quran in Modern Egypt
(Leiden : E.J Brill, 1980) hlm.30</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Muhammad ‘Abduh, dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-A’mal
al-Kamilah lil imam al-syaikh Muhammad ‘Abduh</i>, tahq. Muhammad Imarah (Cairo
: Dar al-Syuruq, 2009) hlm.11</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta :
Adab press,2004) hlm127</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahd bin Abd al-Rahman bin Sulaiman al-Rumi<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Ittijahat al-Tafsir fi al-Qarni al-Rabi’ asyara</i>, (Riyadh :
al-Risalah, 1997)hlm.893</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ahmad Muhammad Salim, al-Islam al-Aqlani, tajdid al-fikri ad-Dini
‘inda Amin al-Khuli (cairo : maktabah Usrah, 2009) hlm.114</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> M. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, ( Yogyakarta
: elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.12</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 357.75pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Amin al-Khuli, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta : Adab
press,2004) hlm71<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> M. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.14</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Amin al-Khuli, dalam Metode Tafsir Sastra ( Yogyakarta : Adab
press,2004) hlm77-78</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ahmad Muhammad Salim, al-Islam al-Aqlani, tajdid al-fikri ad-Dini
‘inda Amin al-Khuli (cairo : maktabah Usrah, 2009) hlm.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> M. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm. 32</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="tab-stops: 46.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[46]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.36-37</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm. 40-41</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn48" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm.42-43</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn49" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid, hlm. 45-46</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn50" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahruddin Faiz, Hermeneutika Al-Quran, tema-tema controversial
(Yogyakarta :ELsaq,2011) hlm. 7</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn51" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> M. Nur Khalis Setiawan, Al-Quran kitab Sastra Terbesar, (
Yogyakarta : elSAQ press, 2005) hlm.46</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn52" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm. 84</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn53" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fahruddin Faiz, Hermeneutika Al-Quran, tema-tema controversial
(Yogyakarta :ELsaq,2011) hlm. 8</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn54" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[54]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm. 83</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn55" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[55]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn56" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[56]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn57" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[57]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Abd. Mustaqim, Epistomologi tafsir Kontemporer ( Yogyakarta :
LKiS,2010) hlm. 84</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn58" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[58]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Amin Abdullah, prolog dalam Dekonstruksi Pemahaman Teks Kitab Suci
Agama ( Yogyakarta : Pustaka Rihlah, 2008) hlm. 1-2</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15459359199860346996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5462140917247044952.post-10582257179419514672012-11-18T02:40:00.002-08:002012-11-18T02:40:26.683-08:00DARI INDONESIA UNTUK NUSANTARA<h4>
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</h4>
<h4 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sebelum kita terlalu jauh membincang dari Indonesia
untuk Nusantara, terlebih dahulu kita membahas tentang latar belakang lahirnya
Indonesia dari Nusantara menjadi Indonesia dan kembali ke-Nusantara, Nama Indonesia
berasal dari warisan kolonial Belanda (penjajah) yang berasal dari kata
dasar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“ East India “ atau India timur
alias Hindia belanda. Orang Belanda menyebut Indonesia
sebagai India Timur atau India Belanda artinya penjajah belanda dari arah India ke Indonesia. Sedangkan dikalangan
tokoh-tokoh Belanda tingkat atas menyebut Indonesia
“Perusahaan belanda yang berada di Asia”.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nama Indonesia</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">adalah temuan linguistik- filologis oleh seorang ilmuan
asal Jerman bernama <b><i>A. BASTIAN</i></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span> </span></h4>
<h4 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nama yang orisinil dan
membumi untuk kawasan Indonesia yang merupakan warisan masalalu dan benar
adalah Nusantara, asal kata dari “Nusa” artinya pulau dan “Antara” yang
artinya, jarak antara pulau yang satu dengan yang lainya atau biasa juga
disebut Negara yang terletak di antara pulau-pulau terbeasr dan terbanyak di
dunia berkisar 17.504 pulau 300 etnis dan 300 bahasa sehingga pada hakikatnya
negeri ini adalah Negara kepulauan yang plural.<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></h4>
<h4 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam perfektif sejarah
perkembangan masyarakat Nusantara pada hakikatnya adalah beasal dari satu
individu kemudian menjadi satu komunitas. Individu inilah yang dikenal dengan
banyak nama berdasarkan perkembangan daerah tertentu. misalnya di Jawa dikenal
Dang Hyang Semar yang berasal dari atas perahu sebagai sebagai nenek moyang orang
Jawa, Di Sulawesi di kenal Bhatara Guru yang berasal dari atas langit dan
kemudian berikutnya di perbaharui oleh konsepsi Tumanurung sebagai nenek moyang
(Molo tau) sekelikus tokoh-tokoh penguasa di jawa dan sulawesi.<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></h4>
<h4 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dari individu-individu tersebut berkembang
menjadi komunitas dan dari kemunitas ini kemudian menbentuk satu kampung yang
juga disebut wanua-wanua. Dan dalam kemunitas wanua inilah mereka bersepakat
memilih seorang pemimpin yang tentunya berdasarkan atas kejerdasan akal, budi
pekerti yang luhur dan kekuatan spritualisme dalam bentuk kesaktian-kesaktian
baik ilmu kanuragam ataupun mantra-mantra mistik. Paktor yang lain adalah
adanya imingran dari pulau lain seperti Timur Tengah,
India , Melayu, China
dan dibelakang hari ada inpasi oleh bangsa Eropa ras kulit Arya (putih).</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></h4>
<h4 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk kemunitas jawa misalnya kelompok-kelompok
tersebut biasanya memilih seorang pemimpin yang dituakan dan kharismarik yang
disebut Raka. Ketika satu kemunitas itu membentuk satu kesatuan antar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kelompok maka para rakai ini kemudian memilih
satu tokoh pemimpin yang disebut Raka-I yang berarti pemimpin para raka dari
komunitas yang ada. Dan ketika Rakai-i-Raka-I ini memilih satu pemimpin yang
cakukupan kesatuan yang lebih besar untuk memimpin para Raka-I dan kemunitasnya
digerilah mereke Ratu yang bermakan pemimpin para Raka-i. </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></h4>
<h4 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Di sulewesi pemimpin
kemunitas wanua (kampung) disebut Kara dan ketika kumpulan kara ini memilih
seorang pemimipin disebutlah Karaeng<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>atau istilah laing<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paccalayya
yang berararti pemimpin para karaeng, dan ketika para karaeng inimemilih
sosokpemimpin maka disebutlah mereka ratu atau raja tetepapi dibelakan karena
terjadipengaruh dari timut tenggah (Arab Islam) raja kemudian dikenalsebagai
Sulta,perkembangan berikutnya atas pengaruh imperialisme yang bertumpu pada
system kolonialisme (penjajahan) yang juga menjadi penyebab lahirnya semanga
nasionaloisme<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang berujung lahirnya
nega bangsa dengan sistek kepemimpinan republic, artinya adalah bahwa sistim
kekuasaan di nusantara sampai menjadi Indonesia adalah dari Kerajaan, Kesultanan
dan Republik.<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></h4>
<h4 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Melihat sejarah masa
silam, penduduk yang mendiami kepulauan Nusantara dan sekarang menamakan diri
sebagai bangsa Indonesia ,selama ini telah tiga kali melakukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></h4>
<h4 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Integrasi
bersatu menjadi satu bangsa. Namun karena intrik di dalam negeri didukung oleh
kekuatan luar, lalu pecah dan bubar. Berubah menjadi “Negara-negara” atau
“kerajaan-kerajaan” kecil.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></h4>
<h4 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Persatuan pertama</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
dilakukan pada zaman kerajaan sriwijaya abad 6-7 Masehi. Kerajaan dengan pusat
kekuasaan di Sumatera Selatan dekat kota Palembang sekarang ,
memiliki kekuatan armada angkatan laut yang kuat, mampu menyatukan penduduk
Nusantara dalam satu bendera Sriwijaya. Waktu itu kerajaan Sriwijaya begitu
dihormati dunia sebagai kerajaan besar, menjadi pusat agama Budha di Asia Tenggara,
pusat ilmu pengetahuan serta pusat perdagangan. Pengaruh Sriwijaya sampai
kawasan yang sekarang disebut Malaysia,
Thailand
dan Philipina.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></h4>
<h4 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kebesaran Sriwijaya yang mampu menyatukan
penduduk Nusantara, memasuki tahun ke-70, hancur menjadi kerajaan-kerajaan
kecil. Ketika pemerintah pusat di Palembang
mulai melemah, uncul pergolakan di berrbagai daerah menuntut “merdeka” menjadi
kerajaan-kerajaan kecil yang mandiri. Hilangnya figur pemersatu menyebabkan
“pemerintah pusat Sriwijaya” kehilangan wibawa, kemudian bermunculan
kerajaan-kerajaan kecil di seluruh kepulauan Nusantara.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></h4>
<h4 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Persatuan kedua </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">terjadi
pada abad ke 13-14 Masehi di bawah bendera Majapahit dengan pusat kerajaan di
Trowulan-Jawa Timur sekarang. Sewaktu Hayam Wuruk mmenjadi raja, ia memiliki
seorang Mahapatih bernama Gadjah Mada yang memiliki nyali dan obsesi
maha-besar. Gadjah Mada yang memiliki tubuh ukuran sedang, bersumpah untuk
menyatukan seluruh penduduk Nusantara dalam satu bendera negara Majapahit.
Sumpah legendaries itu dikenal dengan nama “Sumpah palapa”. </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></h4>
<h4 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sumpah palapa merupakan spirit, sebuah tekad
yang sangat kuat menyatukan penduduk yang mendiami kepulauan Nusantara. Dari
pulau Andalas (Sumatera) di Barat sampai tanah Papua di Ujung Timur. Rakyat di
seluruh kawasan Nusantara berada dalam satu kesatuan di bawah imperium
Majapahit. Pengaruh wilayah Maajapahit waktu itu bukan seukuran Republik
Indonesia sekarang melainkan jauh lebih luas lagi, sampai Semenanjung Malaya,
Philipina, Thailand, hingga Srilangka bahkan masuk ke Madagaskar di pantai
Timur Afrika.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></h4>
<h4 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tapi sejarah kembali terulang. Kebesaran
Majapahit tidak bisa dipertahankan. Ketika usia kerajaan mencapai angka 70
tahun, terjadi gesekan imtrik palitik dari dalam. Kehilangan figure kuat
sebagai pemersatu Majapahit yang mampu mengendalikan kerajaan, menyebabkan
wilayah kekuasaan di berbagai daerah, <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></h4>
<h4 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></h4>
<h4 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sejak 17 Agustus 1945 penduduk di tanah
Nasantara secara resmi untuk “ketiga kali” bersatu menjadi “satu bangsa”.
Pertama bernama Sriwijaya, kedua bernama Majapahit dan ketiga bernama Republik Indonesia. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></h4>
<h4 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></h4>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15459359199860346996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5462140917247044952.post-71491939211571036452012-11-18T02:23:00.000-08:002012-11-18T02:23:24.322-08:00Al-Qur`an Berbica Bencana Alam<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Akhir-kahir ini, alam (bumi dan
langit) kembali lagi “kurang bersahabat” dengan tanar air Indonesia. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Dua
kejadian alam yang luar biasa menggoncang bumi pertiwi. Gempa dibarengi Tsunami
di Mentawai, Sumatra Barat, dan Letusan gunung merapi di Sleman, Jogjakarta. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Gempa berkekuatan 7,2 skala
Richter pada Senin (25/10) pukul 21.42 tersebut menelan korban, menurut
terakhir Pusat Pengendali Operasi Penanggulangan Bencana (Pusdal Ops PB), sekitar
413 orang tewas, korban luka berat sebanyak 267 orang, dan luka ringan 142
orang. Sedangkan letusan gunung merapi terjadi pukul 17.05 WIB, Selasa 26
Oktober</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">dengan awan
panas membumihanguskan perkampungan sekitar merapi, dan meregguk nyawa dua
puluh tujuh orang. Pastinya, keduanya menyebabkan ribuan pengungsi yang
kehilangan tempat tinggal. Betapa perihnya nasib para korban!</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Menanggapai bencana alam di atas,
bisa dilihat dari dua sudut pandang berbeda: sudut pandang teologis dan
non-teoligis. Yang pertama tentu akan melihat dengan pandangan agama bahwasanya
bencana alam atau musibah bisa saja berupa cobaan, peringatan ataupun laknat
(murka Allah). Sedangkan dalam perspektif non-teologis (natural) akan lebih
menitikberatkan pada hukum kausal sebagai gejala alam. Dalam hal itu, disebabkan
oleh adanya kesalahan dan penyebab yang alami sehingga terjadi gempa ataupun
letusan gunung. Misalanya gesekan ataupun perubahan gerak bumi.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al-Qur`an sebagai kitab suci dan pegangan
hidup umat manusia, khususnya umat Islam, telah membicarakan persoalan
tersebut. Bencana alam berupa gempa dan letusan gunung sudah dipaparkan secara
global. Bahwa pada dasarnya, alam (bumi dan langit beserta isinya) adalah
diciptakan untuk melayani manusia sebagai khalifah di muka bumi. Namun, pada
saat yang sama manusia dan alam adalah sama kedudukannya di hadapan yang Maha
Pencipta. Tunduk dalam penyembahan dan semunya bertasbih kepada-Nya (QS.
Al-Isra: 44). Dengan demikian, meski, pada awalnya, alam ini diciptakan untuk
melayani manusia, tapi tidak berarti manusia bisa berlaku sewenang-wenang
kepadanya. Atau manusia merasa sebagai tuan yang berkuasa. Sehingga melakukan
penebangan hutang seenaknya. Yang kemudian menyebabkan banjir bandang bahkan
tsunami, sebagaimana yang lagi terjadi di Mentawai. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Begitupula dengan letusan gunung
Merapi. Pada dasarnya, Tuhan telah menciptkan gunung sebagi tiang (pasak) bumi
(QS. An-Naba: 7), untuk menjaga keseimbangannya. Sehingga manusia merasa aman
dan tidak merasakan putaran bumi. Namun, pada saat tertentu, gunung tersebut “bernapas”
dan mengoncang bumi disaat merasa “jengkel” dengan tingkah laku manusia. Olehnya,
agama senantiasa memberikan peringatan bahwa </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">telah tampak
kerusakan di darat dan di laut disebabkan karena perbuatan tangan manusia </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">QS. Ar-Rum:41).
Dalam ayat tersebut disebutkan bahwa kerusakan di muka bumi ini (darat dan
laut) adalah hasil ulah tangan manusia. Pemahaman “ulah tangan manusia” di sini
sangat luas. Penggunaan kata “tangan” pun dalam ilmu tafsir al-Qur`an bervariasi.
Tangan bisa diartikan tangan secara harfiah, dalam hal ini ‘tangan’ yang
melakukan penebangan hutang sembarangan dsb, juga bisa berarti ‘tangan’ adalah kekuasan
dan otoritas. Sehingga lebih mensinyalir kepada pemerintah yang tidak adil,
wakil rakyat yang tidak merakyat, dan para pejabat yang koruptor. Pendek kata,
kerusakan yang disebakan oleh “tangan-tangan” manusia akan berdampak pada
kemurkahan Tuhan dan alam yang kurang bersabahat.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Kalaupun
dikatakan bahwa bencana alam yang menimpa bumi Indonesia adalah karena sebab
natural yang bersifat non-teologis. Hal itu juga tidak salah dalam pandangan
ilmu bumi, bahwa gempa dan bencana disebakan oleh gesekan dan gerakan bumi.
Namun, perlu disadari bahwa Tuhanlah yang menggerakkan semua sebab, Dialah sebab
pertama. Pada saat yang sama, Tuhan selalu memberikan peringatan bahwa “janganlah
kamu (manusia) berbuat kerusakan di bumi. Sesungguhnya Allah tidak menyukai
orang-orang berbuat kerusakan” Q.S al-Qashash: 77). Peringatan tersebut menandaskan
bahwa manusia selalu terlibat aktif sebagai ‘sebab-sebab’ terjadinya kerusakan
di muka bumi. Yang pada akhirnya menyebabkan bencana alam menelan banyak
korban.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sehingga,
untuk menyikapi dan mengantisipasi terjadinya bencana alam di Indonesia, yang
sangat berperan penting adalah manusia Indonesia itu sendiri. Baik dari sudut
pandang teologis maupun non-teologis, adalah sebuah keharusan untuk
melestarikan alam. Hal itu dapat dipahami secara logika terbalik (<i>mafhum
mukhalafah</i>) dari perintah Tuhan, melarang melakukan perusakan di bumi: maka
tersirat keharusan melestarikannya. Melestrarikan alam bisa bersifat lahiriah
seperti melestarikan hutang dan menghindari penggundulan gunung, dan tak kalah
pentingnya adalah keharusan melesatrian alam di kantor-kantor pemerintahan,
seperti membersihkan meja pejabat dari tangan-tangan serakah (koruptor). Karena
yang pertama sebagai faktor non-teologis (sebab natural), dan yang kedua adalah
lebih bersifat teologis, sebagai sebab tidak langsung.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Untuk yang pertama saya kira pemerintah sudah
melakukan upaya pencegahan melalui dengan UU Menteri Negara Kependudukan dan
Lingkungan Hidup. Hanya saja dibutuhkan penyuluhan yang lebih aktif kepada
rakyat tentang pentingnya menjaga lingkungan melalui slogan ‘Indonesia
Berwawasan Lingkungan”. Sama dengan poin kedua, UU korupsi telah banyak dibahas
di DPR, tapi nyatanya juga belum bisa membuat jerah para koruptor. Mungkin
sebaiknya Indonesia perlu bercermin kepada China dan Singapura yang telah menerapkan
hukuman mati secara nyata kepada koruptor. Kalau dalam al-Qur`an pencuri saja
dihukum dengan potong tangan (QS. Al-Maidah: 38), maka para koruptor yang jauh
lebih besar dampaknya terhadap negara pantas mendapat hukuman yang lebih berat
lagi. Dan hukuman mati sebagai penjerahan adalah salah satunya. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Kembali
kepada korban bencana alam. Apa yang melanda mereka adalah musibah. Musibah itu
beda dengan penderitaan. Musibah adalah bersifat objektif: diluar kemampuan
manusia. Sedangkan penderitaan adalah bersifat subjektif: sebuah pilihan
manusia (Jalaluddin Rahmat: 2006). Saya tidak memandang kecil musibah yang
menimpa mereka sehingga seakan-akan menafikan penderiataan tersebut. Tapi, saya
hanya ingin mengajak mereka bersabar sebagaimana tuntunan al-Qur`an. (QS.
Al-Baqarah: 155). Di samping itu, meratapi sebuah musibah bukanlah solusi,
bahkan hal itu akan semakin membuat kita menderita. Dan tidak akan bangkit
melihat kehidupan hari esok yang lebih cerah. Padahal al-Qur`an menganjurkan
kepada umat manusia untuk tidak putus asa. Setelah kesulitan ada kemudahan
janji Tuhan. Dan betapa banyak orang yang bangkit dan sukses dari sebuah
musibah. Mereka menjadikan musibah itu sebagai motivasi untuk menyulut semangat
hidup mereka. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Pada
akhirnya, semoga saja bencana alam yang menimpa tanah air kita membuka pikiran,
dan mengetuk hati umat manusia, bahwa disana ada Sang Penggerak segala sesuatu.
Di balik bencana itu ada sebab-sebab natural (alamiyah) maupun teologis, yang
selalu melibatkan manusia sebagai khalifah. Maka sebagai pengemban amanat dari
Tuhan, maka seharusnya manusialah yang selalu menjaga dan melestarikan alam.
Maka tepatlah pesan terakhrir Mbah Maridjan, juru kunci gunung Merapi yang
setia mengemban pesan Sri Sultan Hamengku Bowono IX pada tahun 1982: Jangalah
Lingkungan!.</span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15459359199860346996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5462140917247044952.post-92020574714889652282012-11-02T10:32:00.000-07:002012-11-02T10:32:03.582-07:00Tinjauan Ajaran Islam Terhadap Tradisi Perkawinan Bugis<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB
I</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Latar
Belakang Masalah</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perkawinan adalah salah satu
peristiwa yang sangat penting dalam penghidupan masyarakat sebab perkawinan itu
tidak hanya menyangkut wanita dan pria bekal mempelai saja tetapi kedua orang
tua kedua belah pihak, bahkan dalam hukum adat dikatakan :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Perkawinan itu bukan hanya merupakan peristiwa penting bagi mereka yang
masih hidup saja, tetapi perkawinan juga merupakan peristiwa yang sangat
berarti serta sepenuhnya mendapat perhatian dan diikuti oleh para leluhur kedua
belah pihak.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari pernyataan di atas, dapatlah
dipahami bahwa perkawinan adalah salah satu unsur yang sangat penting dalam
kehidupan manusia, karena salah satu manfaat perkawinan adalah ’’menenteramkan
jiwa, menahan emosi, menutup pandangan dari segala yang dilarang Allah dan
untuk mendapat kasih sayang suami Istri yang dihalalkan Allah SWT” </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Nurcholis<b> </b>Madjid</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"> mengatakan bahwa:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Agama
merupakan “<i>Fitrah Munazalah</i>” (fitrah yang diturunkan) yang diberikan
Allah untuk menguatkan fitrah yang ada pada manusia secara alami. Agama dapat
dikatakan sebagai kelanjutan naluri manusia sendiri dan merupakan wujud nyata
dari kecenderungan buadaya-budaya yang ada.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tradisi merupakan adat atau
kebiasaan yang secara turun temurun yang masi dijalankan oleh masyarakat baik
kompleks maupun yang sederhana, ada sejumlah nilai budaya yang saling berkaitan
dan bahkan telah merupakan suatu system. Sebagai pedoman dari konsep-konsep
ideal, system itu menjadipendorong yang kuat untuk mengarahkan kehidupan
masyarakat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kebiasaan yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat
yang secara turun temurun sering terjadi pada perkawinan mulai pada masa
pinangan, menandai pertunangan dengan tukar Cincin. Waktu melangsungan akad
nikah,Memberikan mahar atau mas kawin, hiburan dalam perakawinan merias
pengantin perempuan, kejadian yang seperti diatas tanpaknya sulit untuk dipisahkan
karna tradisi nenek<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>moyang kita dari
sejah dahulu sampai sekarang, kepercayaan dan kepasrahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kepada Allah SWT memang cukup kuat, </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perkawinan
merupakan sebuah fase peralihan kehidupan manusia dari masa remaja dan masa
muda ke masa berkeluarga. Peristiwa tersebut sangatlah penting dalam proses
integrasi manusia didalam alam semesta ini. Perkawinan (Nikah) adalah ikatan
lahir dan batin antara seorang Laki-laki dan perempuan untukn memenuhi tujuan
hidup berumah tangga sebagai suami istri yang dengan memenuhi syarat dan rukun
yang telah ditentukan oleh syariat Islam. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perkawinan
merupakan cara yang dipilih oleh Allah sebagai jalan bagi manusia untuk
melakukan hubungan seksual secara sah antara Laki-laki dan perempuan, serta
cara untuk mempertahankan keturunannya. Dalam hal ini Allah Ta’ala berfirman
dalam Qs. An-Nisa (4) : 1:</span></div>
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mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">»</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; 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font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">?</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">/</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">%</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">©</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">/</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">)</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">{</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">i</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">§</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ÿ</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">¯</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">R</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">;</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">o</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">º</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">,</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">z</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">p</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">k</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">]</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">g</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">_</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">£</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">]</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">/</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">K</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">å</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">k</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">]</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">w</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">%</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Í</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">W</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">x</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">.</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">[</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">|</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">¡</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">S</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">4</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">(</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">à</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">)</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">?</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">©</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">%</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">©</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">|</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">¡</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">?</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">¾</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">m</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">/</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">P</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">%</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">F</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">{</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">4</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">)</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">©</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">%</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">x</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">.</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">æ</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">6</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">%</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ê</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">È</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">(</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">?</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">J</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">»</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">F</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">æ</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">h</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">º</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">(</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">w</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">(</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">£</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">7</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">o</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">K</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">?</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">]</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">7</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">:</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">É</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Í</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">h</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">©</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">Ü</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">/</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">(</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">w</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">(</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">þ</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">.</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ù</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">'</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">?</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">l</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">m</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">;</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">º</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">)</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">º</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">4</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">¼</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">m</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">¯</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">R</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">)</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">%</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">x</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">.</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">\</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">/</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">m</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">6</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">x</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">.</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ë</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">È</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">)</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">L</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">ê</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ÿ</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Å</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">z</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">w</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">(</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">Ü</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Å</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">¡</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">)</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">?</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">û</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">4</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">K</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">»</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">G</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">(</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ß</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Å</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">R</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">z</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">Û</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">z</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">i</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">|</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">¡</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">i</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">4</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">o</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">_</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">W</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">]</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">»</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">O</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ì</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">»</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">/</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">â</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">(</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">*</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">O</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">F</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ÿ</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Å</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">z</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">w</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">(</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">?</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">¸</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">o</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">º</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ô</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">M</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">»</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">J</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">4</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">7</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">º</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">o</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">T</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">w</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">(</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">?</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ì</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">È</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">(</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">?</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">|</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">¡</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">i</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">£</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Í</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">k</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">É</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">J</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">»</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">%</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ß</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">|</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">¹</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">\</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">'</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">U</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">4</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">*</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">û</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">ù</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">Û</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ã</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">&</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">x</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">«</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">m</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">i</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">T</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">¡</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ÿ</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">R</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">\</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">«</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ÿ</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">d</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">\</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">«</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ÿ</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Í</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">£</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">D</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Í</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">È</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></i></b><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-ansi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Terjemahnya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hai sekalian manusia, bertkwalah kepada Tuhanmu yang telah menciptakan
kamu dari diri yang satu, dan daripadanya, Allah menciptakan istrinya, dan
daripada keduanya Allah mengembangbiakkan laki-laki dan perempuan yang banyak.
Dan bertakwalah kepada Allah yang dengan (mempergunakan) namanya kamu saling
meminta satu sama lain, dan (peliharalah) hubungan silaturahim. Sesungguhnya
Allah selalu menjag dan mengawasi kamu. Dan berikanlah kepada anak-anak yatim
(yang sudah baligh) harta mereka, jangan kamu menukar yang baik dengan yang
buruk dan jangan kamu makan harta mereka bersama hartamu. Sesungguhnya tindakan
tindakan (menukar dan memakan) itu, adalah dosa yang besar.Dan jika kamu takut
tidak akan dapat berlaku adil terhadap ( hak-hak) perempuan yatim (bilamana
kamu mengawininya), maka kawinilah wanita-wanita lain yang kamu senangi, dua
tiga atau empat, kemudian jika kamu takut tidak ada akan dapat berlaku adil
maka kawinilah seorang saja, atau budak-budak yang kami miliki, Yang demikian
itu adalah lebih dekat kepada tidak berbuat aniaya. Berikanlah mas kawin atau
mahar kepada wanitayang kamu nikahi sebagai pemberian yang penuh kerelaan
kemudian jika mereka menyerahkan kepada kamu sebagian dari maskawin itu dengan
senang hati, maka makan bagai makanan yang sedang lagi baik akibatnya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 29.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dengan
demikian, perkawinan (pernikahan) dapat menjadikan seseorang mempunyai
pasangan. Sebagimana dijelaskan dalam Al-Qur’an yang menjelaskan tentang status
ikatan atau transaksi yang diikat antara suami dan isteri, adalah sebagai
hubungan dan ikatan yang melebihi dari ikatan-ikatan lain. Kalau akad Nikah
(Perkawinan) disebut transaksi-transaksi lain. Dalam hal ini Al-Qur’an
memproklamasikan perkawinan sebagai satu perjanjian (transaksi) yang kokoh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Keluarga
dalam struktur kehidupan masyarakat merupakan kesatuan terkecil yang menjadi
landasan kehidupan umat atau bangsa seluruhnya. Apabila dalam kehidupan
keluarga berjalan dengan baik, bukan saja memperkuat bangsa dan negara saat
sekarang, melainkan juga mempersiapkan putra-putri yang akan mendukung agama
serta menjadi kekuatan bangsa dan negara di masa mendatang. Agama tidak hanya
menganjurkan menikah dan hidup berkeluarga, bahkan memberikan ketentuan dan
tuntunan yang mutlak keberadaannya demi kebahagiaan hidup manusia.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> Allah
SWT. berfirman dalam Q.S. ar- Ruum (30) ayat 21:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ô</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ÿ</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">¾</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">m</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">G</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">»</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">ä</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">,</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">{</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">/</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ô</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">i</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Å</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">¡</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">à</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ÿ</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">R</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">%</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">[</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">º</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">(</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">þ</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">¡</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">F</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">j</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">g</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">)</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">@</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">_</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">à</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">6</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">/</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">o</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">º</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">p</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">J</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ô</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">m</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">4</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">)</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">û</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">7</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">º</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">;</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">M</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">»</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">U</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">y</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">5</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">)</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">j</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">©</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">x</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ÿ</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">G</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ë</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ê</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">È</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-EG;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -78.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Terjemahnya : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Dan di antara tanda-tanda kekuasaanNya,
ialah Dia menciptakan untuk istri-istri dari jenismu sendiri, supaya kamu
cenderung dan merasa tentram kepadaNya, dan dijadikan di antara kamu kasih dan
sayang. Sesungguhnya orang yang demikian itu benar-benar terdapat tanda-tanda
bagi kaum yang berpikir.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berdasarkan
keterangan ayat tersebut, dipahami bahwa perkawinan merupakan cara yang harus
ditempuh oleh pria dan wanita untuk menghalalkan hubungan mereka serta untuk
mendapatkan ketentraman dengan menciptakanNya rasa kasih sayang di antara pria
dan wanita sebagai suami istri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Namun
demikian, kalau tujuan perkawinan membentuk keluarga sakinah tidak mungkin lagi
diwujudkan, cinta dan kasih sayang tidak bisa lagi dikembangkan. dan adapun
gambaran tentang tradisi perkawinan di Desa Lammattiriaja Kec. Bulupoddo yaitu
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mappese-Pese</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Yang dimaksud ” Mappese-pese”oleh masyarakat Desa
Lamattiriaja yaitu mengadakan penyelidikan terhadap calon istri yang akan
dilamar. Hal ini dilaksanakan dengan tujuan hendak mengenal secara pasti apakah
calon tersebut telah mempunyai ikatan atau belum. Dengan kata lain ingin
mengetahui adanya pinangan yang mendahului atau sama sekali belum ada. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Meminang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Memimang artinya permintaan seorang laki-laki kepada
anak perempuan orang lain atau seorang perempuan yang ada dibawah kekuasaan
seseorang untuk dikawini, meminag adalah kebiasaan arab lama yang diteruskan
oleh Islam. Meminang di lakukan sebelum terjadinya akad nikah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dengan demikian jika seseorang lelaki telah
berkeinginan untuk kawin, hendak membangun rumah tangga baru, maka terlebih
dahulu mengadakan pinangan atau madduta. Pada uraian tersebut ada dua hal yang
menarik: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pertama, Madduta subyeknya berada di pihak lelaki dan
obyeknya berada di pihak perempuan. Kedua prosedur madduta harus ada orang yang
ditunjuk sebagai suatu tim yang namanya “Duta” artinya wakil untuk menyampaikan
pernyataan kehendak untuk kawin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Uang
belanja</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagi masyarakat Desa Lamattiriaja uang belanja
tersebut merupakan faktor dominan yang dipermasalahkan dalam pinangan. Karna
hal ini merupakan kebiasaan masyarakat Desa Lamattiriaja dalam soal uang
belanja, maka hal ini adalah beban bagi pihak laki-laki untuk menyerahkan
sejumlah uang kepada pihak calon istri. Untuk uang belanja bagi pihak
perempuan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mahar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mahar adalah pokok permasalahan yang dibicarakan dalam
pinangan dan merupakan bagian yang tak terpisahkan daripada segenap persoalan perkawinan
seseorang. Bahkan sejak dahulu masyarakat telah menjadikan suatu kebiasaan
baginya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Maslah
kempun lollong lise </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagaimana keberadaan persoalan diatas, masalah
kempung lollong lise ini tidak kurang pentingnya dibicarakan dalam meminang.
Dalam persoalan tersebut dapat dikatakan suatu masalah yang khas daripada
persoalan lainnya oleh karena mempunyai nilai tersendiri. Dimana masyarakat
Desa Lamattiriaja menjadikan sebagai pelambang ketinggian derajat seseorang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Wali</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pelaksanaan akad nikah yang demikian terjadi karena
dua factor yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -7.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Karena
soal pengalaman dari wali yang bersangkutan, merasa diri kurang cakap untuk
melaksanakannya, sehingga mewakilkannya pada Imam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -7.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Oleh
karena masyarakat memandangnya hal itu sebagai suatu penghormatan kepada
penghulu atau Imam setempat, jika pelaksanaan akad nikah tersebut diserahkan
kepada Imam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pesta
Perkawinan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berbicara masalah pesta perkawinan masyarakat Desa
Lamattiriaja Kec. Bulupoddo tidak terlepas dari adanya berbagai kegiatan atau
aktifitas yang dilakukannya. yang biasa dikenal dengan istilah ”Mappaccing,
Mengantar pengantin, dan Massalama”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mappaccing
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Acara mappaccing, adalah merupakan acara pendahuluan
diadakanya peseta, yang menurut kelazimannya dilaksanakan pada malam hari
daripada hari pesta perkawinan itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Acara ini dimeriahkan oleh sanak kelurga dan para
pemuka masyarakat. termasuk kepala kampong, Imam kampung, dan segenap karib
kerabat bahkan dilengkapi dengan tim sikkiri sebagai hiburan mereka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Manre Pajjaga/ Marre ade</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Manre panjjaga
adalah acara jamuan makan kepada pihak penguasa atau pemerintah bersama
tokoh-tokoh masyarakat sebagai penghormatan baginya, sebelum jamuan para
undangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Acara tersebut
adalah acara terkehusus untuk menjamu orang-orang yang terkemuka dengan penuh
perhatian dan seluruh aktifitas peladenanmya mencerminkan nilai penghormatan
kepadanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lao
Marola</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Acara tersebut merupakan kegiatan lanjutan daripada
acara ”Lao Botting” Setelah selesainya acara siluka maka kedua mempelai diantar
bersama-sama kerumah mempelai laki-laki dengan tujuan untuk menemui mertuanya
dan sanak famili suaminya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mabbenni
Tellu </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Acara tersebut adalah acara pemberangkatan penganting
perempuan untuk kedua kalinya kerumah mertuanya dengan maksud untuk bermalam
tiga malam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Massalama</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Acara ini adalah merupakan bagian terakhir dari sekian
banyak rangkaian-rangkaian pesta perkawinan masyarakat Desa lammattiriaja pada
khususnya dan masyarakat kecamatan bulu poddo pada umumnya. Ia adalah suatu
pertanda selesainya pesta perkawinan seseorang. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rumusan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 7.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Berdasarkan latar belakang yang
telah diuraikan di atas, maka penulis mengangkat pokok permasalahan, yakni “<b>Tinjauan
Ajaran Islam Terhadap Tradisi Perkawinan di Desa Lammattiriaja Kec. Bulupoddo</b>”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari pokok
permasalahan tersebut, penulis menarik sub permasalahan sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list -72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagimana
bentuk-bentuk tradisi perkawinan yang ada di Desa Lamattiriaja Kec. Bulupoddo?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list -72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
Tinjauan ajaran Islam terhadap tradisi perkawinan di Desa Lamattiriaja Kec
Bulupoddo?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Pengertian
Judul</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Skripsi ini berjudul “<b>Tinjauan Ajaran Islam
Terhadap Tradisi Perkawinan di Desa Lammattiriaja Kec. Bulupoddo</b>” dimana
menggambarkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tentang sikap keberagaman
terhadap tradisi perkawinan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>serta
faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya terhadap tradisi perkawinan di Desa
Lamattiriaja Kec. Bulupoddo </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Untuk itu untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mempermudah pemahaman dan pengertian serta menghindari
kesalahpahaman dalam pembahasan skripsi ini, maka penulis akan mengemukakan
makna atau pengertian dari beberapa kata yang dianggap penting yang tertera
dalam judul skripsi ini, sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Tinjauan adalah hasil, meninjau, pandangan, pendapat,
sudah menyelidiki mempelajari dan sebagainya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Ajaran adalah ajaran sering diartikan sebagai segala
sesuatu yang diajarkan atau nasihat, petunjuk.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Islam adalah agama yang di bawah dan diajarkan oleh
Nabi Muhammad SAW. Yang berpedoman pada Al- Quran dan hadis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Tradisi adalah adat kebiasaan turun temurun (dari
nenek moyang) yang masih dijalankan dalam masyarakat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Perkawinan adalah Suatu akad yang menghalalkan
pergaulan antara seorang Laki-laki dan perempuan yang bukan muhrim dan
menimbulkan hak dan kewajiban.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dari
pengertian diatas dapat didefinisikan lebih jauh bahwa ajaran islam adalah.
Segala sesuatu yang diajarkan atu petunjuk dari Nabi Muhammad SAW yang
berpedoman pada Al-quran dan hadis namun pengertian islam yang dimaksud disini
adalah ajaran tentang ketuhanan yang dilestarikan oleh komunitas Desa
Lamattiriaja Kec. Bulupoddo </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Tujuan dan
Kegunaan Penelitian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Tujuan Penelitian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penelitian ini dimaksudkan bertujuan
untuk:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Untuk bentuk-bentuk
tradisi perkawinan yang ada di Desa Lamattiriaja Kec. Bulupoddo</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Untuk mengetahui
tinjauan ajaran Islam terhadap tradisi perkawinan </span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">di Desa Lammattiriaja Kec. Bulupoddo.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Kegunaan Penelitian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Kegunaan yang diperoleh dalam penulisan skripsi ini
mencakup dua hal, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Kegunaan Ilmiah </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">1). Penelitian ini selain menambah pengalaman peneliti
di lapangan, juga dapat berguna untuk pengembangan khazanah keilmuwan,
khususnya dalam tinjauan ajaran Islam terhadap tradisi perkawina di Desa
Lamattiriaja Kec. Bulupoddo </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">2). Untuk menambah wawasan
dan pengetahuan, khususnya pada bidang ilmu keislaman dalam rangka mewujudkan
insan akademis yang cerdas dan berpengetahuan yang luas. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Kegunaan Praktis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: -212.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">1). Penelitian ini diharapkan berguna untuk
mengantisipasi sikap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang keliru dan
jauh dari ajaran Islam yang murni bagi masyarakat di Desa Lamattiriaja Kec.
Bulupoddo.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">2). Penelitian ini diharapkan berguna sebagai bahan
wacana baru bagi masyarakat luas dan terkhusus pada masyarakat di Desa
Lamattiriaja Kec. Bulupoddo</span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Surojo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar dan
Asas-Asas Hukum Adat</i>, ( Jakarta: Gunung Agung, 1985), h. 115</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Nurcholis Madjid, <i>Islam, Doktrin dan Peradaban </i>(Jakarta:
Yayasan Paramadina, 1992), h. 112</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Koentjaraningrat, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Antropologi</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( Rineka Cipta ,
2005), h. 77</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Departemen Agama RI., <i>Al-Qur’an dan Terjemahannya</i> (Surabaya:
PN. Mahkota 1987), h. 114-115</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> M. Fuad Nasar H. SM., Nasaruddin Latif. <i>Biografi Pemikiran</i>
(Cet. I; Surakarta; PN. PT. Gema Insani Press, 1996), h. 24.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid</span></i><span lang="EN-US">. h. 466.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Departemen pendidikan dan kebudayaan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kamus besar bahasa Indonesia</i>, Cet, III, Jakarta: Balai pustaka
1990. H.951</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i> .<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>h. 317</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid h</i>. 340</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i>. h. 1208</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Rifa ‘ I Moh. Ilmu Fiqih Islam Lengkap, (PT Karya Toha Putra
Semarang ; 1974), h. 453</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15459359199860346996noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5462140917247044952.post-13138548910088539652012-11-02T08:16:00.001-07:002012-11-02T08:16:28.823-07:00Falsifikasi Karl Raimund Popper<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pendahuluan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengembaraan intelektual dalam mengkaji
epistemologi keilmuan tidak hanya telah membawa kita melintasi beberapa aliran
pemikiran, melainkan juga membawa kita menjelajah ke berbagai belahan dunia.
Sebelumnya, kita telah mengkaji aliran <i>Plato,</i> <i>Aristoteles </i>dengan
logika, <i>David Hume</i> dengan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>empirisismenya, dll.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam fisafat ilmu terdapat beberapa aliran dan pemikir filsafat. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Salah satunya adalah seorang <i>Karl Raimund
Popper</i>, yang pada tahun 1934 menggebrak dunia filsafat sains dengan bukunya
<i>The Logic of Scientific Discovery</i>. Dalam bukunya tersebut<i>, Karl
Raimund Popper</i> melakukan kritik terhadap kecenderungan metodologi sains di
masa itu yang didominasi oleh Positivisme. Positivisme adalah sebuah aliran
filsafat yang bahkan sampai detik ini masih berjaya dan dianggap sebagai
aksioma oleh para saintis maupun masyarakat umum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam buku tersebut, alih-alih menekankan pada prinsip verifikasi-pembuktian
dengan fakta-fakta empiris untuk mendukung sebuah teori sains, <i>Karl
Raimund Popper</i> mengajukan sebuah gagasan yang menarik mengenai falsifikasi.
Falsifikasi adalah kebalikan dari verifikasi, yaitu pengguguran teori lewat
fakta-fakta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tetapi bukan hanya dalam sains
metode falsifikasi <i>Karl Raimund Popper</i>. Maka rasionalitas ilmu teologi,
misalnya harus di kembangkan baik dalam diskursus antara para teolog <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari agama yang bersangkutan sendiri maupun
dalam diskursus dengan kalangan-kalangan luar, dengan teolog agama-agama lain ,
dengan para filosof, dengan pernyataan ilmu-ilmu lain yang misalnya menyerang. Di
sini metode falsifikasi <i>Karl <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Raimund Popper
</i>cukup penting.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pembahasan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Biografi Karl Raimund Popper</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Karl Raimund Popper</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> dilahirkan pada 28 Juli 1902 di Wina,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
yang pada waktu itu diklaim sebagai pusat kebudayaan dunia Barat. Ayahnya, Dr.
Simon Siegmund Carl Popper, seorang Yahudi yang membawanya pada suasana yang
belakangan ia lukiskan sebagai “sangat kebuku-bukuan” (decidedly bookish).
Ayahnya bekerja sebagai pengacara profesional, tapi dia juga tertarik pada
karya-karya sastra Yunani-Romawi Kuno dan filsafat, serta menginformasikan
kepada anaknya minat pada masalah sosial dan politik yang lepas dari dirinya.
Ibunya menanamkan pada ketertarikan pada musik, hingga dia sempat ingin
mengambil karir di bidang ini dan sungguh-sungguh pada awalnya memilih sejarah
music sebagai subjek kedua untuk ujian Ph. D.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kemudian, kecintaanya terhadap musik menjadi kekuatan inspiratif dalam
membangun pemikiran dan originalitas interpretasi antara dogmatis dan pemikiran
kritis, kontribusinya dalam pembedaan objektifitas dan subjektivias, dan yang
sangat penting, menumbuhkan perlawanan terhadap segala bentuk historisisme,
termasuk ide-ide sejarawan tentang sifat alami “progresif” pada music. Karl
muda menghadiri Realgymnasium lokal, dimana ia merasa tidak senang dengan
standar pengajaran, dan setelah sakit yang membuatnya tinggal di rumah beberapa
bulan, dia masuk University of Wina pada tahun 1918. Bagaimanapun, dia tidak
mendaftar secara formal di Universitas dengan mengambil pengujian matrikulasi 4
tahun yang lain. Baru pada tahun 1922 ia diterima sebagai mahasiswa di sana.
1919 adalah tahun kehormatan formatif penting dalam kehidupan intelektualnya.
Pada tahun itu, dia melibatkan diri dalam politik sayap kiri, bergabung dengan
Association of Socialist School Students dan menjadi Marxis pada saat itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bagaimanapun, dia dengan cepat kemudian dikecewakan oleh karakter doktriner
dan segera meninggalkan hal itu seluruhnya. Setelah perang dunia I dimana
begitu banyak penindasan dan pembunuhan maka Popper terdorong untuk menulis
sebuah karangan tentang kebebasan. Dan diusia 17 tahun ia menjadi anti Marxis
karena kekecewaannya pada pendapat yang menghalalkan “segala cara” dalam
melakukan revolusi termasuk pengorbanan jiwa. Dimana pada saat itu terjadi
pembantaian pemuda yang beraliran sosialis dan komunis dan banyak dari
teman-temannya yang terbunuh. Dan sejak saat itu ia menarik suatu kebijaksanaan
yang diungkapkan oleh Socrates yaitu “Saya tahu bahwa saya tidak tahu”, dan
dari sini ia menyadari dengan sungguh-sungguh perbedaan antara pemikiran
dogmatis dan kritis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dia juga menemukan Teori Psikoanalisis Freud dan Adler ( hal ini terkait
dengan aktivitasnya dalam kerja sosial dengan anak-anak yang serba kekurangan),
dan terpesona mendengar kuliah yang diberikan Einstein di Vienna tentang teori
relativitas (relativity theory). Kekuasaan semangat kritik pada Einstein dan
kekurangan total pada Marx, Freud dan Adler, menyerang Popper sebagai kehadiran
yang sangat penting: yang belakangan dia kembali berpikir, meletakkan
teori-teori mereka dalam term-term yang bersedia untuk dikonfirmasi, sedangkan
teori Einstein, dengan susah payah, memiliki implikasi yang dapat diuji, jika
salah, teori itu bisa difalsifikasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Salah satu peristiwa yang mempengaruhi perkembangan intelektual Popper
dalam filsafatnya adalah dengan tumbangnya teaori Newton dengan munculnya Teori
tentang gaya berat dan kosmologi baru yang gikemukakan oleh Einstein. Dimana
Popper terkesan dengan ungkapan Einstein yang mengatakan bahwa teorinya tak
dapat dipertahankan kalau gagal dalm tes tertentu, dan ini sangat berlainan
sekali dengan sikap kaum Marxis yang dogmatis dan selalu mencari verifikasi
terhadap teori-teori kesayangannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dari peristiwa ini Popper menyimpulkan bahwa sikap ilmiah adalah sikap
kritis yang tidak mencari pembenaran-pembenaran melainkan tes yang crucial
berupa pengujian yang dapat menyangkal teori yang diujinya, meskipun tak pernah
dapat meneguhkannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tokoh lain yang cukup berpengaruh pada Popper yang berkaitan dengan
perkembangan pemikiran filsafatnya adalah Karl Buhler, seorang profesor
psikologi di Universitas Wina. Buhler memperkenalkan pada Popper tentang 3
tingkatan fungsi bahasa, yaitu fungsi ekspresif, fungsi stimulatif, dan fungsi
deskriptif. Dua fungsi pertama selalu hadir pada bahasa manusia dan binatang
sedangkan fungsi ketiga khas pada bahasa manusia dan bahkan tidak selalu hadir.
Dan pada perkembangannya Popper menambahkan fungsi keempat yaitu fungsi argumentatif,
yang dianggapnya terpenting karena merupakan basis pemikiran kritis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam perkembangan selanjutnya ia banyak menulis buku-buku yang berkaitan
dengan ilmu pengetahuan dan epistemologi, dan sampai pada bukunya yang berjudul
Logik der Forschung, ia mengatakan bahwa pengetahuan tumbuh lewat percobaan dan
pembuangan kesalahan. Dan terus berkembang sampai karyanya yang berjudul The
Open Society and Its Enemies, dalam karyanya ini Popper mengungkapkan bahwa
arti terbaik “akal” dan “masuk akal” adalah keterbukaan terhadap kritik –
kesediaan untuk dikritik dan keinginan untuk mengkritik diri sendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dari sini Popper menarik kesimpulan bahwa menghadapkan teori-teori pada
fakta-fakta yang dapat menunjukkan ketidakbenarannya adalan satu-satunya cara
yang tepat untuk mengujinya dan juga satu-satunya cara yang menungkinkan ilmu
pengetahuan bisa berkembang terus menerus. Dan dengan adanya kemungkinan untuk
menguji teori tentang ketidakbenarannya berarti teori itu terbuka untuk di
kritik dan ia memunculkan apa yang dinamakan Rasionalisme kritis. Demikianlah
sekelumit kehidupan <i>Karl Raimund Popper</i> yang meninggal dunia pada tahun
1994.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Karya-Karya <i>Karl Raimund Popper </i>sepanjang karangannya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Logik der Forschung</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. Julius Springer Verlag, Vienna, 1935.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">The Open Society and Its Enemies</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. (2 Vols). Routledge, London, 1945.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">The Logic of Scientific Discovery</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. (translation of Logik der
Forschung). Hutchinson, London, 1959.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge. Routledge</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, London, 1963.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">The Poverty of Historicism</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> (2nd. ed). Routledge, London, 1961.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Objective Knowledge</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">: An Evolutionary Approach. Clarendon Press, Oxford,
1972.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Autobiography Unended Quest; An Intellectual</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. Fontana,
London, 1976.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">‘A Note on Verisimilitude’, The British Journal for the Philosophy of
Science</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> 27, 1976, 147-159.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">The Self and Its Brain: An Argument for Interactionism</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> (with J.C.
Eccles). Springer International, London, 1977.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">The Open Universe: An Argument for Indeterminism</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. (ed. W.W.
Bartley 111). Hutchinson, London, 1982.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Realism and the Aim of Science</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. (ed. W.W. Bartley III). London,
Hutchinson, 1983.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">The Myth of the Framework: In Defence of Science and Rationality.</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Routledge,
London, 1994.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Knowledge and the Mind-Body Problem: In Defence of Interactionism</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. (ed. M.A. Notturno).
Routledge, London, </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Karl Raimund Popper dengan Preinsip Falsisfikasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengertian
Falsifikasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sikap kritis inilah yang kemudian digunakan untuk
melakukan proses falsifikasi. Kata falsifikasi berasal dari bahasa latin, yakni
<i>falsus </i>(palsu, tidak benar) dan <i>facere </i>(membuat). Falsifikasi
adalah cara memverifikasikan asumsi teoritis (hipotesis, teori) dengan
menggunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pelawannya. Ini dilakukan
dengan data yang diperoleh melalui eksperimen. Falsifikasi berlandaskan pada
suatu postulat yang berbunyi bahwa proposisi teoritis tidak terbukti bila
pendapat sebaliknya turun dari aneka pernyatan yang cocok satu sama lain,
kendatipun pernyataan-pernyataan itu didasarkan pada observasi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam konteks penolakan terhadap induktivisme para pendukung teori
falsifikasi menyatakan bahwa setiap penelitian ilmiah dituntun oleh teori
tertentu yang mendahuluinya. Karena itu, semua keyakinan bahwa kebenaran
teori-teori ilmiah dicapai melalui kepastian hasil observasi, sungguh-sungguh
ditolak. Teori merupakan hasil rekayasa intelek manusia yang kreatif dan bebas
untuk mengatasi problem-problem yang dihadapinya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.
Teori-teori itu kemudian diuji dengan eksperimen-eksperimen atau
observasi-observasi. Terori yang tidak dapat bertahan terhadap suatu eksperimen
harus dinyatakan gagal dan digantikan oleh teori spekulatif lain. Itu berarti,
ilmu pengetahuan berkembang melalui kesalahan dan kekeliruan, melalui hipotesis
dan refutasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut teori falsifikasi, ada teori yang dapat dibuktikan salah
berdasarkan hasil observasi dan eksperimen. Ilmu pengetahuan tidak lain dari
rangkaian hipotesis-hipotesis yang dikemukakan secara tentatif untuk
menjelaskan tingkah laku manusia atau kenyataan dalam alam semesta. Tetapi
tidak setiap hipotesis dapat begitu saja diklasifikasikan di bawah ilmu
pengetahuan. Hipotesis yang layak disebut sebagai teori atau hokum ilmiah harus
memenuhi syarat fundamental </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Falsifikasi merupakan metode yang digunakan oleh Popper untuk menolak
gagasan dari lingkaran Wina tentang metode verifikasi induktif. Alasan
penolakan Popper ini, karena dalam rangkah membedakan ilmu yang bermakna dan
tidak bermakna masih menjunjung tinggi induksi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Beberapa kritik yang dikemukakan Popper terhadap prinsip verifikasi: Pertama,
prinsip verifikasi tidak pernah mungkin untuk menyatakan kebenaran hukum-hukum
umum. Menurut Popper, hukum-hukum umum dan ilmu pengetahuan tidak pernah dapat
diverifikasi. Karena itu, seluruh ilmu pengetahuan alam (yang sebagian besar
terdiri dari hukum-hukum umum tidak bermakna, sama seperti metafisika); kedua,
sejarah membuktikan bahwa ilmu pengetahuan juga lahir dari pandangan-pandangan
metafisis. Karena itu Popper menegaskan bahwa suatu ucapan metafisis bukan saja
dapat bermakna tetapi dapat benar juga, walaupun baru menjadi ilmiah setelah diuji;
ketiga, untuk menyelidiki bermakna atau tidaknya suatu ucapan atau teori, lebih
dulu harus kita mengerti ucapan atau teori itu. Solusi yang diberikan oleh
Popper terhadap problem induksi ternyata mengarahkan perhatiannya secara lebih
serius kepada problem demarkasi, atau problem batas antara pengetahuan yang
ilmiah dan pengetahuan yang bukan ilmiah. Untuk itu pada bagain ini, penulis
terlebih dahulu mengangkat problem demarkasi ini sebagai titik tolak dari
falsifikasi Popper.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masalah induksi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Salah satu tema pertama yang menarik dalam Pemikiran Popper inilah adalah
pendapatnya tentang masah induksi dalam ilmu pengetahuan alam. Dalam pemikiran
modern selalu dikatakan bahwa tugas ilmu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pengetahuan modern merumuskan hukum-hukum yang bersifat umum dan mutlak
perlu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bagi para teoritisi, metode induktif ini bukan tampa kesulitan. Filsuf yang
pertama menggaris bawahi kesulitan-kesulitan itu adalah filsuf Skotlandia yang
bernama David Hume (1711-1716). Ia menekankan dari sejumlah fakta berapa pun
besar jumlahnya secara logis tidak pernah dapa disimpulkan yaitu kebenaran
umum. Tidak pernah ada keharusan logis bahwa fakta-fakta yang sampai sekrang selalu
berlangsung dengan cara yang sama besok juga akan terjadi dengan cara demikian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Popper berhasil menyodorkan suatu pemecahan masalah bagi masalah induksi
dan dengan itu serentak juga ia mengubah seluruh pandangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tradisional tentang ilmu pengetahuan. Menurut
dia suatu ucapan atau teori tidak bersifat ilmia karena sudah di buktikan,
melainkan dapat diuji (<i>testable</i>). Contoh kita satu jebis logam yang
tidaak memuai setelah dipanaskan untuk menyatakan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>salahnya suatu ucapan ilmiah. Dan kalu suatu
teori setelah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diuji tetap tahan (<i>corroboration</i>).
Maka besar kemungkinan untuk menyangkal suatu teori, maka kokoh pula
kebenarannya, jika teori itu tahan terus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk mencapai pandangan ini, Popper menggunakan suatu kebenaran logis yang
sebenarnya sederhana sekali. Dalam perkataan Popper sendiri “Dengan Observasi
terhadap angsa-angsa putih betapapun besar jumlahnya orang tidak dapat sampai
pada teori bahwa semua angsa berwarna putih. Tetapi cukuplah satu observasi
terhadap seekor angsa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hitam untuk
menyangkal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tori tadi. Pandangan ilmu tentang
pengetahuan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berdasarkan metode induktif
sebenarnya tidak membuat lain daripada berusaha membuktikan bahwa semua angsa
berwarna putih. Sedangkan Popper beranggapan bahwa ilmu pengetahuan harus
berusaha mencari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>satu ekor yang tidak
berwarna putih” dapat dianggap benar. Dengan pendekatan ini Popper membuka
perspektif baru bagi ilmu pengetahuan, yang sama sekali berlainan dengan perspektif
konsepsi induksi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masalah
demarkasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beberapa titik kritik yang dikemukakan popper. <i>Pertama </i>ia menekankan
bahwa dengan digunakannya perinsip verifikasi tidak pernah mungkin menyatakan
kebenaran hukum-hukum umum. Persolan pencarian keriteria yang akan menggunakan<i>,
kedua</i> berdasarkan perinsip verivikasi metafisika tidak bermakna. Tetapi
dalam sejarah dapat kita saksikan bahwa acap kali ilmu pengetahuan lahir dari pandanagan-pandangan
metafisis atau misis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tentang dunia
(sebagai salah satu contoh boleh disebut gagasan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>metafisis seperti atomisme leukippos dan
demokritos). <i>Ketiga</i> untuk menyelidiki bermakna atau tidaknya suatu
ucapan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau teori itu. Tetapi bagaiman dapat
kita<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengerti suatu teori, jika teori
itu tidak mengandung makna?- karena alasan-alasan serupa itu popper menolak
usaha neopostivisme untuk menetapkan suatu verifikasi <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bagi Popper problemnya ialah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>apa
yang di sebutnya demarkasi (<i>the problem of demarcation</i>)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bagaimana dapa kita menarik garis pemisah
antara bidang ilmiah dan nonilmiah. Dalam melakukan kritikan terhadap suatu
kebenaran ilmu pengetahuan ada perinsip falsifiabilitas suatu teori yang secara
perinsipial mengeksklusikan setiap kemungkinan untuk mengemukakan suatu fakta
untuk menyatakan suatu teori itu, menurut Popper pasti tidak bersifat ilmiah.
Bagi positivisme logis masalah demarkasi ialah bagaimana kita menarik suatu
garis pemisah antara ucapan-ucapan yang tidak bermakna. Dan denagn bantuan
perinsip verifikasi mereka menjawab bahwa, selain dari taotologi-tautologi
(yaiti ucapan-ucapan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>logika dan
matematika) hanyalah bermakna ucapan ilmu pengetahuan empiris, semua ucapan
lain yang mereka singkatkan dengan nama “metafisika tidak bermakna”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Falsifiabialitas
dan falsifikasi </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kita harus mebedakan dengan jelas antara falsifiabialitas dengan
falsifikasi. Kita tidak memperkenalkan semata-mata falsifiabilitas sebagai
kreteria untuk ciri empiris suatu sitem pernyataan-pernyataan. Mengenai
falsifikasi, harus diperkenalkan aturan-aturan yang special yang akan menentukan
dengan syarat-syarat apa suatu sistem dianggap sudah difalsifikasikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kita mengatakan bahwa suatu teori difalsifikasikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hanya jika kita telah menerima
pernyataan-pernyataan dasar yang menyangkalnya. Syarat penting , namun tidak
mencukupi; karena kita melihat bahwa kejadia-kejadian tunggal yang tidak dapat
diulangi tidak berarti bagi ilmu. Persyaratan bahwa hipotesis yang
mengfalsifikasikan harus empiris, dan kemudian dapat difalsifikasi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hanya berarti bahwa iya berada dalam suatu hubungan logis tertentu dengan
pernyataan-pernyataan dasar yang mungkin; dengan demikian persyaratan ini hanya
memperhatikan bentuk logis hipotesis itu. Demikianlah pernyataan-pernyataan
dasar memainkan dua peran yang berbeda. Di suatu sisi, kita telah menggunakan
sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>semua pernyataan dasar yang
mungkin secara logis agar dengan bantuannya dapat memperoleh pencarian logis
yang sedang kita cari –pencarian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bentuk
pernyataan-pernyataan empiris itu. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penutup</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Karl Raimund
Popper</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> dilahirkan pada 28 Juli 1902 di Wina,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
yang pada waktu itu diklaim sebagai pusat kebudayaan dunia Barat. Ayahnya, Dr.
Simon Siegmund Carl Popper, seorang Yahudi yang membawanya pada suasana yang
belakangan ia lukiskan sebagai “sangat kebuku-bukuan” <i>(decidedly bookish).</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Falsifikasi
merupakan metode yang digunakan oleh Popper untuk menolak gagasan dari
lingkaran Wina tentang metode verifikasi induktif. Alasan penolakan Popper ini,
karena dalam rangkah membedakan ilmu yang bermakna dan tidak bermakna masih
menjunjung tinggi induksi,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bagi Popper
problemnya ialah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>apa yang di sebutnya
demarkasi (<i>the problem of demarcation</i>)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bagaimana dapa kita menarik garis pemisah antara bidang ilmiah dan
nonilmiah. Dalam melakukan kritikan terhadap suatu kebenaran ilmu pengetahuan
ada perinsip falsifiabilitas suatu teori yang secara perinsipial
mengeksklusikan setiap kemungkinan untuk mengemukakan suatu fakta untuk
menyatakan suatu teori itu, menurut Popper pasti tidak bersifat ilmiah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Daftar Pustaka</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bagus,
Lorens. 1996, <i>Kamus Filsafat,</i>Jakarta: Gramedia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">K.
Bertens. 1983<i>, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Filsafat barat abad
XX, Jakarta</i> : PT. Gramedia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Mangnis-Suseno,
Farns. 2005, <i>Pijar-Pijar Fisafat, </i>Yogyakarta : Kanisus,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Prasetya T.W., Bdk. 1993, “<i>Anarkisme Dalam
Ilmu Pengetahuan P.K Feyerabend</i>,” dalam <em><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";">Hakikat Pengetahuan Dan Cara Kerja Ilmu-Ilmu,</span></em>
diedit oleh R. Bambang Rudianto, Jakarta: Gramedia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Popper, Karl R. 2008, <i>Logika Penemuan
Ilmiah</i>, Terj. Saut Pasaribu & Aji Sastrowardoyo, Yogyakarta: Pustaka
Pelajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://grelovejogja.wordpress.com/2008/12/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://grelovejogja.wordpress.com/2008/12/</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> Diunggah pada tanggal 18 Okteber 2012</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr size="1" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Farns Mangnis-Suseno, <i>Pijar-Pijar Fisafat, </i>Yogyakarta : Kanisus, 2005,
hlm. 21</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>K.
Bertens<i>. Filsafat barat abad XX, Jakarta</i> : PT. Gramedia, 1983. Hlm., 67 </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>K.
Bertens, <i>Filsafat Barat</i>, hlm. 70<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><a href="http://grelovejogja.wordpress.com/2008/12/"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://grelovejogja.wordpress.com/2008/12/</span></a>
Diunggah pada tanggal 18 Okteber 2012</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lorens
Bagus, <i>Kamus Filsafat,</i>Jakarta: Gramedia, 1996,<i> </i>hlm. 227</span> </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Bdk. Prasetya T.W., “<i>Anarkisme Dalam Ilmu Pengetahuan P.K Feyerabend</i>,”
dalam <em><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";">Hakikat
Pengetahuan Dan Cara Kerja Ilmu-Ilmu,</span></em> diedit oleh R. Bambang
Rudianto, Jakarta: Gramedia, 1993, hlm 50.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>K.
Bertens. <i>Filsafat Barat Abad XX</i>, hlm. 71-72 </div>
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<div id="ftn8">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>Karl
R. Popper, <i>Logika Penemuan Ilmiah</i>, Terj. Saut Pasaribu & Aji
Sastrowardoyo, Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2008., hlm. 13-19</div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
K. Bertens. <i>Filsafat Barat Abad XX</i>, hlm. 73</div>
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<div id="ftn10">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>Karl
R. Popper, <i>Logika Penemuan Ilmiah</i>, Terj. Saut Pasaribu & Aji
Sastrowardoyo, hlm. 84-85</div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5462140917247044952#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>K.
Bertens<i>. Filsafat barat abad XX, Jakarta</i> : PT. Gramedia, 1983. Hlm., 67 </div>
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<![endif]-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15459359199860346996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5462140917247044952.post-1303647716190088772012-09-09T02:11:00.001-07:002012-11-02T11:37:45.116-07:00Pocong hadiri pernikahan tertangkap kamera di Magelang<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sebuah pesta resepsi pernikahan biasa di Magelang mendadak jadi luar biasa. Hal ini karena resepsi pernikahan di Dusun Klodran, Desa Mungkid, Kabupaten Magelang, Jawa Tengah itu juga dihadiri tiga pocong.
</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUXitj-8v-ujyFXrXuBBUZ06JDhfHKP4191HvmqQ85llQfOl8z4jr_OAfqfg3nuYmq1uJ88NT6PtTXG67mdGYiDvWXc-Qyz-eiEQV_hNr0Dznz297XZ96iD0u2jOKwEFujCfa2FxxJXZk/s1600/pocong-hadiri-pernikahan-tertangkap-kamera-di-magelang.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUXitj-8v-ujyFXrXuBBUZ06JDhfHKP4191HvmqQ85llQfOl8z4jr_OAfqfg3nuYmq1uJ88NT6PtTXG67mdGYiDvWXc-Qyz-eiEQV_hNr0Dznz297XZ96iD0u2jOKwEFujCfa2FxxJXZk/s320/pocong-hadiri-pernikahan-tertangkap-kamera-di-magelang.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Tiga pocong itu ikut menyaksikan jalannya resepsi pernikahan yang digelar usai Lebaran beberapa waktu lalu. Kehadiran pocong tersebut segera menghebohkan warga sekitar yang saat itu juga hadir di acara tersebut.
Penampakan tiga pocong tersebut terekam dalam video yang diambil dari handphone salah seorang anggota keluarga yang punya hajat. Rekaman video itu pun segera menyebar dari handphone ke handphone.
Nampak dari video, saat itu sedang berlangsung ritual 'ular-ular' atau pidato nasihat kepada pengantin oleh seorang pranoto coro yang memandu jalannya upacara pernikahan. </div>
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Pocong pertama berdiri tepat di depan panggung atau singgasana sang pengantin. Pocong ini tepat berdiri di depan pranoto coro yang saat itu sedang memberikan wejangan atau nasihat perkawinan kepada kedua mempelai.
Pocong kedua dalam posisi sedang duduk di kursi di antara para tamu yang hadir. Namun, sang tamu yang di sebelah pocong seakan-akan tidak menyadari bahwa di sebelahnya duduk pocong dengan santainya.
Kemudian pocong ketiga memperlihatkan wujudnya lebih besar dari dua pocong yang lain. Hal ini karena penampakan pocong ketiga tepat berdiri di depan orang yang mengambil video.
Namun, karena posisi pocong membelakangi sang pengambil gambar yang menggunakan ponsel ini wajah sang pocong tidak terlihat wajahnya. Hanya bentuk sosok pocong yang sedang bersandar di meja yang akan digunakan prasmanan.
Namun, tak semua orang percaya dengan kejadian tersebut. Banyak juga yang menyebut video itu hanya rekayasa, tetapi banyak orang percaya bahwa dalam video itu adalah pocong asli.
Menurut paranormal asal Semarang, Subarno, penampakan ini asli alias tidak ada rekayasa.
"3 Pocong yang hadir dalam pernikahan asli bukan video atau pocong rekayasa. </div>
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Tidak mungkin orang yang melaksanakan pesta pernikahan dengan sengaja menaruh pocong apalagi merekayasa video pernikahan dengan menaruh pocong di antara banyak orang di pesta pernikahan," kata dia.
Menurutnya, ketiga pocong itu merupakan arwah leluhur karena pada malam hari sebelum pesta pernikahan, pihak keluarga mempelai wanita yang menggelar pesta pernikahan itu telah menggelar pajatan atau tahlilan.
"Sehingga karena disebut namanya satu-persatu saat tahlilan malam hari sebelum pesta pernikahan gawe besar anak cucunya digelar, beberapa arwah termasuk ketiga pocong itu secara tidak sengaja tertangkap kamera ponsel yang secara tidak sengaja ada salah seorang anggota keluarga merekam video," ujar dia.
Kemungkinan lain, jika nenek dan kakek pengantin mempelai wanita adalah orang pintar atau paranormal yang sering dimintai tolong, tiga pocong itu mahluk halus yang merupakan teman dalam dunia metafisika dekat dengan kakek dan neneknya. Istilahnya jin arwah atau pengikut dari kakek dan nenek mereka selama memberikan pertolongan kepada orang lain.
"Yang pasti fenomena kedatangan pocong yang terekam dalam video itu asli dan bukan rekayasa teknologi. Ketiga pocong itu hanya ingin menyaksikan orang-orang dekat mereka masuk ke lembaran kehidupan baru yang nantinya akan melahirkan dan meneruskan keturunan mereka," kata dia.
Percayakah anda dengan penampakan pocong tersebut?</div>
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